Skip to main content

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
Cancel
×
×
Home
  • Home
Article
  • Cited by 51
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Solomon, N. Zeyhle, E. Subramanian, K. Fields, P.J. Romig, T. Kern, P. Carter, J.Y. Wachira, J. Mengiste, A. and Macpherson, C.N.L. 2018. Cystic echinococcosis in Turkana, Kenya: 30 years of imaging in an endemic region. Acta Tropica, Vol. 178, Issue. , p. 182.
    Fathi, Saeid Jalousian, Fatemeh Hosseini, Seyed Hossein Najafi, Ali Darabi, Enayat and Koohsar, Faramarz 2018. Design and construction of a new recombinant fusion protein (2b2t+EPC1) and its assessment for serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. APMIS, Vol. 126, Issue. 5, p. 428.
    Moro, Pedro L. and Cantey, Paul 2018. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. p. 1404.
    Tamarozzi, Francesca Akhan, Okan Cretu, Carmen Michaela Vutova, Kamenna Akinci, Devrim Chipeva, Rossitza Ciftci, Turkmen Constantin, Corina Manuela Fabiani, Massimo Golemanov, Branimir Janta, Denisa Mihailescu, Patricia Muhtarov, Marin Orsten, Serra Petrutescu, Marius Pezzotti, Patrizio Popa, Alexandru Cosmin Popa, Loredana Gabriela Popa, Mircea Ioan Velev, Valeri Siles-Lucas, Mar Brunetti, Enrico and Casulli, Adriano 2018. Prevalence of abdominal cystic echinococcosis in rural Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey: a cross-sectional, ultrasound-based, population study from the HERACLES project. The Lancet Infectious Diseases,
    Craig, P.S. Hegglin, D. Lightowlers, M.W. Torgerson, P.R. and Wang, Q. 2017. Echinococcus and Echinococcosis, Part B. Vol. 96, Issue. , p. 55.
    Gottstein, Bruno and Beldi, Guido 2017. Infectious Diseases. p. 1038.
    Macpherson, Calum N. L. Mengiste, Asrat Zeyhle, Eberhard Romig, Thomas Carter, Jane Fields, Paul J. Wachira, John and Solomon, Nadia 2017. Cystic Echinococcosis in Turkana, Kenya: The Role of Cross-Sectional Screening Surveys in Assessing the Prevalence of Human Infection. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 97, Issue. 2, p. 587.
    Okhovatian, Farshad Zamani, Sahar and Azimi, Hadi 2017. Hydatid cysts in trapezius muscles: A narrative review. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue. 7, p. 283.
    Eckert, J. and Thompson, R.C.A. 2017. Echinococcus and Echinococcosis, Part A. Vol. 95, Issue. , p. 1.
    Pagnozzi, Daniela Addis, Maria Filippa Biosa, Grazia Roggio, Anna Maria Tedde, Vittorio Mariconti, Mara Tamarozzi, Francesca Meroni, Valeria Masu, Gabriella Masala, Giovanna Brunetti, Enrico Uzzau, Sergio and Torgerson, Paul Robert 2016. Diagnostic Accuracy of Antigen 5-Based ELISAs for Human Cystic Echinococcosis. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol. 10, Issue. 3, p. e0004585.
    Irabedra, Pilar Ferreira, Ciro Sayes, Julio Elola, Susana Rodríguez, Miriam Morel, Noelia Segura, Sebastian Santos, Estela dos and Guisantes, Jorge A 2016. Control programme for cystic echinococcosis in Uruguay. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Vol. 111, Issue. 6, p. 372.
    Pang, C. and Chu, Y.K. 2015. Recurrence of Liver Transplantation Combined With Lung and Diaphragm Resection for Alveolar Echinococcosis: A Case Report. Transplantation Proceedings, Vol. 47, Issue. 7, p. 2278.
    Craig, Philip Mastin, Alexander van Kesteren, Freya and Boufana, Belgees 2015. Echinococcus granulosus: Epidemiology and state-of-the-art of diagnostics in animals. Veterinary Parasitology, Vol. 213, Issue. 3-4, p. 132.
    Feng, X. Qi, X. Yang, L. Duan, X. Fang, B. Gongsang, Q. Bartholomot, B. Vuitton, D.A. Wen, H. and Craig, P.S. 2015. Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China. Journal of Helminthology, Vol. 89, Issue. 06, p. 671.
    Liu, Wenya Delabrousse, Éric Blagosklonov, Oleg Wang, Jing Zeng, Hongchun Jiang, Yi Wang, Jian Qin, Yongde Vuitton, Dominique Angèle and Wen, Hao 2014. Innovation in hepatic alveolar echinococcosis imaging: best use of old tools, and necessary evaluation of new ones. Parasite, Vol. 21, Issue. , p. 74.
    Acosta-Jamett, Gerardo Weitzel, Thomas Boufana, Belgees Adones, Claudia Bahamonde, Andrea Abarca, Katia Craig, Philip S. Reiter-Owona, Ingrid and Ozcel, Mehmet Ali 2014. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Echinococcal Infection in a Rural Area of Northern Chile: A Household-Based Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol. 8, Issue. 8, p. e3090.
    Stojkovic, Marija Gottstein, Bruno and Junghanss, Thomas 2014. Manson's Tropical Infectious Diseases. p. 795.
    Bingham, Glenda M. Budke, Christine M. Larrieu, Edmundo Del Carpio, Mario Mujica, Guillermo Slater, Margaret R. and Moguillansky, Sergio 2014. A community-based study to examine the epidemiology of human cystic echinococcosis in Rio Negro Province, Argentina. Acta Tropica, Vol. 136, Issue. , p. 81.
    Mohamed, Rabie M. Abdel-Hafeez, Ekhlas H. Belal, Usama S. Norose, Kazumi and Aosai, Fumie 2014. Human Cystic Echinococcosis in the Nalut District of Western Libya: A Clinico-epidemiological Study. Tropical Medicine and Health, Vol. 42, Issue. 4, p. 177.
    Kilimcioğlu, Ali Ahmet Girginkardeşler, Nogay Korkmaz, Metin Özkol, Mine Düzgün, Fatih Östan, İpek Pabuşcu, Yüksel Dinç, Gönül and Ok, Ülgen Zeki 2013. A mass screening survey of cystic echinococcosis by ultrasonography, Western blotting, and ELISA among university students in Manisa, Turkey. Acta Tropica, Vol. 128, Issue. 3, p. 578.
    Download full list
    ×
  • Get access
    Add to cart USD35.00
    Check if you have access via personal or institutional login
    Log in Register Recommend to librarian

Application of ultrasound in diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, public health and control of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis

  • C. N. L. MACPHERSON (a1), B. BARTHOLOMOT (a2) and B. FRIDER (a3)
Abstract

The last 30 years have seen an impressive use of ultrasonography (US) in many fields of veterinary and clinical medicine and the technique is being increasingly applied to a wide variety of parasitic infections including the cestode zoonoses Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. US provides real-time results which are permanently recordable with a high resolution and diagnostic accuracy. These properties, coupled with the clinical value of the images obtained and the non-invasive nature of the test which is safe, require no special patient preparation time; it is easy to operate and this has resulted in the establishment of US as the diagnostic technique of choice for cystic (CE) and alveolar (AE) echinococcosis. The lack of ionizing radiation and side-effects mean that examination times are not restricted. The hand-held probes facilitate what amounts to a rapid, bloodless non-invasive laparotomy, enabling a search from an infinite number of angles for lesions producing information on their number, size and type of cysts, their location and clinical implications. Such clinical information has facilitated the development of treatment protocols for different cyst types. Less invasive surgical techniques, such as US guidance for PAIR (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Re-aspiration), PAIRD (PAIR plus Drainage) or PPDC (Percutaneous Puncture with Drainage and Curettage) are also possible. Longitudinal US studies have facilitated monitoring the effects of the outcome of treatment and chemotherapy. Portable ultrasound scanners which today weigh as little as a few pounds, powered by battery or generators have facilitated the use of the technique in mass community-based screening studies. The majority of these studies have been conducted in remote, low socio-economic areas where there were few, if any, hospitals, veterinary facilities, schools or trained personnel. The surveys led to the discovery of unexpectedly high prevalences of CE and AE in asymptomatic individuals of endemic areas and especially amongst transhumant or nomadic pastoralists living in various parts of the world. Screening for CE and AE is justified as an early diagnosis leads to a better prognosis following treatment. The application of US in field and clinical settings has led to a better understanding of the natural history of CE and AE and to the development of a WHO standardized classification of cyst types for CE. This classification can be used in helping define the treatment options for the different cysts found during the surveys, which in turn can also be used to calculate the public health cost of treating the disease in an endemic community. The case mix revealed can also influence the specificity (particularly proportions of cyst types CE4 and CE5 and cystic lesions – CL) of US as a diagnostic test in a particular setting. Community based US surveys have provided new insights into the public health importance of CE and AE in different endemic settings. By screening whole populations they disclose the true extent of the disease and reveal particular age and sex risk factors. Through the treatment and follow-up of all infected cases found during the mass screening surveys a drastic reduction in the public health impact of the disease in endemic communities can be achieved. Educational impacts of such surveys at the national, community and individual levels for both professional and lay people are beginning to be appreciated. The translation of the information gained into active control programmes remains to be realized. In areas where intermediate hosts, such as sheep and goats, are not slaughtered in large numbers mass US screening surveys to determine the prevalence of CE in livestock has proved possible. Longitudinal studies in such intermediate hosts would reveal changes in prevalence over time, which has been used as a marker for control success in other programmes. Mass US screening surveys in an ongoing control programme in Argentina has demonstrated the early impact of control in the human population and identified breakthroughs in that control programme. Mass US screening surveys must adhere to the highest ethical standards and the outcome of surveys should result in the application of appropriate WHO recommended treatment options for different cyst types. Follow-up strategies have to be in place prior to the implementation of such surveys for all infected individuals who do not require treatment and for all suspected, but not confirmed, cases found during the surveys. The use of US in community screening surveys has revealed the complexity of ethical issues (informed consent, confidentiality, follow-up, detection of lesions that are not the focus of the study etc) and also provided real solutions to providing the most ethical guidelines for the early detection and treatment of CE and AE.

Copyright
© 2003 Cambridge University Press
References
Hide All

REFERENCES

AMMANN, R. W. & ECKERT, J. (1995). Clinical diagnosis and treatment of echinococcosis in humans. In Echinococcus and Hydatid Disease ( ed. Thompson, R. C. A. & Lymbery, A. J. ), pp. 411–463. Wallingford, CAB International.
AMMANN, R. W. & ECKERT, J. (1996). Cestodes. Echinococcus. Gastroenterology Clinical of North America 25, 655–689.
BAI, Y., CHENG, N., JIANG, C., WANG, Q. & CAO, D. (2002). Survey on cystic echinococcosis in Tibetans, West China. Acta Tropica 82, 381–385.
BARBIERI, M., SEVERI, M. A., PIREZ, M. I., BATTISTONI, J. & NIETO, A. (1994). Use of specific antibody and circulating antigen serum levels in the hydatid immunodiagnosis of asymptomatic population. International Journal for Parasitology 24, 937–942.
BARTHOLOMOT, B., VUITTON, D. A., HARRAGA, S., SHI, D. A., GIRAUDOUX, P., BARNISH, G., WANG, Y. H., MACPHERSON, C. N. L. & CRAIG, P. S. (2002). Combined ultrasound and serologic screening for hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in central China. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 66, 23–29.
BCHIR, A., LAROUZE, B., BOUHAOUIA, H., BOUDEN, L. & JEMMALI, M. (1987). Echotomographic evidence for a highly endemic focus of hydatidosis in central Tunisia. Lancet 2, 684.
BCHIR, A., LAROUZE, B., SOLTANI, M. A., HAMDI, A., BOUHAOUALA, H., DUCI, S., BOUDEN, L., GANOUNI, A., ACHOUR, A., GANDEBOUT, C., ROUSSET, J. J. & JEMMALI, M. (1991). Echotomographic and serological population based study of hydatidosis in central Tunisia. Acta Tropica 49, 149–153.
BEGGS, J. (1983). The radiology of hydatid disease. American Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy and Nuclear Medicine 145, 639–648.
BEN AMOR, N., GARGOURI, M., GHARBI, H. A., GOLVAN, Y. J., AYACHI, K. & KCHOUK, K. H. (1986 a). Trial therapy of inoperable abdominal hydatid cysts by puncture Annals de Parasitologie Humane et Camparial. 61, 689–692.
BEN AMOR, N., GARGOURI, M., GHARBI, H. A., GOLVAN, Y. J., HAMMOU-JEDDI, A., KILANI, M. & LAHMAR, S. (1986 b). Traitement du kyste hydatique du foie du mouton par ponction sous échographie. Tunisie Médicale 64, 325–331.
BRESSON-HADNI, S., LAPLANTE, J. J., LENYS, D., ROHMER, P., GOTTSTEIN, B., JACQUIER, P., MERCET, P., MEYER, J. P., MIGUET, J. P. & VUITTON, D. A. (1994). Seroepidemiologic screening of Echinococcus multicularis infection in a European area endemic for alveolar echinococcosis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51, 837–846.
CAREMANI, M., BENCI, A., MAESTRINI, R., ACCORSI, A., CAREMANI, D. & LAPINI, L. (1997). Ultrasound imaging in cystic echinococcosis. Proposal of a new sonographic classification. Acta Tropica 67, 91–105.
CHAI, J. (1992). Seroepidemiological surveys for cystic echinococcosis in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PRC. In Campedium on cystic echinococcosis with Special Reference to the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The People's Republic of China (ed. Andersen, F. L., Chai, J. & Liu, F.), pp. 153–161. Provo., Utau, Brigham Young University.
CHOJI, K., FUJITA, N., CHEN, M., SPIERS, A. S. D., MORITA, Y., SCHINOHARA, M., NORIMA, T. & IRIE, G. (1992). Alveolar hydatid disease of the liver: Computed tomography and transabdominal ultrasound with histopathological correlation. Clinical Radiology 46, 97–103.
COHEN, H., PAOLILLO, E., BONIFACINO, R., BOTTA, B., PARADA, L., CABRERA, P., SNOWDEN, K., GASSER, R., TESSIER, R., DIBARBOURE, L., WEN, H., ALLAN, J. C., SOTO DE ALFARO, H., ROGAN, M. T. & CRAIG, P. S. (1998). Human cystic echinococcosis in a Uruguayan community: A sonographic, serologic and epidemiologic study. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, 620–627.
COUNCIL FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (CIOMS) (1991). International guidelines for ethical review of epidemiological studies. In Ethics and Epidemiology: International Guidelines ( ed. Bankowski, Z., Bryant, J. J. & Last, J. M.), Geneva, CIOMS.
CRAIG, P. S., GIRADOUX, P., SHI, D., BARTHOLOMOT, B., BARNISH, G., DELATTRE, P., QUERE, J. P., HARRAGA, S., BAO, G., WANG, Y., LU, F., ITO, A. & VUITTON, D. A. (2000). An epidemiological and ecological study of human alveolar echinococcosis transmission in south Gansu, China. Acta Tropica 77, 167–177.
CRAIG, P. S., LIU, D., MACPHERSON, C. N. L., SHI, D., REYNOLDS, D., BARNISH, G., GOTTSTEIN, B. & WANG, Z. (1992). A large focus of alveolar echinococcosis in central China. Lancet 340, 826–831.
CRAIG, P. S., ROGAN, M. T. & ALLAN, J. C. (1996). Detection, screening and community epidemiology of taeniid cestode zoonoses: Cystic echinococcosis, alveolar echinococcosis and neurocysticercosis. Advances in Parasitology 38, 169–250.
DAEKI, A. O., CRAIG, P. S. & SHAMBESH, M. K. (2000). IgG subclass antibody responses and the natural history of hepatic cystic echinococcosis in asymptomatic patients. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 94, 319–328.
DEL CARPIO, M., MOGUILANSKY, S., COSTA, M., PANOMARENKO, H., BIANCHI, G., BENDERSKY, S., LAZCANO, M., FRIDER, B. & LARRIEU, E. (2000). Diagnosis of human hydatidosis. Predictive value of a rural ultrasonographic survey in an apprently healthy population. Medicina (Buenos Aires) 60, 466–468.
DIDIER, D., WEILER, S., ROHMER, R., LASSEGUE, A., DESCHAMPS, J. P., VUITTON, D., MIGUET, J. P. & WEILL, F. (1985). Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis correlative US and CT study. Radiology 154, 179–186.
FRENCH, C. M. & NELSON, G. S. (1982). Hydatid disease in the Turkana District of Lopez. II. A study in medical geography. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 76, 439–457.
FRIDER, B. (1996). Liver hydatidosis. Acta Latinoamerica Gastroenterologie 26, 199–200.
FRIDER, B. (2002). Aporte de la Ultrasonografia al conocimiento de la hidatidosis. In Situación de la Hidatidosis-Echinococcosis en la República Argentina ( ed. Denegri, G. M., Elissondo Y M. C. & Dopcich, M. ), pp. 79–99. Mar del Plata Argentina, Editorial Martín.
FRIDER, B., LARRIEU, E. & ODRIOZOLA, M. (1999). Long-term outcome of asymptomatic liver hydatidosis. Journal of Hepatology 30, 228–231.
FRIDER, B., LOSADA, C. A., LARRIEU, E. & DE ZAVALETA, O. (1988). Asymptomatic abdominal hydatidosis detected by ultrasonography. Acta Radiologica 29, 431–434.
FRIDER, B., MOGUILENSKY, J., SALVITTI, J. C., ODRIOZOLA, M., CANTONI, G. & LARRIEU, E. (2001). Epidemiological surveillance of human hydatidosis by means of ultrasonography: Its contribution to the evaluation of control programs. Acta Tropica 79, 219–223.
FULLER, G. K. & FULLER, D. C. (1981). Hydatid disease in Ethiopia: clinical survey with some immunodiagnostic test results. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 30, 645–652.
GEMMELL, M. A. & ROBERTS, M. G. (1995). Modelling echinococcus life cycles. In Echinococcus and hydatid disease ( ed. Thompson, R. C. A. & Lymbery, A. J.), pp. 333–354. Wallingford, CAB International.
GHARBI, H. A., HASSINE, B., BRAUNER, M. W. & DUPUCH, K. (1981). Ultrasound examination of the hydatic liver. Radiology 139, 459–463.
GLOOR, G. (1988). Echinokokkose beim Menschen in der Schweiz 1970–83. Medical Dissertation, University of Zürich.
GOSTIN, L. (1991). Ethical principles for the conduct of human subject research: Population-based research and ethics. Law, Medicine and Healthcare 19, 191–201.
GOTTSTEIN, B., JAQUIER, P., BRESSON-HADNI, S. & ECKERT, J. (1993). Improved primary immunodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis in humans by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the Em2plus antigen. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31, 373–376.
GOTTSTEIN, B., LENGELAR, C., BACHMANN, P., HAGEMANN, P., KOCHER, P., BROSSARD, M., WITASSEK, F. & ECKERT, J. (1987). Sero-epidemiological survey for alveolar echinococcosis (by EM2-ELISA) of blood donors in an endemic area of Switzerland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 960–964.
GOTTSTEIN, B. & REICHEN, J. (1996). Echinococcosis/hydatidosis. In Manson's Tropical Diseases ( ed. Cook, G. C.), pp. 1486–1508, 20th edition. London, Saunders.
HALL, A. L. (1989). Public health trials in West Africa: Logistics and ethics. IRB 11, 8–10.
HIRA, P. R., BAHR, G. M., SHWEIKI, H. M. & BEHBEHANI, K. (1990). Diagnostic value of anti-arc 5 IgG antibody and analysis of the IgG subclasses in sera of patients with cystic hydatid disease. Serodiagnosis and Immunotherapy in Infectious Disease 4, 285–293.
KACHANI, M., MACPHERSON, C. N. L., LYAGOUBI, M., BERRADA, M., BOUSLIKHANE, M., KACHANI, F. & EL HASNAOUI, M. (2003). Public health education/importance and experience from the field. Educational impact of community based ultrasound screening surveys. Acta Tropica 85, 263–269.
KING, D. L. (1973). Ultrasonography of echinococcal cysts. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 1, 64.
KLUNGSOYR, P., COURTRIGHT, P. & HENDRICKSON, T. H. (1993). Hydatid disease in the Hamar of Ethiopia: A public health problem for women. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87, 254–255.
LARRIEU, E., COSTA, M., CANTONI, G., ALVEREZ, J., GIMENEZ, N. & PEREZ, A. (1994). Control de la hidatidosis en la Provincia de Río Negro, Argentina. Actividades de Atención Veterinaria. Review de Saniol Higene Pública 68, 197–202.
LARRIEU, E., FRIDER, B., DEL CARPIO, M., SALVITTI, J. C., MERCAPIDE, C., PEREYRA, R., COSTA, M., ODRIOZOLA, M., PEREZ, A., CANTONI, G. & SUSTERCIC, J. (2000). Asymptomatic carriers of hydatidosis: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pan American Journal of Public Health 8, 250–257.
LARRIEU, E., GUARNERA, E., COSTA, M., ALVAREZ, J., CANTONI, G., PEREZ, A. & GIMENEZ, N. (1993). Control de la hidatidosis en la Provincia de Rio Negro: evaluación actividades atención médica. Review Sanitarica Hygien Publica 5, 377–384.
LEWALL, D. B. & McCORKELL, S. J. (1985). Hepatic echinococcal cysts: Sonographic appearance and classification. Radiology 155, 773–775.
LIGHTOWLERS, M. W. & GOTTSTEIN, B. (1995). Echinococcosis/hydatidosis: Antigens, immunological and molecular diagnosis. In Echinococcus and Hydatid Disease ( ed. Thompson, R. C. A. & Lymbery, A. J. ), pp. 355–410. Wallingford, CAB International.
LINDTJORN, B., KISERUD, T. & ROTH, K. (1982). Hydatid disease in some areas of southern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Medical Journal 20, 185–188.
MACPHERSON, C. N. L. (1992). Ultrasound in the diagnosis of parasitic disease. Tropical Doctor 22, 14–20.
MACPHERSON, C. N. L. (1994). Epidemiology and control of parasites in nomadic situations. Veterinary Parasitology 54, 87–102.
MACPHERSON, C. N. L. & CRAIG, P. S. (2000). Dogs and Cestodes Zoonoses. In Dogs, Zoonoses and Public Health ( ed. Macpherson, C. N. L., Meslin, F.-X. & Wandeler, A.), pp. 177–201. Wallingford, Oxon, CAB International.
MACPHERSON, C. N. L., GOTTSTEIN, B. & GEERTS, S. (2000). Parasitic food-borne and water borne zoonoses. Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizootics 19, 240–258.
MACPHERSON, C. N. L. & MILNER, R. (2003). Performance characteristics and quality control of community based ultrasound surveys for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Acta Tropica 85, 203–209.
MACPHERSON, C. N. L., SPOERRY, A., ZEYHLE, E., ROMIG, T. & GORFE, M. (1989). Pastoralists and hydatid disease: An ultrasound scanning prevalence survey in East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 84, 243–247.
MACPHERSON, C. N. L., WACHIRA, T. M., ZEYHLE, E., ROMIG, T. & MACPHERSON, C. (1986). Hydatid disease: Research and control in Turkana, IV. The pilot control programme. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical and Hygiene 80, 196–200.
MACPHERSON, C. N. L., ZEYHLE, E., ROMIG, T. & REES, P. (1987). Portable ultrasound scanner versus serology in screening for hydatid cysts in a nomadic population. Lancet ii, 259–262.
MLIKA, N., LAROUZE, B., GAUDEBOUT, C., BRAHAM, B., ALLEGUE, M., DAZZA, M. C., DRIDI, M., GHARBI, S., GAUMER, B., BCHIR, A., ROUSSET, J. J., DELATTRE, M. & JEMMALI, M. (1986). Echotomatographic and serologic screening for hydatidosis in a Tunisian village. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 35, 815–817.
MORO, P. L., MCDONALD, J., GILMAN, R. H., SILVA, B., VERASTEGUI, M., MALQUI, V., LESCNO, G., FALCON, N., MONTES, G. & BAZALAR, H. (1997). Epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus infection in the central Peruvian Andes. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 75, 553–561.
NIRMALAN, N. & CRAIG, P. S. (1997). Immunoblot evaluation of the species-specifity of Em18 and Em16 antigens for serodiagnosis of human alveolar echinococcosis. Transactions of the Royal Society and Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, 484–486.
NJOROGE, E. M., MBITHI, P. M., GATHUMA, J. M., WACHIRA, T. M., MAGAMBO, J. K. & ZEYHLE, E. (2000). Application of ultrasonography in prevalence studies of hydatid cysts in goats north-western Turkana, Kenya and Toposaland, southern Sudan. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 67, 251–255.
OWOR, R. & BITAKAMIRE, P. K. (1975). Hydatid disease in Uganda. East African Medical Journal 52, 700–704.
PAWLOWSKI, Z. S., ECKERT, J., VUITTON, D. A., AMMANN, R. W., KERN, P., CRAIG, P. S., DAR, K. F., DE ROSA, F., FILICE, C., GOTTSTEIN, B., GRIMM, F., MACPHERSON, C. N. L., SATO, N., TODOROV, T., UCHINO, J., VON SINNER, W. & WEN, H. (2001). Echinococcosis in humans: Clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment. WHO/OIE Manual on Echinococcosis in Humans and Animals: A Public Health Problem of Global Concern, pp. 20–71.
PERDOMO, R., ALVAREZ, C., FERREIRA, C., GENINAZZI, H., MONTI, J., PARADA, J. R. R., CATIVELLI, D., RIVERO, E., BARRAGUE, A. D. & PARARDA, J. (1988). Early diagnosis of hydatidosis by ultrasonography. The Lancet 1, 244.
PERDOMO, R., ALVAREZ, C., MONTI, J., FERREIRA, C., CHIESA, A., CARBO, A., ALVEZ, R., GRAUERT, R., STEN, D., CARMONA, C. & YARZABAL, L. (1997). Principles of the surgical approach in human liver cystic ecchinococcosis. Acta Tropica 64, 109–122.
PORRETTI, D., FELLEISEN, E., GRIMM, F., PFISTER, M., TEUSCHER, F., ZUERCHER, C., REICHEN, J. & GOTTSTEIN, B. (1999). Differential immunodiagnosis between cystic hydatid disease and other cross-reactive pathologies. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 193–198.
PURRIEL, P., SCHANTZ, P. M., BEOVIDE, H. & MENDOZA, G. (1974). Human echinococcosis (hydatidosis) in Uruguay: A comparison of indices and morbidity and mortality, 1962–71. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 49, 395–402.
RAUSCH, R. L., WILSON, J. F., SCHANTZ, P. M. & McMAHON, B. J. (1987). Spontaneous death of Echinococcus multicularis: Cases diagnosed serologically (by Em2-ELISA) and clinical significance. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 36, 576–585.
ROMIG, T., ZEYHLE, E., MACPHERSON, C. N. L., REES, P. H. & WERE, J. B. O. (1986). Cyst growth and spontaneous cure in hydatid disease. Lancet 1, 861.
SAGE, A. M., WACHIRA, T. M., ZEYHLE, E., WEBER, E. P., NJOROGE, E. & SMITH, G. (1998). Evaluation of diagnostic ultrasound as a mass screening technique for the detection of hydatid cysts in the liver and lung of sheep and goats. International Journal for Parasitology 28, 349–353.
SARCIRON, E. M., BRESSON-HADNI, S., MERCIER, M., LAWTON, P., DURANTON, C., LENYS, D., PETAVY, A. F. & VUITTON, D. A. (1997). Antibodies against Echinococcus multilocularis alkaline phosphatase as markers for the specific diagnosis and the serological monitoring of alveolar echincoccosis. Parasite Immunology 19, 61–68.
SASAKI, F., HATA, Y., SATO, N., HAMADA, H., TAKASHASHI, H. & UCHINO, J. (1994). Alveolar echinococcosis of the liver in children. Pediatric Surgery International 9, 32–34.
SATO, N., NAMIENO, T., FURUYA, K., TAKAHASHI, H., YAMASHITA, K., UCHINO, J. & SUZUKI, K. (1997). Contribution of mass screening system to resectability of hepatic lesions involving Echinococcus multilocularis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 32, 351–354.
SATO, N., UCHINO, J., SUZUKI, K., KAMIYAMA, T., TAKAHASHI, T., SHIMAMURA, T., UNE, Y. & NAKAJIMA, Y. (1993). IX mass screening. In Alveolar Echinococcosis of the Liver ( ed. Uchino, J. & Sato, N. ), pp. 121–129. Sapporo, Hokkaido University Medical School.
SCHANTZ, P. M., CHAI, J., CRAIG, P. S., ECKERT, J., JENKINS, D. J., MACPHERSON, C. N. L. & THAKUR, A. (1995). Epidemiology and control of hydatid disease. In Echinococcus and Hydatid Disease ( ed. Thompson, R. C. A. & Lymbery, A. J. ), pp. 233–332. Wallingford, CAB International.
SCHANTZ, P. M., WILLIAMS, J. F. & RIVA POSSE, C. (1973). The epidemiology of hydatid disease in Southern Argentina. Comparison of morbidity indices, evaluation of immunodiagnostic tests and factors affecting transmission in Southern Rio Negro Province. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 22, 629–641.
SCHWABE, C. W. (1964). Veterinary Medicine and Human Health, pp. 211 & 395. Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins.
SHAMBESH, M. A., CRAIG, P. S., MACPHERSON, C. N. L., ROGAN, M., GUSBY, A. M. & ECHTUICH, E. F. (1999). An extensive ultrasound and serologic study to investigate the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in northern Libya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 462–468.
SHAMBESH, M. K., MACPHERSON, C. N. L., BEESLEY, W. N., GUSBI, A. & ELSONOSI, T. (1992). Prevalence of human hydatid disease in northwestern Libya: A cross-sectional ultrasound study. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 86, 381–386.
VICARY, F. R., CUSICK, G., SHIRLEY, M. & BLACKWELL, R. J. (1977). Ultrasound and abdominal hydatid disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71, 29–31.
WANG, Y. H., ROGAN, M. T., VUITTON, D. A., WEN, H., BARTHOLOMOT, B., MACPHERSON, C. N. L., ZOU, P. F., DING, Z. X., ZHOU, H. X., ZHANG, X. F., LUO, J., XIONG, H. B., FU, Y., McVIE, A., GIRAUDOUX, P., WANG, W. G. & CRAIG, P. S. (2001). Cystic echinococcosis in semi-nomadic pastoral communities in north-west China. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 95, 153–158.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (1996). Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis. Guidelines for treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in humans. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 74, 231–242.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2001). Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis. PAIR, an option for the treatment of cystic echinoccosis, p. 40. Geneva, WHO.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2003). Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis. (in press). International classification of ultrasound images in cystic echinococcosis for application in clinical and field epidemiological settings. Acta Tropica 85, 253–261.
WILSON, J. F. & RAUSCH, R. L. (1980). Alveolar hydatid disease. A review of clinical features of 33 indigenous cases of Echinococcus multicularis infection in Alaskan Eskimos. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 29, 1340–1355.
WILSON, J. F., RAUSCH, R. L., McMAHON, B. J. & SCHANTZ, P. M. (1992). Parasiticidal effect of chemotherapy in alveolar hydatid disease. Review of experience with mebendazole and albendazole in Alaskan Eskimos. Clinical Infectious Diseases 15, 234–249.
WRAY, J. R. (1958). Note on human hydatid disease in Kenya. East African Medical Journal 35, 37–39.
Recommend this journal

Email your librarian or administrator to recommend adding this journal to your organisation's collection.

Parasitology
  • ISSN: 0031-1820
  • EISSN: 1469-8161
  • URL: /core/journals/parasitology
Please enter your name
Please enter a valid email address
Who would you like to send this to? *

CAPTCHA *

Skip to the audio challenge
×

Keywords:

Metrics

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 2
Total number of PDF views: 32 *
Loading metrics...

Abstract views

Total abstract views: 391 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between September 2016 - 12th June 2018. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Cancel
Confirm
×