Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T19:00:41.036Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Intake of fruits and vegetables in smokers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2007

Nicholas J Birkett
Nicholas J Birkett*
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
*
Corresponding author: Email nbirkett@zeus.med.uottawa.ca
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Objectives

To examine intake of fruits and vegetables in smokers and non-smokers.

Design

Secondary analysis using general linear modelling approaches. Food intake measured using a food frequency questionnaire approach.

Setting

The community (the population of the province of Ontario, Canada).

Subjects

Members of the general public (n=38,000).

Results

Smokers ate substantially less fruit and fruit juice then non-smokers with heavy smokers eating the least. Heavy smokers were between four and six times more likely to be eating less fruit than recommended. Similar but less marked differences were noted for vegetable intake. Smokers also obtained a larger part of their total caloric intake from fats.

Conclusions

While smoking cessation remains the primary target for lung cancer prevention, attention should also be given to dietary interventions in smokers in order to improve their nutrition. Such interventions might also be expected to reduce the risk of other cancers (e.g. colon cancer).

Keywords

SmokingCancerDietPrevention
Type
Research Article
Information
Public Health Nutrition , Volume 2 , Issue 2 , February 1999 , pp. 217 - 222
Copyright
Copyright © CABI Publishing 1999

References

1Baron, JA, Rohan, TE. Tobacco. In: Schottenfield, D, Fraumeni, JF Jr, eds. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996: 269–89.Google Scholar
2Block, G, Patterson, B, Subar, A. Fruit, vegetable, and cancer prevention: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr. Cancer 1992; 18: 1–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Zondervan, KT, Ocke, MC, Smit, HA, Seidell, JC. Do dietary and supplementary intakes of antioxidants differ with smoking status? Int. J. Epidemiol. 1996; 25: 70–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Subar, AF, Harlan, LC. Nutrient and food group intake by tobacco use status: the 1987 National Health Interview Survey. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1993; 686: 310–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Subar, AF, Harlan, LC, Mattson, ME. Food and nutrient intake differences between smokers and non-smokers in the US. Am. J. Public Health 1990; 80: 1323–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6Whichelow, MJ, Erzinclioglu, SW, Cox, BD. A comparison of the diets of non-smokers and smokers. Br. J. Addiction 1991; 86: 71–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Margetts, BM, Jackson, AA. Interactions between people's diet and their smoking habits: the Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. Br. Med. J. 1993; 307: 1381–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Morabia, A, Wynder, EL. Dietary habits of smokers, people who never smoked, and ex-smokers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1990; 52: 933–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9Fehily, AM, Phillips, KM, Yarnell, JWG. Diet, smoking, social class, and body mass index in the Caerphilly Heart Disease Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1984; 40: 827–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Ontario Health Survey 1990. Users Guide, Volume 1, Documentation. Toronto, Ontario Ministry of Health, 1993.Google Scholar
11Ostbye, T, Pomerleau, J, Speechley, M, Pederson, LL, Speechley, KN. Correlates of body mass index in the 1990 Ontario Health Survey. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 1995; 152: 1811–17.Google ScholarPubMed
12Block, G, Hartman, AM, Dresser, CM, Carroll, MD, Gannon, J, Gardner, L. A data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1986; 124: 453–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Bright-See, E, Catlin, G, Godin, G. Assessment of the relative validity of the Ontario Health Survey food frequency questionnaire. J. Can. Diet. Assoc. 1994; 55: 33–8.Google Scholar
14Bright-See, E. Personal communication, 1993.Google Scholar
15 Vitamin A and lung cancer. In Willett, W, ed. Nutritional Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990: 292–310.Google Scholar