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Kuete, V. 2017. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa.
Tuzcu, Zeynep Orhan, Cemal Sahin, Nurhan Juturu, Vijaya and Sahin, Kazim 2017. Cinnamon Polyphenol Extract Inhibits Hyperlipidemia and Inflammation by Modulation of Transcription Factors in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Vol. 2017, p. 1.
Zhang, Keqiang Han, Ernest S. Dellinger, Thanh H. Lu, Jianming Nam, Sangkil Anderson, Richard A. Yim, John H. and Wen, Wei 2017. Cinnamon extract reduces VEGF expression via suppressing HIF-1α gene expression and inhibits tumor growth in mice. Molecular Carcinogenesis, Vol. 56, Issue. 2, p. 436.
Mirfeizi, Mani Mehdizadeh Tourzani, Zahra Mirfeizi, Seyedeh Zahra Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad Rezvani, Hamid Reza and Afzali, Monireh 2016. Controlling type 2 diabetes mellitus with herbal medicines: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Journal of Diabetes, Vol. 8, Issue. 5, p. 647.
Sun, Peng Wang, Ting Chen, Lu Yu, Bang-wei Jia, Qi Chen, Kai-xian Fan, Hui-min Li, Yi-ming and Wang, He-yao 2016. Trimer procyanidin oligomers contribute to the protective effects of cinnamon extracts on pancreatic β-cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, Vol. 37, Issue. 8, p. 1083.
Wahlqvist, Mark L. Lee, Meei-Shyuan Lee, Jiunn-Tay Hsu, Chih-Cheng Chou, Yu-Ching Fang, Wen-Hui Liu, Hsiao-Yu Xiu, Lili and Andrews, Zane B. 2016. Cinnamon users with prediabetes have a better fasting working memory: a cross-sectional function study. Nutrition Research, Vol. 36, Issue. 4, p. 305.
Hashemzadeh-Cigari, F. Ghorbani, G.R. Khorvash, M. Riasi, A. Taghizadeh, A. and Zebeli, Q. 2015. Supplementation of herbal plants differently modulated metabolic profile, insulin sensitivity, and oxidative stress in transition dairy cows fed various extruded oil seeds. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Vol. 118, Issue. 1, p. 45.
Asl, Zeynab Sheybani Malekirad, Ali Akbar Abdollahi, Mohammad Bakhshipour, Alireza Dastjerdi, Hajar Akbari Mostafalou, Sara and Poor, Razieh Yousef 2014. Effects of the Mixture of <i>Cichorium intybus</i> L. and <i>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</i> on Hepatic Enzymes Activity and Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Health, Vol. 06, Issue. 11, p. 1212.
Chen, Pei Sun, Jianghao and Ford, Paul 2014. Differentiation of the Four Major Species of Cinnamons (C. burmannii,C. verum,C. cassia, andC. loureiroi) Using a Flow Injection Mass Spectrometric (FIMS) Fingerprinting Method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 62, Issue. 12, p. 2516.
Fried, Robert 2014. Erectile Dysfunction As a Cardiovascular Impairment.
Mohamed, Suhaila 2014. Functional foods against metabolic syndrome (obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia) and cardiovasular disease. Trends in Food Science & Technology, Vol. 35, Issue. 2, p. 114.
Roque, Shannon Nambi, Sridhar and Rothkopf, Michael 2014. Metabolic Medicine and Surgery.
Rouhani, Mae Nicole and Watson, Ronald Ross 2014. Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease.
Zhao, Hang Xie, Yanhua Yang, Qian Cao, Yu Tu, Honghai Cao, Wei and Wang, Siwang 2014. Pharmacokinetic study of cinnamaldehyde in rats by GC–MS after oral and intravenous administration. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 89, p. 150.
Akilen, Rajadurai Pimlott, Zeller Tsiami, Amalia and Robinson, Nicola 2013. Effect of short-term administration of cinnamon on blood pressure in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Nutrition, Vol. 29, Issue. 10, p. 1192.
Anderson, R.A. 2013. Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition.
Boqué, Noemi Campión, Javier de la Iglesia, Rocío de la Garza, Ana L Milagro, Fermín I San Román, Belén Bañuelos, Óscar and Martínez, J Alfredo 2013. Screening of polyphenolic plant extracts for anti-obesity properties in Wistar rats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 93, Issue. 5, p. 1226.
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Guimarães, Marília Mendonça Martins Silva Carvalho, Ana Clara and Silva, Maria Sebastiana 2013. Chromium Nicotinate Has No Effect on Insulin Sensitivity, Glycemic Control, and Lipid Profile in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 32, Issue. 4, p. 243.
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Naturally-occurring compounds that have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity include Cr and polyphenols found in cinnamon (Cinnamomon cassia). These compounds also have similar effects on insulin signalling and glucose control. The signs of Cr deficiency are similar to those for the metabolic syndrome and supplemental Cr has been shown to improve all these signs in human subjects. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study it has been demonstrated that glucose, insulin, cholesterol and HbA1c are all improved in patients with type 2 diabetes following Cr supplementation. It has also been shown that cinnamon polyphenols improve insulin sensitivity in in vitro, animal and human studies. Cinnamon reduces mean fasting serum glucose (18–29%), TAG (23–30%), total cholesterol (12–26%) and LDL-cholesterol (7–27%) in subjects with type 2 diabetes after 40 d of daily consumption of 1–6 g cinnamon. Subjects with the metabolic syndrome who consume an aqueous extract of cinnamon have been shown to have improved fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, percentage body fat and increased lean body mass compared with the placebo group. Studies utilizing an aqueous extract of cinnamon, high in type A polyphenols, have also demonstrated improvements in fasting glucose, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in women with insulin resistance associated with the polycystic ovary syndrome. For both supplemental Cr and cinnamon not all studies have reported beneficial effects and the responses are related to the duration of the study, form of Cr or cinnamon used and the extent of obesity and glucose intolerance of the subjects.
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