The theory of evolution equations in Hamiltonian form is developed by use of some differential complexes arising naturally in the formal theory of partial differential equations. The theory of integral invariants is extended to these infinite-dimensional systems, providing a natural generalization of the notion of a conservation law. A generalization of Noether's theorem is proved, giving a one-to-one correspondence between one-parameter (generalized) symmetries of a Hamiltonian system and absolute line integral invariants. Applications include a new solution to the inverse problem of the calculus of variations, an elementary proof and generalization of a theorem of Gel'fand and Dikiî on the equality of Lie and Poisson brackets for Hamiltonian systems, and a new hierarchy of conserved quantities for the Korteweg–de Vries equation.

For proving the existence of periodic orbits of autonomous ordinary differential equations, three different methods are available, namely, the Hopf bifurcation theorem, the torus principle and the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem. Until recently, the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem was applicable only to equations of the second order. However, it was extended in (13, 14) to certain equations of higher order by means of a plane projection technique. In §§ 2, 3 of the present paper this technique is adapted to prove analogues of the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem for a class of autonomous retarded functional differential equations. For such equations the orbits lie in a Banach space studied by Hale ((7), p. 43). The main hypothesis of this theorem is that the equation has a bounded semi-orbit whose ω-limit set contains no critical points. The problem of finding such a semi-orbit is solved in § 4 for a class of dissipative equations. The practical application of these results requires the construction of certain functionals which are similar to the Liapunov functionals of stability theory. In § 5, these functionals are constructed for a large class of retarded feedback control equations and explicit conditions for the existence of periodic orbits are deduced. Some practical details are illustrated in § 6 by applying the theory to certain scalar delay-differential equations.

This paper treats the local study of singularities by means of their tangent cones, more specifically the study of graded rings associated to an ideal of a local ring. We recall some basic facts: let (R, ) be a local ring, I, J ideals of R, such that J ⊆ I; then GR/J(I / J), the graded ring associated to I / J, is canonically isomorphic to the quotient of GR(I) modulo a homogeneous ideal, which is called J*, and which is generated by the so-called ‘initial forms’ of the elements of J. Let us consider the following example: Let k be a field, R = k[X, Y, Z](x, y, Z), I = (X, Y, Z)R, J the prime ideal generated by fl, f2 where f1 = Y3 − Z2, f2 = YZ − X4. Then

and it is easily seen that J* properly contains the ideal generated by the initial forms f*1f*2 of f1, f2; namely f*1 = − Z2, f*2 = YZ and (Yf1 + Zf2)* = Y4 ∉ (−Z2, YZ).

This paper concerns, in the first instance, a sequence {t(1), t(2), t(3), …} of positive numbers denned successively by

where k ∈ ℕ = {1,2,3,…} and

Thus, when k is odd, A(k) consists of those divisors of k that do not exceed k/3; when k is even, A (k) consists of those even divisors n of k that make k/n odd and do not exceed k/3. The sets A(k) are listed in Table 1 for k ≤ 105; the numbers t(1) to t(10) are 1, 1, 4/3, 1, 6/5, 4/3, 8/7, 1, 14/9, 6/5.

Perturbations of nonlinear equations exhibiting bifurcation from a simple eigenvalue, can either preserve or destroy the bifurcation. Both types of perturbation are investigated, and some of the interesting degenerate cases are explored in some detail.

Let u(x, t), where x ∈ 3, t ∈ , be a C∞ solution of the wave equation on {|x| > a} × for some a > 0, and suppose that u = 0 for |x|> a, t < 0. One then also has u = 0 for |x| > a + t, t > 0, so that u(.,t) can be thought of as a wave expanding into a previously undisturbed medium. One can now ask for a description of the asymptotic behaviour of u as |x| → ∞. It turns out that there is a v0(θ, τ) ∈ C∞ (S2 × ) such that

in the topology of C∞ (S2 × ). This limit may be called the radiation field of the expanding wave u. (See (2) and the earlier papers quoted there.)

A set X in euclidean space is convex if the line segment joining any two points of X is in X. If X is convex, every boundary point is on an (n − 1)-plane which contains X in one of its two closed half-spaces. Such a plane is called a support plane for X. A simplicial complex K in is called strictly convex if |K| (the underlying space of K) is convex and if, for every simplex σ in ∂K (the boundary of K) there is a support plane for |K| whose intersection with |K| is precisely σ In this case |K| is often called a simplicial polytope.

Let X, Y be complex manifolds with smooth (C∞) boundaries ∂X, ∂Y. We give conditions which ensure that a smooth map Φ: ∂X → ∂Y has an extension to a holomorphic map X → Y. Let J denote the complex structure on X. We say that Φ satisfies the ‘tangential Cauchy-Riemann equation ∂¯bΦ = 0’if the differential dΦ restricted to the complex subspace Tp(∂X) ∩ JTp(∂X) of the tangent space Tp(∂X) is complex linear at all points p ∈ ∂X. Clearly this is a necessary condition for the existence of a holomorphic extension. A further necessary condition is that there exists no topological obstruction to extension, hence we assume that a smooth extension φ: X → Y is given and we shall look for a holomorphic map f: X → Y with the same boundary values.

An ingenious construction due to Connelly and Henderson (2) has shown that there exists a rectilinearly triangulated convex polyhedron P in having the property that at least one vertex of the triangulation lies in the interior of a face of P, and yet there is no isomorphic triangulation of a convex polyhedron P′ all of whose vertices are vertices of P′. Thus the assertion beginning on the top line of p. 354 of (1) is false, which leaves a gap in the proof of essentially the main result of (1), namely that any rectilinearly triangulated convex polyhedron incan be simplicially collapsed onto its boundary minus a 2-simplex σ. The purpose of this note is to show that the theorem is nevertheless still true. In any case the Corollaries 2 and 3 in (1) are unaffected by the error.

The new concept of a constitutive surface is introduced into inviscid fluid mechanics, with special reference to compressible gas dynamics and to shallow water theory. The detailed shape of such surfaces is calculated, including the manner of their transition across singularities where the Mach or Froude number passes through unity. The calculation draws upon recent work describing the transition of a Legendre transformation through its singularity. For example, mass flow Q, total energy h and flow stress P are always related by part of a ‘swallowtail’ surface, regardless of the particular motion.

The addition of dynamical conditions defines particle history tracks which always lie on constitutive surfaces even for unsteady flow, except that they may jump from one part to another of such a surface when shock waves or hydraulic jumps are passed through.

Illustrations given include the steady flow of a general gas through a standing normal shock, general shallow water theory, and flow along a sloping-sided channel. Connections with existing literature are described.

Our main result is that a locally contractible Z2-acyclic image of a 3-manifold without boundary is the cell-like image of a 3-manifold without boundary (all mappings being proper). Consequently, such images are generalized 3-manifolds (that is, finite-dimensional and Z-homology 3-manifolds). A refinement of the proof allows the omission of the Z2-acyclicity hypothesis over a zero-dimensional set; an application is the result of D. R. McMillan, Jr., to the effect that a generalized 3-manifold with compact zero-dimensional singular set admits a resolution if and only if a deleted neighbourhood of the singular set embeds in a compact, orientable 3-manifold.

The problem of the determination of the overall dynamic elastic moduli of an elastic solid permeated by uniformly distributed penny-shaped cracks is considered. The cracks are assumed to be filled with a viscoelastic material. The orientations of the cracks may be either parallel or perfectly random. The overall velocities as well as the specific attenuation coefficients of plane harmonic compressional and shear waves are calculated for low frequencies and dilute concentration of the cracks.

The purpose of this note is to show that, for any algebraic element a of a Banach algebra and certain analytic functions f, one can give an upper bound for ‖f(a)‖ in terms of ‖a‖ and the spectral radius ρ(a) of a. To illustrate the nature of the result, consider the norms of powers of an element a of unit norm. In general, the spectral radius formula

contains all that can be said (that is, the limit ρ(a) can be approached arbitrarily slowly). If we have the additional information that a is algebraic of degree n we can say a good deal more. In the case of a C*-algebra we have the neat result that, if ‖a‖ ≤ 1,

(see Theorem 2), while for a general Banach algebra we have at least

H. Hilden(3, 4) and the author(9,10) proved independently the following result:

Theorem 1. Each closed, orientable 3-manifold is a 3-fold, dihedral covering of S3, branched over a knot.

In (7) we proved maximal and pointwise ergodic theorems for transformations a of a von Neumann algebra which are linear positive and norm-reducing for both the operator norm ‖ ‖∞ and the integral norm ‖ ‖1 associated with a normal trace ρ on . Here we introduce a class of Banach spaces of unbounded operators, including the Lp spaces defined in (6), in which the transformations α reduce the norm, and in which the mean ergodic theorem holds; that is the averages

converge in norm.

We show how a generalization of a distance formula of W. Arveson(1) may be derived from an elementary but ingenious special case, due to S. Parrot(2), involving 2 × 2 matrices.

V. P. Snaith's theorem giving splittings of the suspension spectrum of ΩnΣnX for a connected space X (8) has been exploited in several areas of homotopy theory. (See (2), (5) and (6), for instance.) Although this is a theorem about spectra, Snaith's proof (as well as a subsequent proof of Cohen, May, and Taylor (4)) proceeds unstably, on the space level. While the methods employed in these proofs are useful, they are somewhat complicated. The purpose of this note is to give a simple proof of this theorem, using only spectrum level arguments.

1. Few mod 2 finite simply-connected spaces are known to support an H-structure. These examples arise from products of Lie groups and seven spheres. It has been shown in (12) and (14) that the space of a mod 2 finite H-space of given rank can belong to only a finite number of different homotopy types. The situation at odd primes is very different; many examples of mod p finite H-spaces are known, such as p-localized odd-dimensional spheres. Therefore there are infinitely many homotopy types of prescribed rank. If one insists that the mod pH-space has a strictly associative multiplication, or equivalently has the homotopy type of a topological group, the picture is less clear. Examples have been constructed which do not arise from Lie groups and spheres but there are strong restrictions on just what can occur by these techniques, see (5). There are only finitely many known examples in each rank. We establish that there can in fact only be a finite number of possible homotopy types for the spaces.