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The anthelmintic efficacy of plant-derived cysteine proteinases against the rodent gastrointestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, in vivo

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 May 2007

G. STEPEK ,
A. E. LOWE ,
D. J. BUTTLE ,
I. R. DUCE  and
J. M. BEHNKE
G. STEPEK
Affiliation:
School of Biology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
A. E. LOWE
Affiliation:
School of Biology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
D. J. BUTTLE
Affiliation:
Section of Molecular Medicine, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
I. R. DUCE
Affiliation:
School of Biology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
J. M. BEHNKE*
Affiliation:
School of Biology, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
*
*Corresponding author: School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK. Tel: 44 115 951 3208. Fax: 44 115 951 3251. E-mail: jerzy.behnke@nottingham.ac.uk
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Summary

Gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are important disease-causing organisms, controlled primarily through treatment with synthetic drugs, but the efficacy of these drugs has declined due to widespread resistance, and hence new drugs, with different modes of action, are required. Some medicinal plants, used traditionally for the treatment of worm infections, contain cysteine proteinases known to damage worms irreversibly in vitro. Here we (i) confirm that papaya latex has marked efficacy in vivo against the rodent gastrointestinal nematode, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, (ii) demonstrate the dose-dependent nature of the activity (>90% reduction in egg output and 80% reduction in worm burden at the highest active enzyme concentration of 133 nmol), (iii) establish unequivocally that it is the cysteine proteinases that are the active principles in vivo (complete inhibition of enzyme activity when pre-incubated with the cysteine proteinase-specific inhibitor, E-64) and (iv) show that activity is confined to worms that are in the intestinal lumen. The mechanism of action was distinct from all current synthetic anthelmintics, and was the same as that in vitro, with the enzymes attacking and digesting the protective cuticle. Treatment had no detectable side-effects on immune cell numbers in the mucosa (there was no difference in the numbers of mast cells and goblet cells between the treated groups) and mucosal architecture (length of intestinal villi). Only the infected and untreated mice had much shorter villi than the other 3 groups, which was a consequence of infection and not treatment. Plant-derived cysteine proteinases are therefore prime candidates for development as novel drugs for the treatment of GI nematode infections.

Keywords

plant cysteine proteinasesgastrointestinal nematodesin vivoHeligmosomoides polygyrusanthelminticpapaya latex
Type
Research Article
Information
Parasitology , Volume 134 , Issue 10 , September 2007 , pp. 1409 - 1419
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2007

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