Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-r7bls Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-10T02:35:57.089Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Epidemiological support for the protection of whole grains against diabetes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2007

Maureen A. Murtaugh ,
David R. Jacobs Jr ,
Brenda Jacob ,
Lyn M. Steffen  and
Leonard Marquart
Maureen A. Murtaugh*
Affiliation:
Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
David R. Jacobs Jr
Affiliation:
Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, Norway
Brenda Jacob
Affiliation:
General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA
Lyn M. Steffen
Affiliation:
Division of Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN, 55454, USA
Leonard Marquart
Affiliation:
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Maureen A. Murtaugh, Present address: DFPM, Health Research Center, 375 Chipeta Way, Suite A, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA, fax +1 612 624 0315, mmurtaugh@hrc.utah.edu
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The epidemic of type 2 diabetes among children, adolescents and adults is increasing along with the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity. Overweight is the most powerful modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Intake of whole-grain foods may reduce diabetes risk. Three prospective studies in 160 000 men and women examined the relationship of whole-grain or cereal-fibre intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Each study used a mailed Willett food-frequency questionnaire and similar methods of quantifying whole-grain foods and cereal fibre. The self-reported incident diabetes outcome was more reliably determined in the two studies of health-care professionals than in the study of Iowa women. Risk for incident type 2 diabetes was 21–27% lower for those in the highest quintile of whole-grain intake, and 30–36% lower in the highest quintile of cereal-fibre intake, each compared with the lowest quintile. Risk reduction persisted after adjustment for the healthier lifestyle found among habitual whole-grain consumers. Observations in non-diabetic individuals support an inverse relationship between whole-grain consumption and fasting insulin levels. In feeding studies in non-diabetic individuals insulin resistance was reduced using whole grains or diets rich in whole grains. Glucose control improved with diets rich in whole grains in feeding studies of subjects with type 2 diabetes. There is accumulating evidence to support the hypothesis that whole-grain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of incident type 2 diabetes; it may also improve glucose control in diabetic individuals.

Keywords

Diabetes mellitusDietWhole grainsFibre
Type
Session: Health effects of whole grains
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 62 , Issue 1 , February 2003 , pp. 143 - 149
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2003

References

Chandalia, M, Garg, A, Lutjohann, D, Von Bergmann, K, Grundy, SM & Brinkley, LJ (2000) Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine 342, 1392–1398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colditz, GA, Manson, JE, Stampfer, MJ, Hosner, B, Willett, WC & Speizer, FE (1992) Diet and risk of clinical diabetes in women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 1018–1023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colditz, GA, Willett, WC, Stampfer, MJ, London, SJ, Segal, MR & Speizer, FE (1990) Patterns of weight change and their relation to diet in a cohort of healthy women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 1100–1105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelgau, MM, Narayan, KM & Herman, WH (2000) Screening for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23, 1563–1580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Franz, MJ, Bantle, JP, Beebe, CA, Brunzell, JD, Chiasson, JL, Garg, A, Holzmeister, LA, Hoogwerf, B, Mayer-Davis, E, Mooradian, AD, Purnell, JQ & Wheeler, M (2002) Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care 25, 148–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fukagawa, NK, Anderson, JW, Hageman, G, Young, VR & Minaker, KL (1990) High-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets increase peripheral insulin sensitivity in healthy young and old adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 524–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hu, FB, Manson, JE, Stampfer, MJ, Colditz, G, Liu, S, Solomon, CG & Willett, WC (2001) Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. New England Journal of Medicine 345, 790–797.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, DR Jr, Meyer, KA, Kushi, LH & Folsom, AR (1998) Wholegrain intake may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease death in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, 248–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jang, Y, Lee, JH, Kim, OY, Park, HY & Lee, SY (2001) Consumption of whole grain and legume powder reduces insulin demand, lipid peroxidation, and plasma homocysteine concentrations in patients with coronary artery disease: randomized controlled Health effects of whole grains 149 clinical trial. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology 21, 2065–2071.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knowler, WC, Barrett-Connor, E, Fowler, SE, Hamman, RF, Lachin, JM, Walker, EA, Nathan, DM & Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2002) Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. New England Journal of Medicine 346, 393–403.Google ScholarPubMed
Kushi, LH, Kaye, SA, Folsom, AR, Soler, JT & Prineas, RJ (1988) Accuracy and reliability of self-measurement of body girths. American Journal of Epidemiology 128, 740–748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, S, Manson, JE, Stampfer, MJ, Hu, FB, Giovannucci, E, Colditz, GA, Hennekens, CH & Willett, WC (2000a) A prospective study of whole-grain intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in US women. American Journal of Public Health 90, 1409–1415.Google ScholarPubMed
Liu, S, Manson, JE, Stampfer, MJ, Rexrode, KM, Hu, FB, Rimm, EB & Willett, WC (2000b) Whole grain consumption and risk of ischemic stroke in women: A prospective study. Journal of the American Medical Association 284, 1534–1540.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liu, S, Stampfer, MJ, Hu, FB, Giovannucci, E, Rimm, E, Manson, JE, Hennekens, CH & Willett, WC (1999) Whole-grain consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: results from the Nurses' Health Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70, 412–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McKeown, NM, Meigs, JB, Liu, SM, Wilson, PWF & Jacques, PF (2002) Whole grain intake is favorably associated with metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and CVD risk in the Framingham Offspring Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, 390–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, JA, Weiss, NS & Hamman, RF (1993) The role of dietary fiber in the etiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Annals of Epidemiology 3, 18–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, KA, Kushi, LH, Jacobs, DR Jr & Folsom, AR (2001) Dietary fat and incidence of type 2 diabetes in older Iowa women. Diabetes Care 24, 1528–1535.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyer, KA, Kushi, LH, Jacobs, DR Jr, Slavin, J, Sellers, TA & Folsom, AR (2000) Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 921–930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pan, XR, Li, GW, Hu, YH, Wang, JX, Yang, WY, An, ZX, Hu, ZX, Lin, J, Xiao, JZ, Cao, HB, Liu, PA, Jiang, XG, Jiang, YY, Wang, JP, Zheng, H, Zhang, H, Bennett, PH & Howard, BV (1997) Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 20, 537–544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, MA, Jacobs, DR Jr, Pins, JJ, Raatz, SK, Gross, MD, Slavin, JL & Seaquist, ER (2002) Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75, 848–855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pereira, MA, Jacobs, DR Jr, Slattery, ML, Ruth, K, Van Horn, L, Hilner, J & Kushi, LH (1998) The association of whole grain intake and fasting insulin in a biracial cohort of young adults: The CARDIA study. CVD Prevention 1, 231–242.Google Scholar
Rosenbloom, AL (2002) Increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: treatment considerations. Paediatric Drugs 4, 209–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmeron, J, Ascherio, A, Rimm, EB, Colditz, GA, Spiegelman, D, Jenkins, DJ, Stampfer, MJ, Wing, AL & Willett, WC (1997a) Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care 20, 545–550.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmeron, J, Hu, FB, Manson, JE, Stampfer, MJ, Colditz, GA, Rimm, EB & Willett, WC (2001) Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 1019–1026.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salmeron, J, Manson, JE, Stampfer, MJ, Colditz, GA, Wing, AL & Willett, WC (1997b) Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Journal of the American Medical Association 277, 472–477.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slavin, J (2003) Why whole grains protective?: biological mechanisms. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62, 129–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slavin, J, Jacobs, DR Jr & Marquart, L (1997) Whole-grain consumption and chronic disease: protective mechanisms. Nutrition and Cancer 27, 14–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, LU (1992) Potential health benefits of whole grains and their components. Contemporary Nutrition 17, 1–2.Google Scholar
Tuomilehto, J, Lindstrom, J, Eriksson, JG, Valle, TT, Hamalainen, H, Ilanne-Parikka, P, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S, Laakso, M, Louheranta, A, Rastas, M, Salminen, V, Uusitupa, M & Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group (2001) Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. New England Journal of Medicine 344, 1343–1350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willett, WC, Sampson, L, Stampfer, MJ, Rosner, B, Bain, C, Witschi, J, Hennekens, CH & Speizer, FE (1985) Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. American Journal of Epidemiology 122, 51–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed