1 Introduction
1.1 Background and main results
Heegaard Floer theory, defined by Ozsváth and Szabó [Reference Ozsváth and SzabóOS04a], has been powerful in extracting topological properties of three-manifolds. Surprisingly, in rare cases homology spheres have the Heegaard Floer homology of
$S^{3}$
. The Poincaré sphere
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(2,3,5)$
is an example of an irreducible homology sphere with
$\widehat{\text{HF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(2,3,5))=\widehat{\text{HF}}(S^{3})=\mathbb{Z}$
. It is thus not true in general that Heegaard Floer homology is capable of distinguishing
$S^{3}$
from other homology spheres. However, a conjecture of Ozsváth and Szabó predicts that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(2,3,5)$
is the only non-trivial example of an irreducible homology sphere with trivial Heegaard Floer homology. In this paper, we address the case of a three-manifold which contains an incompressible torus. Throughout the paper, we let
$\mathbb{F}=\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$
.
Theorem 1.1. If a homology sphere
$Y$
contains an incompressible torus, then
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{\text{HF}}(Y;\mathbb{F})\neq \mathbb{F}=\widehat{\text{HF}}(S^{3};\mathbb{F}).\end{eqnarray}$$
By Thurston’s geometrization conjecture/Perelman’s theorem (see [Reference ThurstonThu82, Reference PerelmanPer03], see also [Reference Morgan and TianMT07, Reference Morgan and TianMT14]), Theorem 1.1 reduces the Ozsváth–Szabó conjecture to the homology spheres which are either Seifert fibered or hyperbolic. It is shown that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(2,3,5)$
and
$S^{3}$
are the only Seifert fibered homology spheres with trivial Heegaard Floer homology [Reference RustamovRus04, Reference EftekharyEft09]. The Ozsváth–Szabó conjecture is thus reduced to the following.
Conjecture 1.2. If the homology sphere
$Y$
is hyperbolic, then
$\widehat{\text{HF}}(Y;\mathbb{F})\neq \mathbb{F}$
.
Besides Seifert fibered homology spheres, the Ozsváth–Szabó conjecture was also proved for graph manifolds by Boileau and Boyer [Reference Boileau and BoyerBB15].
If the homology sphere
$Y$
includes an incompressible torus, it is obtained by splicing the complements of a pair of non-trivial knots
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
in the homology spheres
$Y_{1}$
and
$Y_{2}$
, respectively. In this case, we write
$Y=Y(K_{1},K_{2})$
. Theorem 1.1 may then be re-stated as the following.
Theorem 1.3. If
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
are non-trivial, then
$\widehat{\text{HF}}(Y(K_{1},K_{2});\mathbb{F})\neq \mathbb{F}$
.
When both
$Y_{1}$
and
$Y_{2}$
are
$L$
-spaces, Theorem 1.3 is the main result of [Reference Hedden and LevineHL16]. When
$Y_{1}=S^{3}$
and
$K_{1}$
is the trefoil, Theorem 1.3 is [Reference EftekharyEft15, Corollary 1.3].
The reduced Khovanov homology of a knot
$K\subset S^{3}$
is related to the Heegaard Floer homology of the double cover of
$S^{3}$
branched over
$K$
[Reference Ozsváth and SzabóOS05]. The Ozsváth and Szabó Conjecture 1.2 thus implies that the reduced Khovanov homology (and thus Khovanov homology) detects the unknot; a theorem of Kronheimer and Mrowka [Reference Kronheimer and MrowkaKM11]. The result of this paper re-proves a few special cases of the aforementioned theorem. A knot
$K\subset S^{3}$
is
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$
-hyperbolic if
$S^{3}-K$
admits a Riemannian metric with constant negative curvature which becomes singular folding with angle
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$
around
$K$
.
Corollary 1.4. Suppose that
$K\subset S^{3}$
is either a prime satellite knot or it is not
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$
-hyperbolic. Then the rank of the reduced Khovanov homology
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)$
is greater than
$1$
.
1.2 Bordered Floer homology for a knot complement
Let
$K$
be an oriented knot inside the homology sphere
$Y$
and
$Y(K)$
denote the bordered manifold determined from the knot complement
$Y-\text{nd}(K)$
by parametrizing its boundary using a meridian
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$
and a zero-framed longitude
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$
for
$K$
. The proof of Theorem 1.1 rests heavily on a construction of the bordered Floer module
$\widehat{\text{CFD}}(Y(K))$
using the knot Floer complex
$\text{CFK}^{\bullet }(Y,K)$
, which we will now describe. Consider a doubly pointed Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,z)$
for
$K$
, and let
$\mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$
and
$\mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
denote the totally real tori in the symmetric product
$\text{Sym}^{g}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4})$
which correspond to
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}$
, respectively. The markings
$u$
and
$z$
determine the map
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathfrak{s}=\mathfrak{s}_{u,z}:\mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}\longrightarrow \text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K),\end{eqnarray}$$
where
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})$
denotes the relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
class assigned to
$\mathbf{x}$
in the sense of [Reference NiNi09], which is defined by assigning a nowhere-vanishing vector field on
$Y-\text{nd}(K)$
to
$\mathbf{x}$
which is tangent to the boundary. Multiplying the vector fields by
$-1$
gives an involution map
$J$
on
$\text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)$
, and the map
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathfrak{s}\mapsto \frac{1}{2}(c_{1}(\mathfrak{s})-\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}])=\frac{\mathfrak{s}-J(\mathfrak{s})-\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}]}{2}\in \text{H}^{2}(Y,K;\mathbb{Z})\end{eqnarray}$$
and the evaluation of cohomology classes over a Seifert surface for the knot
$K$
give an identification of
$\text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)$
with
$\mathbb{Z}$
, which will be implicit in this paper. In this convention, although the set of relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
structures only depends on the knot complement, the identification with
$\mathbb{Z}$
depends on the meridian of
$K$
. If
$\mathfrak{s}\in \text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)$
is a relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
structure and
$i\in \mathbb{Z}$
is an integer, we will abuse the notation and denote
$\mathfrak{s}+i\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}]$
by
$\mathfrak{s}+i$
. Under the aforementioned identification of relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
structures with
$\mathbb{Z}$
, this is of course a compatible (abuse of) notation. Moreover, we will write
$\mathfrak{s}=i$
if
$\mathfrak{s}\in \text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)$
is identified with
$i\in \mathbb{Z}$
under the above correspondence.
If
$\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
are given, and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})$
is a Whitney disc connecting them, we have
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})-\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})=n_{z}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719})-n_{u}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}).\end{eqnarray}$$
Consider the
$\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}$
filtered chain complex
$$\begin{eqnarray}C=\langle [\mathbf{x},i,j]\mid \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}},\quad \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})-i+j=0\rangle _{\mathbb{Z}}\end{eqnarray}$$
associated with
$K$
. The differential
$d$
of
$C$
is defined by
$$\begin{eqnarray}d[\mathbf{x},i,j]=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y}) \\ \unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719})=1}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719})/\mathbb{R})[\mathbf{y},i-n_{z}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}),j-n_{u}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719})].\end{eqnarray}$$
Following [Reference Ozsváth and SzabóOS08], we may consider the submodules
$$\begin{eqnarray}C\{i=a,j=b\},\quad C\{i=a,j\leqslant b\}\quad \text{and}\quad C\{i\leqslant a,j=b\},\quad a,b\in \mathbb{Z}\cup \{\infty \}\end{eqnarray}$$
with the induced structure as a chain complex. Set
$$\begin{eqnarray}C\{i=a\}=C\{i=a,j\leqslant \infty \}\quad \text{and}\quad C\{j=b\}=C\{i\leqslant \infty ,j=b\}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Note that the order of
$i$
and
$j$
filtrations used in this paper is the opposite of the ordered one used in [Reference Ozsváth and SzabóOS04b]. For every relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
class
$\mathfrak{s}\in \text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)$
, define
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle i_{n}^{\mathfrak{s}}=i_{n}^{\mathfrak{s}}(K):C\{i\leqslant \mathfrak{s},j=0\}\oplus C\{i=0,j\leqslant n-\mathfrak{s}-1\}\longrightarrow C\{j=0\}, & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle i_{n}^{\mathfrak{s}}([\mathbf{x},i,0],[\mathbf{y},0,j]):=[\mathbf{x},i,0]+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}[\mathbf{y},0,j], & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
where
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}:C\{i=0\}\rightarrow C\{j=0\}$
is the chain homotopy equivalence corresponding to the Heegaard moves which change
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};z)$
to
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)$
. It may be interesting to note that
$$\begin{eqnarray}C\{i=0,j\leqslant n-\mathfrak{s}-1\}=C\{i=0,j\leqslant J(\mathfrak{s})+n\}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Let
$Y_{n}(K)$
denote the three-manifold obtained from
$Y$
by
$n$
-surgery on
$K$
and let
$K_{n}$
denote the corresponding knot inside
$Y_{n}(K)$
, determined by the aforementioned surgery.
Proposition 1.5. For every
$\mathfrak{s}\in \text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y_{n}(K),K_{n})=\text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)$
, the homology of the mapping cone
$M(i_{n}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
gives
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathbb{H}_{n}(K;\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{HFK}}(Y_{n}(K),K_{n};\mathfrak{s}).\end{eqnarray}$$
A few warnings are necessary here. The set of relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
classes associated with
$(Y_{n}(K),K_{n})$
, as defined here, is naturally identified with
$\text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)$
. However, the identification of this latter space with
$\mathbb{Z}$
, which was fixed above, can be different from the identification induced by
$K_{n}$
. In particular, we do not see the symmetry in knot Floer homology groups corresponding to the integers
$s,-s$
(or to
$s,-s\in \frac{1}{2}+\mathbb{Z}$
), unless an appropriate shift in the
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
grading is used. The resulting ‘symmetric’ grading, which we may call the Alexander grading, takes its values in
$\mathbb{Z}$
or
$\frac{1}{2}+\mathbb{Z}$
, depending on whether
$n$
is odd or even. If
$\mathbb{H}_{n}^{\prime }(K;s)$
denotes the Heegaard Floer homology group
$\widehat{\text{HFK}}(Y_{n}(K),K_{n})$
in Alexander grading
$s$
, we will have
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathbb{H}_{n}^{\prime }(K;s)=\mathbb{H}_{n}\biggl(K;s+\frac{n-1}{2}\biggr)\simeq H_{\ast }(M(i_{n}^{s+(n-1)/2})).\end{eqnarray}$$
It is then easier to understand the symmetry of Heegaard Floer homology from the surgery formula of Proposition 1.5. In particular, the difference between our convention for relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
structures in this paper and the convention used in [Reference EftekharyEft05] and [Reference EftekharyEft15] is a result of these two different points of view.
Note that
$M(i_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
is a subcomplex of both
$M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}+1})$
and
$M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
. We denote the embedding maps by
$F_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}+1}=F_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}+1}(K)$
and
$\overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}=\overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}(K)$
, respectively. The quotient of
$M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
by
$F_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}(M(i_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}-1}))$
is isomorphic to
$\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})\simeq C\{i=\mathfrak{s},j=0\}$
. Denote the quotient map by
$F_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}=F_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}(K)$
. We thus obtain a short exact sequence
Similarly, the quotient map
$\overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}=\overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}(K)$
from
$M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
to
$M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})/\text{Im}(\overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}})$
sits in the short exact sequence
Let
$C_{\bullet }(K)=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak{s}\in \mathbb{Z}}C_{\bullet }(K;\mathfrak{s})$
, where
$C_{\bullet }(K;\mathfrak{s})=M(i_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}})$
for
$\bullet =0,1$
and
$C_{\infty }(K;\mathfrak{s})=$
$C\{i=\mathfrak{s},j=0\}$
. Denote the differential of
$C_{\bullet }(K)$
by
$d_{\bullet }$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
. Set
$M(K)=C_{0}(K)\oplus C_{1}(K)$
and
$L(K)=C_{1}(K)\oplus C_{\infty }(K)$
. The maps
$F_{\bullet }=F_{\bullet }(K)$
and
$\overline{F}_{\bullet }=\overline{F}_{\bullet }(K)$
, obtained by putting all
$F_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$\overline{F}_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
together, will be called the bypass homomorphisms.
A differential graded algebra
${\mathcal{A}}(T^{2},0)$
is associated with the torus boundary of
$Y-\text{nd}(K)$
, which will be denoted by
$-T^{2}$
. The bordered Floer module
$\widehat{\text{CFD}}(Y(K))$
is then a module over
${\mathcal{A}}(T^{2},0)$
. Following the notation of § 4.2 from [Reference Lipshitz, Ozsvath and ThurstonLOT14],
${\mathcal{A}}(T^{2},0)$
is generated, as a module over
$\mathbb{F}$
, by the idempotents
$\imath _{0}$
and
$\imath _{1}$
and the chords
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{3},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{12}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2},\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{23}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{3}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{123}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{3}$
.
Theorem 1.6. The bordered Floer complex
$\widehat{\text{CFD}}(Y(K))$
is quasi-isomorphic to the left module over
${\mathcal{A}}(T^{2},0)$
, which is generated by
$\imath _{0}.L(K)$
and
$\imath _{1}.M(K)$
and is equipped with the differential
$\unicode[STIX]{x2202}:\widehat{\text{CFD}}(Y(K))\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CFD}}(Y(K))$
defined by
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}\left(\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\mathbf{x}\\ \boldsymbol{ y}\end{array}\right)=\left\{\begin{array}{@{}ll@{}}\biggl(\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}d_{0}(\mathbf{x})\\ \overline{F}_{\infty }(\mathbf{x})+d_{1}(\mathbf{y})\end{array}\biggr)+\biggl(\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}F_{\infty }(\mathbf{x})\\ \unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{3}\overline{F}_{0}(\mathbf{y})+\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{123}\overline{F}_{0}(F_{\infty }(\mathbf{x}))\end{array}\biggr)\quad & \text{if }(\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\mathbf{x}\\ \boldsymbol{ y}\end{array}) \in M(K),\\ \biggl(\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}d_{1}(\mathbf{x})\\ F_{0}(\mathbf{x})+d_{\infty }(\mathbf{y})\end{array}\biggr)+\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}\biggl(\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}0\\ \mathbf{x}\end{array}\biggr)\quad & \text{if }(\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}\mathbf{x}\\ \boldsymbol{ y}\end{array}) \in L(K).\end{array}\right.\end{eqnarray}$$
This theorem should be compared with Theorem 11.26 from [Reference Lipshitz, Ozsvath and ThurstonLOT08], which addresses the case where
$Y=S^{3}$
.
The paper is organized as follows. In § 2, we study the surgery formulas for Heegaard Floer homology and prove Proposition 1.5. In [Reference EftekharyEft15], a splicing formula for a pair of knots
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
is presented in terms of the groups
$\mathbb{H}_{\bullet }(K_{i}),\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
,
$i=1,2$
, and a number of homomorphisms between them (the bypass homomorphisms). In § 3, we study the bypass homomorphisms and obtain explicit formulas for them which are compatible with the surgery formula of Proposition 1.5. Together with the results proved in [Reference EftekharyEft15], this gives a very explicit splicing formula in terms of knot Floer homology and, in particular, proves Theorem 1.6. Sections 2 and 3 contain the main technical arguments of the paper. With the aforementioned splicing formula in place, we prove a number of basic linear algebra properties of bypass homomorphisms in § 4 and use these properties in § 5 to obtain strong restrictions on the bypass homomorphisms associated with the pairs
$(K_{1},K_{2})$
such that
$Y(K_{1},K_{2})$
are
$L$
-spaces. These restrictions are further studied in § 6 to complete the proof of Theorem 1.1. A number of applications are also discussed in § 6.
2 Surgery on null-homologous knots
2.1 The Heegaard diagram
By a Heegaard
$n$
-tuple we mean the data
$$\begin{eqnarray}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}_{1},\ldots ,\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}_{n};u_{1},\ldots ,u_{r}),\end{eqnarray}$$
where
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
is a Riemann surface of genus
$g$
, each
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}_{i}$
is
$g$
-tuples of disjoint simple closed curves for
$i=1,\ldots ,n$
and
$u_{j}$
are markings in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}-\bigsqcup _{i=1}^{n}\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}_{i}$
. Let
$\mathbb{T}_{i}\subset \text{Sym}^{g}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4})$
denote the torus associated with
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}_{i}$
. Choose
$\mathbf{x}_{i}\in \mathbb{T}_{i}\cap \mathbb{T}_{i+1}$
for
$i=1,\ldots ,n-1$
and
$\mathbf{x}_{n}\in \mathbb{T}_{1}\cap \mathbb{T}_{n}$
. Let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x}_{1},\ldots ,\mathbf{x}_{n})$
denote the set of homotopy classes of
$n$
-gons connecting
$\mathbf{x}_{1},\ldots ,\mathbf{x}_{n}$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{j}(\mathbf{x}_{1},\ldots ,\mathbf{x}_{n};u_{1},\ldots ,u_{r})\subset \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x}_{1},\ldots ,\mathbf{x}_{n})\end{eqnarray}$$
denote the subset of classes with Maslov index
$j$
which have zero intersection number with the codimension-
$2$
subvarieties
$L_{u_{1}},\ldots ,L_{u_{r}}$
of
$\text{Sym}^{g}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4})$
corresponding to the markings
$u_{1},\ldots ,u_{r}$
. Associated with the Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}_{i},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}_{j};u_{1},\ldots ,u_{r})$
we obtain a hat Heegaard Floer complex, which will be denoted by
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}_{i},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}_{j};u_{1},\ldots ,u_{r}).\end{eqnarray}$$
Let
$K\subset Y$
be an oriented knot inside a homology sphere
$Y$
. Consider a Heegaard diagram
$$\begin{eqnarray}H=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}=\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{1},\ldots ,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}\},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}=\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{1},\ldots ,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{g-1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{g}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }\})\end{eqnarray}$$
for
$Y$
so that
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\widehat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}-\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }\})$
is a Heegaard diagram for
$Y-\text{nd}(K)$
. Below, we will describe a Heegaard 5-tuple, together with several markings on it, which will be used throughout this section. Figure 1 illustrates a tubular neighbourhood of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
in this Heegaard diagram, which is called the winding region, and contains the markings. In Figure 1, the winding region is the cylinder which is obtained by identifying the upper and lower edges of the illustrated rectangle using a reflection.
Figure 1. The winding region and the arrangement of the curves
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty },\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
in this region, as well as the markings
$a,b,t,u,v$
and
$z$
, are illustrated. The winding region is obtained after we identify the upper edge of the rectangle with its lower edge using a reflection. The intersection points of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
with each one of the curves
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty },\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
is labelled. A triangle with vertices
$p_{n},q$
and
$p_{n+m}$
containing the marked point
$a$
, and another triangle with vertices
$q,x_{i}$
and
$x_{i}^{n}$
missing the marked points
$a,u$
and
$v$
, are shaded.
We assume that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
is the only curve in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}$
which cuts
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
, and that the rest of the curves in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}$
do not enter the winding region. Suppose that the oriented curve
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\subset \unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}-\widehat{\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}}$
represents a zero-framed longitude for
$K$
, which cuts
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
transversely in a single point. Choose the orientation on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
so that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\cdot \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }=1$
. Let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
be a small perturbation of the juxtaposition
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}+n\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{n}$
denote a small Hamiltonian isotope of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}$
for
$i=1,\ldots ,g-1$
. The Heegaard diagram
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{n}=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}=\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{1}^{n},\ldots ,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{g-1}^{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}\},p_{n})\end{eqnarray}$$
gives a marked diagram for
$(Y_{n}(K),K_{n})$
, where
$p_{n}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
is a marking at the intersection of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
which distinguishes
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
from other curves in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}$
. With the integers
$m>0$
and
$n$
fixed and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}$
constructed as above, we assume that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
intersect each other in
$m$
transverse points and that, for an intersection point
$q$
of these latter curves, the points
$q,p_{n}$
and
$p_{m+n}$
are the vertices of a triangle
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{a}$
, which is one of the connected components in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}-(\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}\cup \{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}\})$
. We place our first marking
$a$
in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{a}$
. From the four quadrants which have
$q$
as a corner, two of them belong to the neighbours of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{a}$
. Place a pair of markings
$u$
and
$v$
in these two quadrants. Let
$b$
denote another marking which is placed in the remaining quadrant around
$q$
which is opposite to the quadrant containing
$a$
. Label
$u$
and
$v$
so that the four quadrants surrounding
$q$
which contain the markings
$a,u,b$
and
$v$
appear in clockwise order. We may assume that when we follow the orientation of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
, the marked point
$v$
is on the right and the marked point
$u$
is on the left.
Let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime }=\{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{1}^{\prime },\ldots ,\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{g-1}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }\}$
denote a set of
$g$
simple closed curves which are obtained from
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}$
by a very small Hamiltonian isotopy in the Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v)$
. Thus,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{\prime }$
intersect each other is a pair of cancelling intersection points. We assume that the small area bounded between the two curves
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
is a union of two bigons; a small bigon which is a subset of one of the connected components of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\circ }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}$
and is cut into two triangles by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
, and a long and thin bigon which is stretched along
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
. For small Hamiltonian perturbations, the chain complex
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u)$
may be identified with
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)$
. Choose the marking
$z$
in the winding region so that there is an arc connecting
$z$
to
$u$
on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
which cuts each one of the curves
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
in a single transverse point and stays disjoint from all other curves in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime }\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}$
. Similarly, choose the marking
$t$
so that there is an arc connecting
$v$
to
$t$
on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
which cuts each one of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
in a single transverse point and stays disjoint from all other curves in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime }\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}$
; see Figure 1. In the forthcoming discussions, we will use
$u$
and
$v$
as the main marked points (punctures) in the Heegaard diagram, while the rest of the markings help us keep track of the coefficients of holomorphic polygons in the domains containing them.
Let us denote the intersection point of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
with
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
by
$x$
. Every generator
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
is then forced to include
$x\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
. Associated with every generator
$\mathbf{x}$
for the Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)$
, which in turn is a generator of
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(Y)$
, we obtain
$n+m$
generators for
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v)$
. These
$n+m$
generators will be denoted by
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathbf{x}_{1-l},\mathbf{x}_{2-l},\ldots ,\mathbf{x}_{m+n-l},\quad \text{where}~l=\lceil \frac{m}{2}\rceil .\end{eqnarray}$$
The generator
$\mathbf{x}_{i}$
is obtained from
$\mathbf{x}$
by replacing
$x$
with
$x_{i}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{m+n}$
. The points
$$\begin{eqnarray}x_{1-l},x_{2-l},\ldots ,x_{m+n-l}\end{eqnarray}$$
are all the intersection points between
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
in the winding region, and appear with this order on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
. We may assume that
$x_{i}$
is on the right of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
if
$i\leqslant 0$
and is on the left of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
otherwise. The rest of the generators for the complex
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v)$
are in correspondence with the generators
$\mathbf{y}$
of
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v)$
. Every such generator will be denoted by
$\widehat{\mathbf{y}}$
. Similarly, associated with a generator
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
we obtain the generators
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathbf{x}_{i}^{(n)}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n}},\quad i=1,\ldots ,n,\end{eqnarray}$$
where
$\mathbf{x}_{i}^{(n)}$
is obtained from
$\mathbf{x}$
by replacing
$x$
with
$x_{i}^{n}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}\,\cap \,\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
in the winding region. We assume that
$x_{1}^{n},\ldots ,x_{n}^{n}$
appear on the left of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
. Note that there is a triangle with small area in the Heegaard diagram with vertices
$x_{i}^{n},q$
and
$x_{i}$
, which misses the markings
$u,v$
and
$a$
, provided that
$i=1,\ldots ,n$
.
Lemma 2.1. With the above notation fixed, we have
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{i})=\left\{\begin{array}{@{}ll@{}}\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})-i\quad & \text{if}~i\leqslant 0,\\ \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})+n+m-i\quad & \text{if}~i>0\end{array}\right.\quad \text{and}\quad \mathfrak{s}(\widehat{\mathbf{y}})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})+\lceil \frac{m}{2}\rceil .\end{eqnarray}$$
Proof. The doubly pointed Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v)$
is obtained from the marked Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};p_{n+m})$
by replacing
$p_{n+m}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
with the two markings
$u,v$
on its two sides.
Choose a self-indexing Morse function
$h:Y\rightarrow [0,3]$
with unique critical points of indices
$0$
and
$3$
, and compatible with the Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v)$
. Modify the Morse function so that its critical points remain unchanged, but so that the value of
$h$
over the index-
$2$
critical point corresponding to
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
becomes
$8/3$
. The pre-images of
$3/2$
and
$7/3$
under
$h$
are then the surface
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
and a torus
$T$
, respectively. If we use the flow of a gradient-like vector field
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}$
for
$h$
, from the curve
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}\subset \unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
we obtain a curve
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}^{\circ }\subset T$
which corresponds to a meridian for the knot
$K_{n+m}$
. Moreover, the knot complement
$Y\setminus \text{nd}(K)=Y_{n+m}\setminus \text{nd}(K_{m+n})$
may be identified with
$U=h^{-1}[0,7/3]$
. For such Heegaard diagrams, the map
$$\begin{eqnarray}s_{u,v}:\mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n+m}}\rightarrow \text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y_{n+m},K_{n+m})=\text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)\end{eqnarray}$$
may be defined using the Morse function
$h$
as follows.
For a generator
$\mathbf{z}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n+m}}$
, we may write
$\mathbf{z}=\{z_{1},\ldots ,z_{g}\}$
, where
$z_{i}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{n+m}$
for
$i=1,\ldots ,g$
. The points
$z_{i}$
determine a set of
$g$
flow lines for
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}$
connecting the critical points of index
$1$
to the critical points of index
$2$
. One of these flow lines leaves
$U$
and the rest stay inside
$U$
. Modify
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}$
in a neighbourhood of the latter
$g-1$
flow lines so that the zeros of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}$
at the end-point critical points are cancelled against each other. After these modifications, the new vector field
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}^{\prime }$
will have two zeros in
$U$
. One of these zeros is at the unique critical point of index
$0$
and the other one is at a critical point of index
$1$
, which corresponds to the
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$
-curve containing
$z_{g}$
, i.e.
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
. The flow line of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}$
which passes through
$z_{g}$
starts from the latter index-
$1$
critical point and connects it to
$z_{g}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
to give an oriented arc
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{1}$
. There is an oriented arc
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{1}$
on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
which connects
$z_{g}$
to
$p_{n+m}$
in the direction of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
. Finally, the flow line of
$-\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}$
which passes through
$p_{n+m}$
determines another oriented arc
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{3}$
from
$p_{n+m}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
to the critical point of index
$0$
. Putting the three arcs
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{2}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{3}$
together, we obtain a path
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$
in the interior of
$U$
which connects the remaining two critical points. These two critical points have indices
$0$
and
$1$
which are of different parity. Thus, the vector field
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}^{\prime }$
may further be modified in a neighbourhood of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$
to arrive at a nowhere-vanishing vector field
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}^{\prime \prime }$
which restricts to the outward normal of
$T=\unicode[STIX]{x2202}(Y\setminus \text{nd}(K))$
. The restriction of this nowhere-vanishing vector field to the boundary is naturally isotopic to the translation-invariant vector field, and we thus obtain an element
$\mathfrak{s}_{u,v}(\mathbf{z})$
of
$\text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)$
.
Let us now assume that
$\mathbf{z}=\mathbf{x}_{0}$
for some
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
. Then
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})$
is defined by modifying
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}^{\prime }$
in a neighbourhood of a path
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{\prime }$
, which is obtained by putting the arcs
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{1}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{2}^{\prime }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{3}$
together. Here,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{1}^{\prime }$
is the flow line from
$x$
to the critical point corresponding to
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{2}^{\prime }$
is an arc connecting
$x$
to
$p_{n+m}$
on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
. The domain containing the marking
$t$
gives an isotopy between
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{\prime }$
which is supported away from the other arcs, and the vector fields representing
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})$
and
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{0})$
are thus isotopic relative to the boundary.
For an intersection point
$\mathbf{x}_{i}$
with
$i<0$
, the path
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{\prime \prime }$
which corresponds to
$\mathbf{x}_{i}$
connects the same critical points as
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$
does, while it differs from
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$
in a closed curve isotopic to
$i$
times the curve
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
, which represents the meridian
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{K}$
of the knot
$K$
. It follows that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{i})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{0})-i\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{K}]=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})-i.\end{eqnarray}$$
For
$\mathbf{x}_{i}$
with
$i>0$
, note that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{1}^{\prime \prime }$
first goes out from the winding region and then returns to it from the right-hand side. It follows that the difference between
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}^{\prime \prime }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$
is
$-\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}]+i\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{K}]$
, which gives
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{i})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{0})+\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}]-i\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{K}]=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})+n+m-i.\end{eqnarray}$$
Finally, if we choose
$p_{0}$
and
$p_{n+m}$
close to each other, the difference between the path
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{n+m}$
associated with the intersection point
$\widehat{\mathbf{y}}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n+m}}$
and the path associated with
$\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{0}}$
is in
$\lceil m/2\rceil \text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}_{K}]$
, implying the last claim.◻
2.2 A triangle of chain maps
The complex associated with the Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v)$
is denoted by
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v)$
. Note that the punctures
$u$
and
$v$
are in the same domain in the complement of the curves in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}$
. The corresponding chain complex may thus be denoted by
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(Y)$
when there is no confusion. The complex associated with
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v)$
and a given relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
class
$\mathfrak{s}$
is denoted by
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
(and when there is no confusion by
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(K_{n};\mathfrak{s})$
), while the complex associated with
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v)$
and the classes
$\mathfrak{s}$
and
$\mathfrak{s}+m$
is denoted by
$$\begin{eqnarray}C_{n,m}(\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\oplus \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m).\end{eqnarray}$$
Let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f}$
denote the top generator associated with
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v)$
. Consider the holomorphic triangle map
$$\begin{eqnarray}f^{\mathfrak{s}}:C_{n,m}(\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v)\end{eqnarray}$$
which is defined by
$$\begin{eqnarray}f^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{z}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\mathbf{z};u,v)}}\#(\widehat{{\mathcal{M}}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))\cdot \mathbf{z}.\end{eqnarray}$$
The diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v)$
determines a cobordism from
$Y_{n}(K)\coprod L$
to
$Y_{n+m}(K)$
, where
$L=L(m,1)\#(\text{\#}^{g-1}S^{1}\times S^{2})$
. The intersection point
$q$
determines a canonical
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
class
$\mathfrak{s}_{q}\in \text{Spin}^{c}(L)$
in the sense of [Reference Ozsváth and SzabóOS08, Definition 3.2]. Let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g}$
denote the top generator of
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v)$
which corresponds to
$\mathfrak{s}_{q}$
or equivalently to the intersection point
$q$
. Define
$$\begin{eqnarray}g^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v)\end{eqnarray}$$
by
$$\begin{eqnarray}g^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{z}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n+m}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\mathbf{z};u,v)}}\#(\widehat{{\mathcal{M}}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))\cdot \mathbf{z}.\end{eqnarray}$$
If
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\mathbf{z};u,v)$
is a triangle class which contributes to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{z}$
in
$g^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
, the equalities
$n_{u}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=n_{v}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=0$
imply that
$$\begin{eqnarray}n_{a}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})+n_{b}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=1~\Rightarrow ~\left\{\begin{array}{@{}l@{}}\text{(i)}~n_{a}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=1\quad \text{and}\quad n_{b}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=0,\quad \\ \text{(ii)}~n_{a}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=0\quad \text{and}\quad n_{b}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=1.\quad \end{array}\right.\end{eqnarray}$$
We may thus write
$g^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=g_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})+g_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
, where
$g_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
and
$g_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
correspond to the contributions from holomorphic triangles of types (i) and (ii), respectively.
Lemma 2.2. If
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})=\mathfrak{s}$
for a generator
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n}}$
, then
$$\begin{eqnarray}g_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\quad \text{and}\quad g_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m).\end{eqnarray}$$
Proof. Let us first assume that
$\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{z}_{i}^{(n)}$
for some
$\mathbf{z}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
and some
$i=1,\ldots ,n$
. Then there is a small triangle class missing
$u,v$
and
$a$
connecting
$\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{z}_{i}^{(n)},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g}$
and
$\mathbf{z}_{i}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n+m}}$
. The intersection of the domain
${\mathcal{D}}^{i}$
of this triangle with the winding region is the small triangle with vertices
$x_{i}^{n},q$
and
$x_{i}$
, which is shaded in Figure 1 (for
$i=3$
). If
$\mathbf{y}$
is a generator in the image of
$g_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
, then there is a domain
${\mathcal{D}}$
(corresponding to the difference between
${\mathcal{D}}^{i}$
and the domain of a holomorphic triangle contributing to
$g_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
) connecting
$\mathbf{y}$
and
$\mathbf{z}_{i}$
with boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}$
and missing the marked points
$u,v$
and
$a$
. Subtracting an appropriate multiple of the periodic domain bounded by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{n}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{n+m}$
(for
$i=1,\ldots ,g-1$
), we may assume that the boundary of
${\mathcal{D}}$
is on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{n+m}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
. Moreover, since we know that
$$\begin{eqnarray}n_{a}({\mathcal{D}})=n_{u}({\mathcal{D}})=n_{v}({\mathcal{D}})=0,\end{eqnarray}$$
it follows that
$n_{b}({\mathcal{D}})=0$
. In particular,
${\mathcal{D}}$
does not have any boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
and is thus the domain of a Whitney disc in the Heegaard diagram
$H_{n+m}$
which misses
$u$
and
$v$
, and connects
$\mathbf{y}$
and
$\mathbf{z}_{i}$
. In particular,
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y}) & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z}_{i})\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z})+m+n-i\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z}_{i}^{(n)})+m\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{s}+m.\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Let us now assume that
$\mathbf{x}$
is an arbitrary generator and that
$\mathbf{y}$
appears in
$g_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
. Let
${\mathcal{D}}_{1}$
denote the domain of a Whitney disc for the Heegaard diagram
$H_{n}$
connecting
$\mathbf{x}$
to a generator of the form
$\mathbf{z}_{i}^{(n)}$
with
$i\in \{1,\ldots ,n\}$
and missing the markings
$u,v$
, and thus the markings
$a,b$
. Let
${\mathcal{D}}_{2}$
denote the domain of a Whitney disc for
$H_{n+m}$
connecting
$\mathbf{y}$
to a generator of the form
$\mathbf{z}_{j}$
and missing
$u,v$
(and thus
$a,b$
). If
${\mathcal{D}}_{0}$
is the domain of the triangle which corresponds to the contribution of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$g_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
, and
${\mathcal{D}}_{3}$
denotes the domain of a triangle class connecting
$\mathbf{z}_{i}^{(n)}$
to
$\mathbf{z}_{i}$
, the domain
$$\begin{eqnarray}{\mathcal{D}}={\mathcal{D}}_{0}-{\mathcal{D}}_{1}+{\mathcal{D}}_{2}-{\mathcal{D}}_{3}\end{eqnarray}$$
is a domain connecting
$\mathbf{z}_{i}$
to
$\mathbf{z}_{j}$
which misses
$u,v$
and
$a$
, and has its boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{n}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}$
. Subtracting appropriate multiples of the periodic domains bounded by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{n}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{n+m}$
(for
$i=1,\ldots ,g-1$
), we may assume that the boundary of
${\mathcal{D}}$
is on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{n+m}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
. Again, since
$n_{a}({\mathcal{D}})=n_{u}({\mathcal{D}})=n_{v}({\mathcal{D}})=0$
, we conclude that
$n_{b}({\mathcal{D}})=0$
and
${\mathcal{D}}$
has no boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
. It follows that
${\mathcal{D}}$
is the domain of a Whitney disc which corresponds to the punctured Heegaard diagram
$H_{n+m}$
. It is implied that
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z}_{i})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z}_{j})$
and, consequently,
$i=j$
. We thus find that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y}) & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z}_{j}^{(n)})\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z})+m+n-i\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z}_{i}^{(n)})+m\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{s}+m,\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
and the proof of the second claim is complete. For the first claim, let
$\mathbf{y}_{a}$
denote a generator which appears in
$g_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
while
$\mathbf{y}_{b}$
denotes a generator which appears in
$g_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
. Let
${\mathcal{D}}_{a}$
and
${\mathcal{D}}_{b}$
denote the domains of the corresponding triangle classes. Then
${\mathcal{D}}={\mathcal{D}}_{a}-{\mathcal{D}}_{b}$
is a domain with coefficient
$0$
at
$u,v$
, which connects
$\mathbf{y}_{b}$
to
$\mathbf{y}_{a}$
and has boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}$
. Once again, subtracting appropriate multiples of the periodic domains bounded by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{n}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{n+m}$
(for
$i=1,\ldots ,g-1$
), we may assume that the boundary of
${\mathcal{D}}$
is on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{n+m}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
. Furthermore,
$n_{b}({\mathcal{D}})=-n_{a}({\mathcal{D}})=1$
. It follows that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y}_{a}) & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y}_{b})+(n_{v}({\mathcal{D}})-n_{b}({\mathcal{D}}))\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}]+(n_{b}({\mathcal{D}})-n_{u}({\mathcal{D}}))\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}]\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{s}+m-(n+m)+n=\mathfrak{s}.\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
This completes the proof of the lemma. ◻
The top generator
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h}\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v)$
and the triple
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v)$
determine the holomorphic triangle map
$$\begin{eqnarray}h^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v)\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\end{eqnarray}$$
which is defined by
$$\begin{eqnarray}h^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \mathbf{z}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n}} \\ \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z})=\mathfrak{s}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\mathbf{z};u,v)}}\#(\widehat{{\mathcal{M}}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))\cdot \mathbf{z}.\end{eqnarray}$$
We thus arrive at the following triangle of chain maps:
2.3 Exactness of triangle
Let
$M(f^{\mathfrak{s}})$
denote the mapping cone of
$f^{\mathfrak{s}}=f_{n,m}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
.
Theorem 2.3. For
$m\gg 1$
, there is a map
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{h_{n,m}}^{\mathfrak{ s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v)\end{eqnarray}$$
which satisfies the relation
$$\begin{eqnarray}d\circ H_{h_{n,m}}^{\mathfrak{ s}}+H_{h_{n,m}}^{\mathfrak{ s}}\circ d=f_{n,m}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g_{n,m}^{\mathfrak{s}}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Moreover, the map
$$\begin{eqnarray}\jmath _{n,m}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow M(f_{n,m}^{\mathfrak{s}}),\end{eqnarray}$$
which is defined by
$\jmath _{n,m}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=(g_{n,m}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}),H_{h_{n,m}}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}))$
for
$\mathbf{x}\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
, is a quasi-isomorphism.
Proof. The proof is almost identical to the proof used in [Reference Alishahi and EftekharyAE15, §8]. We outline the proof to set up the notation. Define the map
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v)\rightarrow C_{n,m}(\mathfrak{s})\end{eqnarray}$$
by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{f}^{\mathfrak{ s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n+m}} \\ \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})\equiv \mathfrak{s}~(\text{mod}~m)}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\mathbf{y};u,v)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\Box ))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
The condition
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})\equiv \mathfrak{s}~(\text{mod}~m)$
implies that
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})\in \{\mathfrak{s};\mathfrak{s}+m\}$
, since
$m$
is large. Considering all possible boundary degenerations of the one-dimensional moduli space corresponding to the class
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\mathbf{y};u,v)$
, we find that
$$\begin{eqnarray}d\circ H_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d=h^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g^{\mathfrak{s}}.\end{eqnarray}$$
For this, one should note that the contributing boundary degenerations of the form
$\Box =\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\star \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }$
with
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9};u,v),\quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9},\mathbf{y};u,v)\end{eqnarray}$$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n+m}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
come in cancelling pairs. In fact, corresponding to each
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }$
the corresponding triangles
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
come in cancelling pairs, where the difference between the coefficients of every cancelling pair at the marking
$z$
is always a multiple of
$m$
. Similarly, define
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}:C_{n,m}(\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v)\end{eqnarray}$$
by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\mathbf{y};u,v) \\ n_{z}(\Box )\equiv 0~(\text{mod}~m)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\Box ))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
The contributing holomorphic triangles for
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v)$
which correspond to the closed top generators
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n+m}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n}}$
come in cancelling pairs. The condition
$n_{z}(\Box )\equiv 0~(\text{mod}~m)$
implies that if
$\mathbf{y}$
appears in
$H_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
, then
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})-\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})$
is a multiple of
$m$
. If
$m$
is sufficiently large, it follows from
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})\in \{\mathfrak{s},\mathfrak{s}+m\}$
that
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})=\mathfrak{s}$
. Thus, the image of
$H_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is in
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
. Consider the degenerations of a square class
$$\begin{eqnarray}\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\mathbf{y};u,v)\quad \text{with}~n_{z}(\Box )\equiv 0~(\text{mod}~m).\end{eqnarray}$$
In degenerations of the form
$\Box =\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\star \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }$
with
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9};u,v)\quad \text{and}\quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9},\mathbf{y};u,v),\end{eqnarray}$$
the corresponding triangles
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
come in cancelling pairs. From these observations, we find that
$$\begin{eqnarray}d\circ H_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d=h^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ f^{\mathfrak{s}}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Finally, define the homotopy map
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v)\end{eqnarray}$$
by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\mathbf{y};u,v)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\Box ))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Employ the same argument again to show that
$d\circ H_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d=f^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g^{\mathfrak{s}}$
.
We next introduce the pentagon maps. Let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}^{\prime }$
denote a
$g$
-tuple of simple closed curves which are small Hamiltonian isotopes of the curves in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}$
. Choosing the Hamiltonian isotopy sufficiently small, we may assume that the chain complex
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}^{\prime };u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
associated with
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}^{\prime };u,v)$
and the
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
class
$\mathfrak{s}$
may be identified with
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
. We assume that the top intersection point
$q_{n}$
between
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}^{\prime }$
is in the winding region, and appears on the common edge between
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{a}$
and the domain containing the marked point
$u$
; see Figure 2. Corresponding to the intersection point
$p_{n}$
we obtain
$p_{n}^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}^{\prime }$
. There is a top generator
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h}^{\prime }$
for
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}^{\prime };u,v)$
which uses
$p_{n}^{\prime }$
and is in correspondence with
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h}$
.
Figure 2. The curves
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}^{\prime }$
are Hamiltonian isotopes of the curves
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}$
, respectively. The triangle
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{a}$
is decomposed to two small triangles
$[p_{n}q_{n}p_{n}^{\prime }]$
and
$[q_{\infty }p_{n+m}^{\prime }p_{n+m}]$
and a pentagon. The union of the pentagon with the first triangle is a rectangle with vertices
$q,p_{n+m},p_{n}^{\prime }$
and
$q_{n}$
, which is lightly shaded, and its union with the second triangle is a rectangle with vertices
$p_{n},q,p_{n+m}^{\prime },q_{\infty }$
, which is strongly shaded.
Define the map
$$\begin{eqnarray}P_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}^{\prime };u,v;\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\end{eqnarray}$$
by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}P_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x2B20}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h}^{\prime },\mathbf{y};u,v) \\ n_{z}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20})\equiv 0~(\text{mod}~m)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
The condition
$n_{z}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20})\equiv 0~(\text{mod}~m)$
implies that the image of
$P_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is supported in relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
class
$\mathfrak{s}$
. Five types of the 10 possible degenerations in the boundary of the one-dimensional moduli space associated with a class
$\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h}^{\prime },\mathbf{y};u,v)$
with
$n_{z}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20})$
a multiple of
$m$
, which correspond to a degeneration to a bigon and a pentagon, contribute to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$(d\circ P_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}+P_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d)(\mathbf{x})$
. The remaining five types correspond to the degenerations of
$\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}$
into a square
$\Box$
and a triangle
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
. Note that:
– there is a unique contributing class
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9};u,v)$
which corresponds to the quadruple
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}^{\prime };u,v)$
. Moreover,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{n}$
is the top generator for the diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}^{\prime };u,v)$
. The intersection of the domain of this class with the winding region is a rectangle with vertices
$q,p_{n+m},p_{n}^{\prime }$
and
$q_{n}$
, which is illustrated in Figure 2. This class has a unique holomorphic representative;– the contributing triangle classes
corresponding to the triples$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9};u,v)\quad \text{and}\quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9};u,v)\end{eqnarray}$$
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v)$
and
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n}^{\prime };u,v)$
come in cancelling pairs.
These observations imply that
$d\circ P_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}+P_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d+J_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}=h^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ H_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g^{\mathfrak{s}}$
, where
$$\begin{eqnarray}J_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n}^{\prime }}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{n},\mathbf{y};u,v)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Similarly, define the holomorphic pentagon map
$$\begin{eqnarray}P_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u)\end{eqnarray}$$
by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}P_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}^{\prime }}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x2B20}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f}^{\prime },\mathbf{y};u,v) \\ n_{z}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20})+\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})\equiv \mathfrak{s}~(\text{mod}~m)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Five types of the 10 possible degenerations in the boundary of the one-dimensional moduli space associated with a pentagon class
$\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g}^{q},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f}^{\prime },\mathbf{y};u,v)$
contribute to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$(d\circ P_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}+P_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d)(\mathbf{x})$
. The remaining five types correspond to the degenerations of
$\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}$
into a square and a triangle. The choice of the markings implies that two of these degeneration types contribute to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$(f^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ H_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ h^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x})$
. There is a unique contributing square class, corresponding to
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u,v)$
and the intersection points
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty }$
, where
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty }$
denotes the top generator for
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u,v)$
, which includes the top intersection point
$q_{\infty }$
of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
. The intersection of the domain of this class with the winding region is the rectangle with vertices
$p_{n},q,p_{n+m}^{\prime }$
and
$q_{\infty }$
, which is illustrated in Figure 2. Moreover, the triangles which contribute in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h}^{\prime })$
come in cancelling pairs. Thus, we obtain
$$\begin{eqnarray}d\circ P_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}+P_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d+J_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}=f^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ H_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ h^{\mathfrak{s}},\end{eqnarray}$$
where the map
$J_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is defined by
$$\begin{eqnarray}J_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}^{\prime }}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y};u,v)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}^{\prime }$
denote a
$g$
-tuple of simple closed curves which are small Hamiltonian isotopes of the curves in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}$
. Once again, we assume that the Hamiltonian isotope
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}^{\prime }$
of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
intersects it in a pair of cancelling intersection points, and that the top intersection point is located on the common edge of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{a}$
with the domain containing the marking
$v$
. Again, we assume that the chain complex associated with
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}^{\prime };u,v)$
and the
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
classes
$\mathfrak{s},\mathfrak{s}+m$
is identified with
$C_{n,m}(\mathfrak{s})$
. There is a top generator
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g}^{\prime }$
for
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}^{\prime })$
which is in correspondence with
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g}$
. Define
$P_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}:C_{n,m}(\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow C_{n,m}(\mathfrak{s})$
by
$$\begin{eqnarray}P_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n+m}^{\prime }}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x2B20}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g}^{\prime },\mathbf{y};u,v) \\ n_{z}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20})\equiv 0~(\text{mod}~m)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
A similar argument implies that
$d\circ P_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}+P_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d+J_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}=g^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ H_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ f^{\mathfrak{s}}$
, where
$$\begin{eqnarray}J_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{n+m}^{\prime }}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{n+m},\mathbf{y};u,v)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))\cdot \mathbf{y},\end{eqnarray}$$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{n+m}$
is the top generator of
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m}^{\prime };u,v)$
. Since
$J_{f}^{\mathfrak{s}},J_{g}^{\mathfrak{s}},J_{h}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
are quasi-isomorphisms, [Reference Alishahi and EftekharyAE15, Lemma 3.3] completes the proof.◻
Let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};z)\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)$
denote the chain homotopy equivalence given by the Heegaard moves which change
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};z)$
to
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)$
. Define
$$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}:C_{n,m}(\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};z)\end{eqnarray}$$
by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y};z,t)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Lemma 2.4. The chain maps
$f^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}\circ \overline{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
are chain homotopic.
Proof. Note that the aforementioned Heegaard moves consist of
$2g-2$
handle slides (composed with isotopies) on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}$
, supported away from the markings
$z,t$
. Denote the corresponding
$g$
-tuples of curves by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{0}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{1},\ldots ,\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{2g-2}$
, where
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{2g-2};z)$
may be identified with
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)$
. The triple
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i-1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i};z)$
and the top generator
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}^{i}$
of the diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i-1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i};z,t)$
determine a chain map
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}^{i}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i-1};z)\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i};z)$
. The triple
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i};z,t)$
and the top generator
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f}^{i}$
of
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i};z,t)$
determine
$f^{i}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};z,t)\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i};z)$
. Finally, the quadruple
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i-1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i};z,t)$
together with
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f}^{i-1}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}^{i}$
determines a homomorphism
$H^{i}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};z,t)\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{i};z)$
. Considering different boundary degenerations of the one-dimensional moduli space associated with a square class of index
$0$
, we find that
$$\begin{eqnarray}d\circ H^{i}+H^{i}\circ d=f^{i}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}^{i}\circ f^{i-1},\quad i=1,\ldots ,2g-2.\end{eqnarray}$$
Let us define
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}^{2g-2}\circ \cdots \circ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}^{1}$
and set
$$\begin{eqnarray}H=H^{2g-2}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}^{2g-2}\circ H^{2g-3}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}^{2g-2}\circ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}^{2g-3}H^{2g-4}+\cdots +(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}^{2g-2}\circ \ldots \circ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}^{2})\circ H^{1}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Using (4),
$d\circ H+H\circ d=f^{2g-2}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}\circ f^{0}$
. To complete the proof, note that
$f^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$\overline{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
are the restrictions of
$f^{2g-2}$
and
$f^{0}$
to
$C_{n,m}(\mathfrak{s})$
, respectively.◻
2.4 Surgery formulas
Theorem 2.3 implies that the chain complex
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{n};\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\end{eqnarray}$$
is quasi-isomorphic, for
$m$
sufficiently large, to the mapping cone of
$$\begin{eqnarray}f^{\mathfrak{s}}=f_{n,m}^{\mathfrak{s}}:C_{n,m}(\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u).\end{eqnarray}$$
Lemma 2.1 tells us that, with the notation fixed at the beginning of this section, we have
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{i})=\left\{\begin{array}{@{}ll@{}}\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})-i\quad & \text{if}~i\leqslant 0,\\ \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})+n+m-i\quad & \text{if}~i>0,\end{array}\right.\quad \text{and}\quad \mathfrak{s}(\widehat{\mathbf{y}})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})+\lceil \frac{m}{2}\rceil .\end{eqnarray}$$
Restricting our attention to the relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
classes
$\mathfrak{s}$
and
$\mathfrak{s}+m$
, we find that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}) & = & \displaystyle \langle \mathbf{x}_{\mathfrak{s}-\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})}\mid \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}\;\text{and}\;\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})\leqslant \mathfrak{s}\rangle ,\nonumber\\ \displaystyle \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m) & = & \displaystyle \langle \mathbf{x}_{\mathfrak{s}-\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})-n}\mid \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}\;\text{and}\;\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})>\mathfrak{s}-n\rangle .\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
If the curve
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n+m}$
is sufficiently close to the juxtaposition
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\star (m+n)\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
, the first complex is identified with the subcomplex
$$\begin{eqnarray}\langle \mathbf{x}\mid \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}\;\text{and}\;\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})\leqslant \mathfrak{s}\rangle\end{eqnarray}$$
of
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)$
, while the restriction of the map
$f^{\mathfrak{s}}$
to
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
is identified with the inclusion of the above subcomplex in
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)$
(cf. proof of Theorem 4.4 in [Reference Ozsváth and SzabóOS04b]). Similarly, the second complex is identified with the subcomplex
$$\begin{eqnarray}\langle \mathbf{x}\mid \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}\;\text{and}\;\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})>\mathfrak{s}-n\rangle\end{eqnarray}$$
of
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};z)$
, while the restriction of the map
$\overline{f}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
to
$\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{n+m};\mathfrak{s}+m)$
is identified with the inclusion of the aforementioned subcomplex in
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};z)$
.
Let
$C=C_{K}$
denote the
$\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}$
-filtered chain complex generated by triples
$[\mathbf{x},i,j]$
with
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}},~i,j\in \mathbb{Z}$
and
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})-i+j=0$
. The differential of
$C$
is defined by
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle d[\mathbf{x},i,j] & = & \displaystyle \mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}} \\ \unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{1}(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y})}}\#(\widehat{{\mathcal{M}}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}))[\mathbf{y},i-n_{z}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}),j-n_{u}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719})]\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & =: & \displaystyle \mathop{\sum }_{a,b=0}^{\infty }[d^{a,b}(\mathbf{x}),i-a,j-b].\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Since
$d\circ d=0$
, we conclude that
$d^{0,0}\circ d^{0,0}=0$
, while
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle d^{0,1}\circ d^{0,0}+d^{0,0}\circ d^{0,1}=0,\quad d^{1,0}\circ d^{0,0}+d^{0,0}\circ d^{1,0}=0, & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle d^{1,1}\circ d^{0,0}+d^{0,0}\circ d^{1,1}+d^{0,1}\circ d^{1,0}+d^{1,0}\circ d^{0,1}=0. & \displaystyle\end{eqnarray}$$
Following [Reference Ozsváth and SzabóOS08] (or the notation of the introduction),
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(Y)=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u)$
is identified as
$C\{j=0\}$
, while
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{n+m};\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}) & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \widehat{\text{CF}}(K_{n+m};\mathfrak{s}+m)=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{n+m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m) & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
are identified with
$C\{i\leqslant \mathfrak{s},j=0\}$
and
$C\{i=0,j\leqslant n-\mathfrak{s}-1\}$
, respectively. There is a chain homotopy equivalence
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}$
from
$C\{i=0\}$
to
$C\{j=0\}$
. The following is thus a re-statement of Theorem 2.3.
Theorem 2.5. For every
$\mathfrak{s}\in \mathbb{Z}=\text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)$
and every
$n\in \mathbb{Z}$
, the chain complex
$\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{n};\mathfrak{s})$
is quasi-isomorphic to the mapping cone
$M(i_{n}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
of
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle i_{n}^{\mathfrak{s}}:C\{i\leqslant \mathfrak{s},j=0\}\oplus C\{i=0,j\leqslant n-\mathfrak{s}-1\}\longrightarrow C\{j=0\}, & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle i_{n}^{\mathfrak{s}}([\mathbf{x},i,0],[\mathbf{y},0,j]):=[\mathbf{x},i,0]+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}[\mathbf{y},0,j]. & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
3 The splicing formula for knot complements
3.1 The Heegaard diagram
Throughout this section, we will use a Heegaard diagram which is closely related to the Heegaard diagram used in the previous section, and is in fact constructed from it when
$n=0$
. In particular, the Heegaard surface
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
and the sets
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}$
of simple closed curves are chosen as before. Moreover, we include
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1}$
, which consists of the Hamiltonian isotopes
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{1}$
of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}$
for
$i=1,\ldots ,g-1$
and the
$1$
-framed longitude
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}$
for
$K$
in the Heegaard diagram. We thus obtain a Heegaard
$6$
-tuple
$$\begin{eqnarray}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime }),\end{eqnarray}$$
which will be studied through this section. As before, we assume that there is a winding region on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
, which is a subsurface of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
that is a tubular neighbourhood of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{g}$
. This winding region is a cylinder which is obtained from the rectangle illustrated in Figure 3 after we identify the upper edge with the lower edge using a reflection. The only curves which enter this cylinder are
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty },\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
. Furthermore, the intersection pattern and the markings
$a,b,c,e,u,v,w$
and
$z$
on the Heegaard diagram are chosen following the pattern illustrated in Figure 3. Note that the Hamiltonian isotopy which changes
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}$
to
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime }$
now crosses the marked point
$u$
.
We assume that there is a triangle in the Heegaard diagram, with vertices
$$\begin{eqnarray}q\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{m},\quad q_{0}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}\quad \text{and}\quad q_{m}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{n}\end{eqnarray}$$
containing the marked point
$c$
, which is one of the connected components in
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\circ }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}\setminus (\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime }\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m}).\end{eqnarray}$$
The curves
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{m}$
intersect each other in
$m$
points, which are all located in the winding region. One of these intersection points, which is next to
$q$
and is denoted by
$q^{\prime }$
, is characterized with the property that
$q_{0}$
is the only intersection of the interval
$(qq^{\prime })\subset \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
with the curves (other than
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
) in the Heegaard
$6$
-tuple. We will assume that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\bullet }$
cuts
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
in
$p_{\bullet }$
and cuts
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
in
$p_{\bullet }^{\prime }$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,1,m\}$
. We denote the top intersection point in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
by
$p_{\infty }^{\prime }$
and the other intersection point by
$p_{\infty }$
.
Figure 3. The arrangement of the curves in the winding region. The upper edge and the lower edge of the rectangle are identified by a reflection to form the winding region. The shaded area on the right is the intersection of the domain of a square class
$\Box _{0}$
, which is in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{w}_{0}^{(0)},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\mathbf{w}_{0};u,v,w,b)$
, with the winding region. It is a
$4$
-gon with vertices
$x_{0}^{0},q_{0},q_{m}$
and
$x_{0}$
. The shaded area on the left is the intersection of the domain of a triangle class
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{0}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{w}_{1}^{(0)},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}^{\prime },\mathbf{w}_{1};u,v,w)$
with the winding region, which is a triangle with vertices
$x_{1}^{0},q^{\prime }$
and
$x_{1}$
.
As before, we assume that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
cuts
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
in unique transverse points, which are denoted by
$x$
and
$x^{\prime }$
, respectively. We label the intersection points between
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{m}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
in the winding region by
$$\begin{eqnarray}x_{i}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{m},\quad i=1-\lceil \frac{m}{2}\rceil ,2-\lceil \frac{m}{2}\rceil ,\ldots ,m-\lceil \frac{m}{2}\rceil =\biggl\lfloor\frac{m}{2}\biggr\rfloor,\end{eqnarray}$$
while the intersection of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}$
with
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
inside the winding region is in a unique point denoted by
$x_{1}^{1}$
. Finally, we assume that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}_{g}$
cuts
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
right outside the winding region at
$x_{0}^{0}$
and
$x_{1}^{0}$
, as illustrated in Figure 3, although they may have other intersection points away from the winding region. Our convention is that
$x_{i}$
and
$x_{i}^{\bullet }$
are on the left-hand side of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
if
$i>0$
, and are on its right-hand side otherwise. Corresponding to each generator
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
we may thus consider the generators
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \mathbf{x}^{\prime }\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}^{\prime }},\quad \mathbf{x}_{0}^{(0)},\mathbf{x}_{1}^{(0)}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{0}},\quad \mathbf{x}_{1}^{(1)}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{1}} & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \mathbf{x}_{i}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}},\quad i=1-\lceil \frac{m}{2}\rceil ,2-\lceil \frac{m}{2}\rceil ,\ldots ,m-\lceil \frac{m}{2}\rceil . & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Moreover, associated with every generator
$\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{0}}$
, we have a generator
$\mathbf{y}^{(1)}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{1}}$
and a generator
$\mathbf{y}^{(m)}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}}$
which are not supported in the winding region. Lemma 2.1 tells us how to compute the relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
class associated with any of these generators. An argument similar to the argument used to prove Lemma 2.1 implies that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{0}^{(0)})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{1}^{(0)})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}).\end{eqnarray}$$
The chain complex associated with the Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v,w)$
is the same as the chain complex associated with
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v)$
, since
$w$
is always in the same domain as one of
$u$
and
$v$
in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}\setminus (\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet })$
. We will sometimes abuse the notation and write
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{\text{CF}}(K_{\bullet };\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v,w;\mathfrak{s}).\end{eqnarray}$$
It is important to note that the markings
$u$
and
$v$
are used to define the map from the set of generators to the set of relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
classes, and
$w$
is only used to define some of the chain maps and homomorphisms in the upcoming discussions.
Figure 4. In the Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w)$
, we may take out the shaded area from the winding region and glue back the boundaries after shifting the left-hand-side part to the right to obtain a Heegaard diagram which may be identified with
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v)$
, where
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime }$
is the surface
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
but with a different complex structure.
The intersection point
$q_{0}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}$
(together with the top intersection points between
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{0}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{1}$
for
$i=1,\ldots ,g-1$
) determines a top generator
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1}$
for the chain complex
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1};u,v,w)$
. Similarly,
$q_{m}$
and
$p_{m}$
determine the top generators
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}}$
which belong to the chain complexes
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w)$
and
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v,w)$
, respectively.
For compatibility of the notation, let us further assume that
$m$
is a large even integer. In Figure 4, we consider a subdiagram of our main diagram, namely the Heegaard
$4$
-tuple
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w)$
. The shaded area, which contains the marking
$w$
, may be removed from the surface
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
, and the left-hand-side boundary in the resulting surface may be shifted to the right, so that the two boundary components are identified. The complex structure on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
induces a complex structure on the resulting closed surface, provided that the winding region carries the quotient complex structure induced from the complex structure on the rectangle, and the curves
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{m}$
are straight lines. Let us denote the resulting Riemann surface by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime }$
. Clearly,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime }$
is diffeomorphically identified with
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
, while the complex structure it carries slightly differs from the complex structure on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
in the winding region. We may slightly abuse the notation and denote the resulting Heegaard diagram by
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v)$
. By choosing the shaded area thin enough, we may assume that
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v)$
is identified with
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v)$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,\infty \}$
. Correspondingly, we obtain the top generators
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{0}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h_{0}}$
. The top generators
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{0}}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h_{0}}$
are in correspondence with top generators for the complexes
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v,w)\quad \text{and}\quad \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v,w),\end{eqnarray}$$
respectively, which will also be denoted by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{0}}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{h_{0}}$
. Corresponding to
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}$
, we have a pair of top generators in
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w)$
which use the intersection points
$q$
and
$q^{\prime }$
, respectively. We will denote these generators with
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}^{\prime }$
, respectively.
From the Heegaard
$4$
-tuple
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v)$
, we obtain the exact triangle
as well as the square maps
$H_{f_{0}}^{\mathfrak{s}},H_{g_{0}}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$H_{h_{0}}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
, as discussed in § 2. Similarly, from the Heegaard
$4$
-tuple
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v)$
, we obtain the exact triangle
as well as the square maps
$H_{f_{1}}^{\mathfrak{s}},H_{g_{1}}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$H_{h_{1}}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
.
Moreover, we have
$g_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}=(g_{0,a}^{\mathfrak{s}},g_{0,b}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
and
$g_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}=(g_{1,a}^{\mathfrak{s}},g_{1,b}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
, where
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle g_{0,a}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v;\mathfrak{s}) & \rightarrow & \displaystyle \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v;\mathfrak{s}),\nonumber\\ \displaystyle g_{0,b}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v;\mathfrak{s}) & \rightarrow & \displaystyle \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m-1),\nonumber\\ \displaystyle g_{1,a}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1};u,v;\mathfrak{s}) & \rightarrow & \displaystyle \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}),\nonumber\\ \displaystyle g_{1,b}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1};u,v;\mathfrak{s}) & \rightarrow & \displaystyle \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m-1).\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Other than
$g_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
, the square maps
$H_{f_{\bullet }}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$H_{h_{\bullet }}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
, which are defined using the top generator
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{\bullet }}$
, may also be decomposed into two summands:
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{f_{\bullet }}^{\mathfrak{s}}=H_{f_{\bullet },a}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{f_{\bullet },b}^{\mathfrak{s}}\quad \text{and}\quad H_{h_{\bullet }}^{\mathfrak{s}}=H_{h_{\bullet },a}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{h_{\bullet },b}^{\mathfrak{s}}\quad \text{for}~\bullet =0,1.\end{eqnarray}$$
Here,
$H_{f_{\bullet },a}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$H_{f_{\bullet },b}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
record the contributions to
$H_{f_{\bullet }}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
from the square classes which miss the markings
$b$
and
$a$
, respectively. Similarly,
$H_{h_{\bullet },a}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$H_{h_{\bullet },b}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
record the contributions to
$H_{h_{\bullet }}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
from the square classes which miss the markings
$b$
and
$a$
, respectively.
Having fixed the relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
class
$\mathfrak{s}$
, by choosing
$m$
sufficiently large we may identify
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
with
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
, as they both have the same set of generators (all supported in the winding region), the corresponding Whitney discs are in correspondence and their domains are supported in subsurfaces of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime }$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
where the complex structures match. Moreover, for such sufficiently large values of
$m$
, the complex
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m-1)\end{eqnarray}$$
is identified with the subcomplex of
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m-1)$
which is generated by
$\mathbf{x}_{i}$
with
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
,
$i\geqslant 2$
and
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{i})=\mathfrak{s}+m-1$
. We will denote the inclusion of this subcomplex by
$$\begin{eqnarray}J^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m-1)\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m-1).\end{eqnarray}$$
3.2 The homomorphisms in the surgery triangle
The top generators
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1}$
,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}}$
determine the holomorphic pentagon map
$$\begin{eqnarray}P^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(Y)=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v,w),\end{eqnarray}$$
which is defined by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}P^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x2B20}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{y};u,v,w)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Every pentagon class
$\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{y};u,v,w)$
corresponds to a one-dimensional moduli space with boundary. The boundary points are in correspondence with the degeneration of the domain of
$\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}$
into two parts. Since the generators
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}}$
are closed, the degenerations into a bigon and a pentagon correspond to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$(d\circ P^{\mathfrak{s}}+P^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d)(\mathbf{x})$
. The remaining degenerations are the degenerations
$\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}=\Box \star \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
to a triangle
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
with Maslov index
$0$
and a square
$\Box$
with Maslov index
$-1$
which miss
$u,v$
and
$w$
. The possibilities are:
(1)
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{z},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{y})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\mathbf{z})$
;(2)
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\mathbf{z})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{z},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{y})$
;(3)
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9},\mathbf{y})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9})$
;(4)
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{y})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9})$
;(5)
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9},\mathbf{y})$
.
Degenerations of type
$1$
correspond to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$(H_{h_{1}}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x})$
, where the map induced by
$$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s})\longrightarrow \widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{1};\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s})\end{eqnarray}$$
in homology is the homomorphism
$\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}:\mathbb{H}_{0}(K;\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \mathbb{H}_{1}(K;\mathfrak{s})$
, which appears in the splicing formula of [Reference EftekharyEft15]. We abuse the notation and denote both the chain map and the induced map on homology by
$\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
. Degenerations of type
$2$
correspond to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ H^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
, where
$$\begin{eqnarray}H^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w)\end{eqnarray}$$
is defined by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}H^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{z}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\mathbf{z};u,v,w)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\Box ))\cdot \mathbf{z}.\end{eqnarray}$$
If
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\mathbf{z};u,v,w)$
is a square class which contributes to
$H^{\mathfrak{s}}$
, from
$n_{u}(\Box )=n_{v}(\Box )=n_{w}(\Box )=0$
it follows that
$$\begin{eqnarray}n_{c}(\Box )=n_{b}(\Box )+1\quad \text{and}\quad n_{e}(\Box )=n_{u}(\Box )+1=1.\end{eqnarray}$$
Furthermore, since
$q_{m}$
is one of the corners of the domain
${\mathcal{D}}(\Box )$
, we find that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle n_{a}(\Box ) & = & \displaystyle n_{e}(\Box )+n_{v}(\Box )-n_{c}(\Box )+1\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle 1-n_{b}(\Box ).\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
From here, we are left with two possibilities:
$$\begin{eqnarray}n_{a}(\Box )+n_{b}(\Box )=1~\Rightarrow ~\left\{\begin{array}{@{}l@{}}\text{(i)}~n_{a}(\Box )=1\quad \text{and}\quad n_{b}(\Box )=0,\quad \\ \text{(ii)}~n_{a}(\Box )=0\quad \text{and}\quad n_{b}(\Box )=1.\quad \end{array}\right.\end{eqnarray}$$
We may thus write
$H^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=H_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})+H_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
, where
$H_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
and
$H_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
correspond to the contributions from holomorphic squares of types (i) and (ii), respectively.
Lemma 3.1. For every generator
$\mathbf{x}\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s})$
, we have
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle H_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s}) & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle H_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s}+m-1). & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Proof. Choose
$\mathbf{w}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
so that
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{w})=\mathfrak{s}$
. There are a particular square class
$$\begin{eqnarray}\Box _{0}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{w}_{0}^{(0)},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}}\mathbf{w}_{0};u,v,w,b)\end{eqnarray}$$
and a corresponding domain
${\mathcal{D}}_{0}={\mathcal{D}}(\Box _{0})$
which intersects the winding region in a
$4$
-gon with one obtuse angle. This
$4$
-gon, which is shaded in Figure 3, has vertices at
$q_{0},q_{m},x_{0}$
and
$x_{0}^{0}$
, and its obtuse angle is at
$q_{m}$
. Since the relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
class associated with both
$\mathbf{x}$
and
$\mathbf{w}_{0}^{(0)}$
is
$\mathfrak{s}$
, there is a Whitney disc
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{w}_{0}^{(0)};u,v)$
, which corresponds to a domain
${\mathcal{D}}_{1}={\mathcal{D}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719})$
. Since
$b,w$
and
$u$
are not separated by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0}$
, it follows that
$n_{b}({\mathcal{D}}_{1})=n_{w}({\mathcal{D}}_{1})=0$
. Finally, associated with every square class
$$\begin{eqnarray}\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\mathbf{z};b,u,v,w)\end{eqnarray}$$
which contributes to
$H_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
we obtain a domain
${\mathcal{D}}_{2}={\mathcal{D}}(\Box )$
. From these three domains, we obtain the domain
${\mathcal{D}}={\mathcal{D}}_{2}-{\mathcal{D}}_{1}-{\mathcal{D}}_{0}$
with boundary on the union
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m}$
. After subtracting suitable multiples of periodic domains bounded between the curves in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet }\setminus \{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\bullet }\},~\bullet \in \{0,1,m\}$
, we may in fact assume that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{D}}\subset \unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m}\cup \{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}\}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Since
${\mathcal{D}}$
connects
$\mathbf{w}_{0}$
to
$\mathbf{y}$
, the boundary of
${\mathcal{D}}$
on each one of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}$
is an integer multiple of these two closed curves. From
$n_{v}({\mathcal{D}})=n_{w}({\mathcal{D}})=0$
, it follows that
${\mathcal{D}}$
has no boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
and, from
$n_{w}({\mathcal{D}})=n_{b}({\mathcal{D}})=0$
, it follows that
${\mathcal{D}}$
has no boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}$
. In other words,
${\mathcal{D}}$
is the domain of a Whitney disc
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{w}_{0},\mathbf{y};u,v,w,a)$
. In particular, it follows that
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{w}_{0})=\mathfrak{s}$
.
Let us now assume that
$\Box ^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\mathbf{z};a,u,v,w)$
contributes to
$H_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
and, correspondingly, we obtain a domain
${\mathcal{D}}_{2}^{\prime }={\mathcal{D}}(\Box ^{\prime })$
. From the above discussion, we may find a domain
${\mathcal{D}}_{0}^{\prime }$
which corresponds to a class
$$\begin{eqnarray}\Box _{0}^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\mathbf{w}_{0};b,u,v,w),\end{eqnarray}$$
with
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{w})=\mathfrak{s}$
. From the domains
${\mathcal{D}}_{0}^{\prime }$
and
${\mathcal{D}}_{2}^{\prime }$
, we obtain a domain
${\mathcal{D}}^{\prime }={\mathcal{D}}_{2}^{\prime }-{\mathcal{D}}_{0}^{\prime }$
which misses the markings
$u,v$
and
$w$
, and connects
$\mathbf{w}_{0}$
to
$\mathbf{z}$
. We may assume that this domain has its boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m}\cup \{\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}\}$
. Moreover, from the equalities
$n_{v}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime })=n_{w}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime })=0$
, we conclude that
${\mathcal{D}}^{\prime }$
has no boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
. The coefficient of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}$
is, however, equal to
$$\begin{eqnarray}n_{b}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime })-n_{w}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime })=n_{b}({\mathcal{D}}_{2}^{\prime })=1.\end{eqnarray}$$
Next, note that there is a domain
${\mathcal{D}}^{\prime \prime }$
with boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
, which connects
$\mathbf{w}_{1}$
to
$\mathbf{w}_{0}$
while
$n_{\bullet }({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime \prime })=0$
for
$\bullet \in \{a,b,u,v,w\}$
and
$n_{z}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime \prime })=m-1$
. There is also a periodic domain
${\mathcal{P}}$
with boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{1}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{m}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }$
such that
$$\begin{eqnarray}n_{v}({\mathcal{P}})=n_{w}({\mathcal{P}})=n_{u}({\mathcal{P}})=0,\quad n_{b}({\mathcal{P}})=-n_{a}({\mathcal{P}})=1\quad \text{and}\quad n_{z}({\mathcal{P}})=m-1.\end{eqnarray}$$
From the three domains
${\mathcal{D}}^{\prime },{\mathcal{D}}^{\prime \prime }$
and
${\mathcal{P}}$
, we obtain the domain
$\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}={\mathcal{D}}^{\prime }+{\mathcal{D}}^{\prime \prime }-{\mathcal{P}}$
which connects
$\mathbf{w}_{1}$
to
$\mathbf{z}$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle n_{\bullet }(\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}) & = & \displaystyle n_{\bullet }({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime })+n_{\bullet }({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime \prime })-n_{\bullet }({\mathcal{P}})=0+0-0=0,\quad \bullet \in \{u,v,w\},\nonumber\\ \displaystyle n_{a}(\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}) & = & \displaystyle n_{a}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime })+n_{a}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime \prime })-n_{a}({\mathcal{P}})=-1+0-(-1)=0,\nonumber\\ \displaystyle n_{a}(\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}) & = & \displaystyle n_{b}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime })+n_{b}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime \prime })-n_{b}({\mathcal{P}})=1+0-1=0,\nonumber\\ \displaystyle n_{z}(\widehat{{\mathcal{D}}}) & = & \displaystyle n_{z}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime })+n_{z}({\mathcal{D}}^{\prime \prime })-n_{z}({\mathcal{P}})=0+(m-1)-(m-1)=0.\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
We thus find that
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{w}_{1})=\mathfrak{s}+m-1$
. This completes the proof of the lemma.◻
Figure 5. A domain, which is an immersion of a triangle on the surface, is lightly shaded. This domain has vertices
$q_{0},q_{m}$
and
$q^{\prime }$
. The coefficient of the shaded domain in the small triangle with vertices
$q_{0},q_{m}$
and
$q$
(which is strongly shaded) is
$2$
, while its coefficient in the rest of the shaded areas is
$1$
. Moreover, a 4-gon with vertices
$q_{m},p_{m},p_{\infty }$
and
$p_{1}^{\prime }$
is strongly shaded.
In a degeneration of type
$3$
, the contributing triangle classes
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
come in cancelling pairs. The total count of such degenerations is thus trivial. Furthermore, there are no holomorphic representatives for the square classes of Maslov index
$-1$
which appear in the boundary degenerations of type
$5$
. Note that there are positive square classes with Maslov index
$0$
, but no such square with Maslov index
$-1$
. It follows that there are no such degenerations.
In a degeneration of type
$4$
, the moduli space corresponding to
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
is trivial unless
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}$
includes one of the two intersection points
$q$
or
$q^{\prime }$
. In the former case, we need to have
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}$
while
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
corresponds to the union of the small triangle with vertices
$q_{0},q_{m}$
and
$q$
in the winding region and the small triangles with vertices at top intersection points of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{1}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{m}$
. In the latter case,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}$
is the generator
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}^{\prime }$
(which is obtained from
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}$
by replacing
$q$
with
$q^{\prime }$
) and the intersection of the domain of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
with the winding region is the region shaded in Figure 5. The total contribution of the triangle classes in both these cases is
$1$
. Such boundary degenerations thus correspond to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$H_{q}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})+H_{q^{\prime }}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
, where
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle H_{q}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{y};u,v,w)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\Box ))\cdot \mathbf{y} & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle H_{q^{\prime }}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=\mathop{\sum }_{\boldsymbol{ y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{y};u,v,w)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\Box ))\cdot \mathbf{y}. & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Lemma 3.2. With the above notation fixed, and under the identification of the chain complex
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v)$
with
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v,w)$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,\infty \}$
, we have
$$\begin{eqnarray}d\circ P^{\mathfrak{s}}+P^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d+H_{h_{0}}^{\mathfrak{ s}}=f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ H^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{h_{1}}^{\mathfrak{ s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Proof. As discussed in § 3.1, the holomorphic square map
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{h_{0}}^{\mathfrak{ s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v,\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v),\end{eqnarray}$$
which is defined from the Heegaard
$4$
-tuple
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v)$
, may be written as
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{h_{0}}^{\mathfrak{ s}}=H_{h_{0},a}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{h_{0},b}^{\mathfrak{s}},\end{eqnarray}$$
where
$H_{h_{0},a}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
counts the squares with
$n_{b}(\Box )=0$
and
$H_{h_{0},b}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
counts the squares with
$n_{a}(\Box )=0$
. Under the identification of
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v)$
with
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v,w)$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,\infty \}$
, we may also identify
$H_{q}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
with
$H_{h_{0},a}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$H_{q^{\prime }}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
with
$H_{h_{0},b}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
. In particular,
$H_{q}^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{q^{\prime }}^{\mathfrak{s}}=H_{h_{0}}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
. Together with the discussion preceding the lemma, this completes the proof of (6).◻
Next, we analyse
$H^{\mathfrak{s}}$
via degenerations of holomorphic squares. For a square class
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\mathbf{y};u,v,w)$
, the moduli space
${\mathcal{M}}(\Box )$
is one dimensional, and has six types of boundary ends. Since
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}}$
are closed, the four types of degenerations of the square class to a square and a bigon correspond to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$(d\circ H^{\mathfrak{s}}+H^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d)(\mathbf{x})$
. The remaining boundary ends correspond to a degeneration of
$\Box$
to a pair of triangles. The degenerations
$\Box =\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }\star \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
with
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\mathbf{z})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{z},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\mathbf{y})$
correspond to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$(g_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x})$
.
As observed in the proof of Lemma 3.2, in degenerations of the form
$\Box =\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }\star \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
with
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{0,1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9};u,v,w)$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9},\mathbf{y};u,v,w)$
, there are precisely two generators
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}$
corresponding to a triangle class
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}}$
such that
${\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}})$
is non-empty. One of them corresponds to
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}$
and the other one corresponds to
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}^{\prime }$
(see Figure 5). Such degenerations thus correspond to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in the expression
$g_{0,q}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})+g_{0,q^{\prime }}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
, where
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle g_{0,q}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}},\mathbf{y};u,v,w)}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))\cdot \mathbf{y} & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle g_{0,q^{\prime }}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathop{\sum }_{\boldsymbol{ y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}^{\prime },\mathbf{y};u,v,w)}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))\cdot \mathbf{y}. & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Lemma 3.3. With the above notation fixed, for every
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{0}}$
with
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})=\mathfrak{s}$
, we have
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle g_{0,q}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s}) & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \hspace{38.5001pt}g_{0,q^{\prime }}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s}+m-1). & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Proof. Let us assume that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}},\mathbf{y};u,v,w)$
is a triangle class which contributes to
$g_{0,q}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and let
${\mathcal{D}}_{1}={\mathcal{D}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})$
. Choose
$\mathbf{w}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
with
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{w})=\mathfrak{s}$
and let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{w}_{0}^{(0)},\mathbf{x};u,v,w)$
denote a Whitney disc which connects
$\mathbf{w}_{0}^{(0)}$
to
$\mathbf{x}$
. Set
${\mathcal{D}}_{2}={\mathcal{D}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719})$
. There is a triangle in the Heegaard diagram with vertices
$x_{0}^{0},q$
and
$x_{0}$
which is obtained from the shaded
$4$
-gon in Figure 3 by subtracting the small triangle with vertices
$q_{0},q_{m}$
and
$q$
. This triangle may be paired with the small triangles bounded between
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{0}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{i}^{m}$
,
$i=1,\ldots ,g-1$
, to give the domain of a distinguished triangle class
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{0}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{w}_{0}^{(0)},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}},\mathbf{w}_{0};u,v,w).\end{eqnarray}$$
We let
${\mathcal{D}}_{0}={\mathcal{D}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}_{0})$
and
${\mathcal{D}}={\mathcal{D}}_{0}-{\mathcal{D}}_{1}-{\mathcal{D}}_{2}$
. It is then clear that
${\mathcal{D}}$
is a domain missing
$u,v$
and
$w$
, which connects
$\mathbf{y}$
to
$\mathbf{w}_{0}$
. After subtracting appropriate multiples of the periodic domains in the Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w)$
, we may also assume that
$\unicode[STIX]{x2202}{\mathcal{D}}\subset \unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
. The condition
$n_{v}({\mathcal{D}})=n_{w}({\mathcal{D}})=0$
implies that
${\mathcal{D}}$
does not have any boundary on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
. It is thus the domain of a Whitney disc
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D713}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{y},\mathbf{w}_{0};u,v,w)$
. It follows that
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{w}_{0})=\mathfrak{s}.$
The proof of the second claim is quite similar.◻
As before, one may identify
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
with
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
and, under this identification, it is clear that
$g_{0,q}^{\mathfrak{s}}=g_{0,a}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
. The complex
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m-1)\end{eqnarray}$$
is identified (via the inclusion map
$J^{\mathfrak{s}}$
) with the subcomplex of
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m-1)\end{eqnarray}$$
which is generated by
$\mathbf{x}_{i}$
with
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
,
$i\geqslant 2$
and
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{i})=\mathfrak{s}+m-1$
. For a triangle class
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}}^{\prime },\mathbf{y};u,v,w)$
with non-trivial contribution to
$$\begin{eqnarray}g_{0,q^{\prime }}^{\mathfrak{ s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s}+m-1),\end{eqnarray}$$
we have
$\mathbf{y}=\mathbf{z}_{i}$
with
$\mathbf{z}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
and
$i\geqslant 2$
. Every such
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
corresponds to a triangle class
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{0}},\mathbf{z}_{i-1};u,v)$
. Furthermore,
${\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})$
and
${\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime })$
may be identified if the complex structures on
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime }$
are chosen as described in § 3.1. Such
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }$
are the triangle classes which contribute to the holomorphic triangle map
$g_{0,b}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
. This means that
$g_{0,q^{\prime }}^{\mathfrak{s}}=J^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g_{0,b}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
(again, after we identify
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v)$
with
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{\bullet };u,v)$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,\infty \}$
).
Let us define
$$\begin{eqnarray}G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}:C_{0,m-1}(\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow C_{1,m-1}(\mathfrak{s})\end{eqnarray}$$
by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{1},\mathbf{x}_{2}):=(\mathbf{x}_{1},J^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{2})),\quad \forall \left\{\begin{array}{@{}l@{}}\mathbf{x}_{1}\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v;\mathfrak{s}),\quad \\ \mathbf{x}_{2}\in \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m-1};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m-1).\quad \end{array}\right.\end{eqnarray}$$
Lemma 3.4. With the above notation fixed, we have:
(i)
$d\circ H^{\mathfrak{s}}+H^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d=g_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}+G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
;(ii)
$f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}=f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}},\forall m\gg 1$
.
Proof. With our earlier considerations in place, the first claim already follows. We thus only need to prove the second claim. If
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m-1}}$
satisfies
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})=\mathfrak{s}$
, then the maps
$f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
are identical on
$\mathbf{x}$
, by definition. Since
$G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathbf{x}$
, the claim follows. Let us now assume that
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})=\mathfrak{s}+m-1$
. It follows that
$\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{z}_{i}$
for some
$i>0$
, while
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{z})=\mathfrak{s}+i$
. Thus,
$J^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathbf{z}_{i+1}$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}(G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}))=f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{z}_{i+1})=f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{z}_{i})=f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}).\end{eqnarray}$$
The third equality follows, since every contributing triangle in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{z}_{i},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{0}},\mathbf{y};u,v)$
is in correspondence with a contributing triangle in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{z}_{i+1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{y};u,v)$
.◻
3.3 The bypass homomorphisms
Let us now consider the Heegaard
$5$
-tuple
${\mathcal{H}}=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u,v,z)$
. Since
$u$
and
$z$
are not separated by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}\cup \unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime }$
, by choosing the Hamiltonian isotopy which changes
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}$
to
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime }$
close to the identity, we may assume that the chain complex associated with the punctured Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u,v,z)$
and
$\mathfrak{s}\in \text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)=\mathbb{Z}$
is identified with
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,z;\mathfrak{s}).\end{eqnarray}$$
Associated with
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u,v,z)$
there is a top generator, which may be denoted by
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
. This generator uses the intersection point
$p_{\infty }^{\prime }$
. Unlike most of similar situations,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
is not closed and
$d(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty }^{\prime })=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty }$
is the generator which is obtained from
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
by changing the choice of intersection point in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
from
$p_{\infty }^{\prime }$
to
$p_{\infty }$
. By construction,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty }$
is closed. The triple
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u,v,z)$
may be used to define a holomorphic triangle map
$$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{1};\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1};u,v,z;\mathfrak{s})\longrightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u,v,z;\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s}).\end{eqnarray}$$
The map on homology induced by
$\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
coincides with the map used in the splicing formula of [Reference EftekharyEft15]. We may also define a map
$$\begin{eqnarray}I^{\mathfrak{s}}:C_{1,m-1}(\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u,v,z;\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K,\mathfrak{s}),\end{eqnarray}$$
which is defined by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}I^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}^{\prime }},\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})=\mathfrak{s}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{z},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y};u,v,z)}}\#{\mathcal{M}}(\Box )\cdot \mathbf{y},\quad \forall \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Lemma 3.5. The map
$I^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is a chain map.
Proof. For
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}}$
and
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{z},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y};u,v,z)$
, the ends of the moduli space
${\mathcal{M}}(\Box )$
are in correspondence with degenerations of
$\Box$
. Since
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty }$
are closed, degenerations into a bigon and a square correspond to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$(d\circ I^{\mathfrak{s}}+I^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d)(\mathbf{x})$
. There are no holomorphic triangles
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9};u,v,z)$
, implying that there are no degenerations of the form
$\Box =\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\star \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }$
with
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9};u,v,z)\quad \text{and}\quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9},\mathbf{y};u,v,z).\end{eqnarray}$$
Finally, by looking at local multiplicities around
$x$
, we may conclude that there are no positive triangle classes
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{z};u,v,z)$
. The contribution of degenerations of the form
$\Box =\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\star \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }$
with
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{z};u,v,z)\quad \text{and}\quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}^{\prime }\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{z},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y};u,v,z)\end{eqnarray}$$
is thus trivial. From these observations, we conclude that
$(d\circ I^{\mathfrak{s}}+I^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d)(\mathbf{x})=0$
for all
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}}$
, completing the proof of the lemma.◻
Lemma 3.6. With the above notation fixed, there is a map
$$\begin{eqnarray}Q^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{1};\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1};u,v,z;\mathfrak{s})\longrightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v,z;\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})\end{eqnarray}$$
which satisfies
$$\begin{eqnarray}d\circ Q^{\mathfrak{s}}+Q^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d=I^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}+\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Proof. The diagram
${\mathcal{H}}$
defines a pentagon map
$$\begin{eqnarray}Q^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{1};\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1};u,v,z;\mathfrak{s})\longrightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v,z;\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})\end{eqnarray}$$
by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}Q^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}^{\prime }},\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})=\mathfrak{s}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y};u,v,z)}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
For
$\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y};u,v,z)$
, the ends of the moduli space
${\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x2B20})$
which correspond to the degenerations of the pentagon to a bigon and a pentagon contribute to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$(d\circ Q^{\mathfrak{s}}+Q^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d)(\mathbf{x})$
. Other ends correspond to the degenerations of the form
$\unicode[STIX]{x2B20}=\Box \star \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}$
of one of the following five types:
(1)
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{z},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\mathbf{z})$
;(2)
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\mathbf{z})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{z},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y})$
;(3)
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9},\mathbf{y})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9})$
;(4)
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9})$
;(5)
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9},\mathbf{y})$
.
Degenerations of types 1 and 2 correspond to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$(I^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x})$
and
$(X^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ H_{h_{1}}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x})$
, respectively, where
$$\begin{eqnarray}X^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{z})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}^{\prime }},\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})=\mathfrak{s}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{z},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y};u,v,z)}}\#({\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}))\cdot \mathbf{y}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Considering the local multiplicities around
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }\cap \unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{\infty }^{\prime }$
, one concludes that there are no triangle classes
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{z},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y};u,v,z)$
with positive domain. In particular,
$X^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is trivial. There are no triangle classes which contribute in the degenerations of type 3. The contributing triangles in degenerations of type 4 come in cancelling pairs. Thus, the total number of boundary ends corresponding to degenerations of types 3 and 4 is zero. There is a unique square class in
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{g_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9};u,v,z)$
with non-trivial contribution to degenerations of type 5. The intersection of the domain of this square class with the winding region is the rectangle with vertices
$q_{m},p_{m},p_{\infty }$
and
$p_{1}^{\prime }$
, which is shaded yellow in Figure 5. For this square class,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{1}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}^{\prime }}$
is the top generator and
$\Box$
has a unique holomorphic representative. Using the generator
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}$
, we define the map
$$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{1};\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{1};u,v,z;\mathfrak{s})\longrightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u,v,z;\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s}),\end{eqnarray}$$
which is again one of the maps which appeared in the splicing formula of [Reference EftekharyEft15]. The contribution of the degenerations of type
$5$
thus corresponds to the coefficient of
$\mathbf{y}$
in
$\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})$
. These observations complete the proof of the lemma.◻
Let
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(Y)$
denote
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v)$
, as before. Define the maps
$$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}:M(f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}^{\prime };u,v,z;\mathfrak{s})\quad \text{and}\quad \overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}:M(f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}})\rightarrow M(f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})\end{eqnarray}$$
by setting
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{1},\mathbf{x}_{2}) & := & \displaystyle I^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{1}),\quad \forall \left\{\begin{array}{@{}l@{}}\mathbf{x}_{1}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}},\quad \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{1})\in \{\mathfrak{s},\mathfrak{s}+m-1\},\quad \\ \mathbf{x}_{2}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}},\quad \end{array}\right.\nonumber\\ \displaystyle \overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{1},\mathbf{x}_{2}) & := & \displaystyle (G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{1}),\mathbf{x}_{2}),\quad \forall \left\{\begin{array}{@{}l@{}}\mathbf{x}_{1}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m-1}},\quad \mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x}_{1})\in \{\mathfrak{s},\mathfrak{s}+m-1\},\quad \\ \mathbf{x}_{2}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}.\quad \end{array}\right.\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
The outcome of the above observations, together with Lemmas 3.2, 3.4 and 3.6, is the following theorem.
Theorem 3.7. With the above notation fixed and up to chain homotopy, the following diagram is commutative:
Proof. We first need to verify that
$\overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$\overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
are chain maps. Note that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle (\overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d+d\circ \overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{1},\mathbf{x}_{2}) & = & \displaystyle ((G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d+d\circ G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{1}),(f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}+f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{1}))\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle (0,(f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}+f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{1}))\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle 0,\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
where the last equality follows from the second part of Lemma 3.4. Since
$I^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is a chain map by Lemma 3.5, it follows that
$\overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is also a chain map. Lemma 3.6 implies that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}+\overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \jmath _{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}=d\circ Q^{\mathfrak{s}}+Q^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d.\end{eqnarray}$$
This proves the commutativity of the right-hand-side square up to chain homotopy. To prove the commutativity of the left-hand-side square, define
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle R^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v,w;\mathfrak{s})=\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}^{\prime },\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{0};u,v;\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow M(f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}), & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle R^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}):=(H^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}),P^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x})),\quad \forall \mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{0}}~\text{with}~\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})=\mathfrak{s}. & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
We thus find that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle (d\circ R^{\mathfrak{s}}+R^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d)(\mathbf{x}) & = & \displaystyle d(H^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}),P^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}))+(H^{\mathfrak{s}}(d(\mathbf{x})),P^{\mathfrak{s}}(d(\mathbf{x})))\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle ((G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}+g_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}),(d\circ P^{\mathfrak{s}}+P^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d+f_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ H^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}))\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle ((G_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}+g_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}),(H_{h_{1}}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}+H_{h_{0}}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}))\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle (\overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \jmath _{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}+\jmath _{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}).\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
The second equality follows from the first part of Lemma 3.4, while the third equality follows from Lemma 3.2. This observation completes the proof of Theorem 3.7. ◻
3.4 The proof of the splicing formula
We now turn to understanding the maps
$\overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$\overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
(which will be called the bypass homomorphisms) under the identifications of Theorem 2.5. To understand
$\overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
, one should identify
$I^{\mathfrak{s}}$
on
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{m};\mathfrak{s})\oplus \widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{m};\mathfrak{s}+m-1)=C\{i\leqslant \mathfrak{s},j=0\}\oplus C\{i=0,j\leqslant -\mathfrak{s}\}.\end{eqnarray}$$
Let
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
,
$\mathbf{x}_{i}$
be the corresponding generator in
$\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{m})$
and suppose that
$\Box \in$
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x}_{i},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{y};u,v,z)$
contributes to
$I^{\mathfrak{s}}$
. Looking at local coefficients in the regions pictured in Figure 3 implies that
$i=1$
and that the intersection of the domain of
$\Box$
with the winding region is the rectangle with vertices
$x_{1},p_{m},p_{\infty }$
and
$x$
, which contains the markings
$a,e$
and
$s$
. In particular,
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})=\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{y})=\mathfrak{s}$
and
$\mathbf{x}_{1}$
corresponds to the generator
$[\mathbf{x},0,-\mathfrak{s}]\in C\{i=0,j\leqslant -\mathfrak{s}\}$
. There is a particular class
$\Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}(\mathbf{x}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{f_{1}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\infty },\mathbf{x})$
with small domain and non-trivial contribution to
$I^{\mathfrak{s}}$
. Modifying
$\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})=C\{i=0,j=-\mathfrak{s}\}$
by the chain map
$I^{\mathfrak{s}}|_{C\{i=0,j=-\mathfrak{s}\}}$
, which is a change of basis using the energy filtration, we may thus assume that
$\overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is induced by projecting the factor
$C\{i=0,j\leqslant -\mathfrak{s}\}$
in the mapping cone of
$\jmath _{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
over the quotient complex
$C\{i=0,j=-\mathfrak{s}\}=\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})$
. On the other hand, the image of
$$\begin{eqnarray}g_{0,q^{\prime }}^{\mathfrak{ s}}=J^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ g_{0,b}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{m};\mathfrak{s}+m-1)\end{eqnarray}$$
is in the subcomplex
$$\begin{eqnarray}C\{i=0,j\leqslant -\mathfrak{s}-1\}\subset \widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{m};\mathfrak{s}+m-1)=C\{i=0,j\leqslant -\mathfrak{s}\}.\end{eqnarray}$$
The above observations imply the following theorem.
Theorem 3.8. Under the identification of
$\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{\bullet };\mathfrak{s})$
with
$M(i_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}})$
for
$\bullet =0,1$
,
$\overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is given by the inclusion of
$M(i_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
in
$M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
as a subcomplex, while
$\overline{F}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is given by the quotient map corresponding to this inclusion map. In particular, we have a short exact sequence
Theorem 3.8 implies that the second row in (7) is part of a short exact sequence. The discussion preceding [Reference EftekharyEft15, Theorem 4.6] implies that the initial Heegaard diagram may be chosen so that the first row is also completed to a short exact sequence. We thus have the following commutative diagram (up to chain homotopy):
In particular, in the level of homology, the connecting homomorphism of the short exact sequence in the second row of (8) is identified with the connecting homomorphism
$\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
of the first row, which is used in the splicing formula of [Reference EftekharyEft15]. A completely similar argument identifies
$\mathfrak{f}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
with the inclusion map
$F_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
from
$M(i_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}-1})$
to
$M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
and
$\mathfrak{f}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
with the quotient map
$F_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
from
$M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
to
$\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})$
, while
$\mathfrak{f}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is identified with the connecting homomorphism of the short exact sequence
Proof of Theorem 1.6.
Let
$C_{\bullet }(K)=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak{s}\in \mathbb{Z}}C_{\bullet }(K;\mathfrak{s})$
, where
$C_{\bullet }(K;\mathfrak{s})=M(i_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}})$
for
$\bullet =0,1$
and
$C_{\infty }(K;\mathfrak{s})=C\{i=\mathfrak{s},j=0\}$
. The maps
$F_{\infty },\overline{F}_{\infty }:C_{0}(K)\rightarrow C_{1}(K)$
and
$F_{0},\overline{F}_{0}:C_{1}(K)\rightarrow C_{\infty }(K)$
sit in the short exact sequences
and
The maps induced by
$F_{\bullet }$
and
$\overline{F}_{\bullet }$
in homology are
$\mathfrak{f}_{\bullet }$
and
$\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\bullet }$
, respectively. Thus, [Reference EftekharyEft15, Proposition 7.2] may be applied here to complete the proof of Theorem 1.6. ◻
4 The linear algebra of bypass homomorphisms
4.1 Alternative compositions
Let
$K$
be a knot inside the homology sphere
$Y$
. Let
$(C,d)=(C_{K}.d_{K})$
denote the chain complex associated with
$K$
which was discussed in the previous two sections. Correspondingly, one may define the maps
$F_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$\overline{F}_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,\infty \}$
. We will denote the maps induced by
$F_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$\overline{F}_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
in the level of homology by
$\mathfrak{f}_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\bullet }^{\mathfrak{s}}$
, respectively, for
$\bullet \in \{0,\infty \}$
. The connecting homomorphisms corresponding to the short exact sequences
and
will be denoted by
$\mathfrak{f}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
, respectively. By Theorem 3.8, this notation is compatible with the notation of [Reference EftekharyEft15].
Lemma 4.1. Let
$\mathbf{x}\in \widehat{\text{CFK}}(K,\mathfrak{s})$
be a closed element and
$[\mathbf{x}]$
denote the class represented by
$\mathbf{x}$
in
$\widehat{\text{HFK}}(K,\mathfrak{s})$
. Then
$$\begin{eqnarray}(\mathfrak{f}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}-1}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}-1}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})[\mathbf{x}]=[d^{1,0}(\mathbf{x})]\quad \text{and}\quad (\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}+1}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}+1}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})[\mathbf{x}]=[d^{0,1}(\mathbf{x})].\end{eqnarray}$$
Proof. Since
$\mathfrak{f}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is the connecting homomorphism associated with the short exact sequence (9), to compute
$\mathfrak{f}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}[\mathbf{x}]$
note that
$\mathbf{x}$
is the image of
$([\mathbf{x},\mathfrak{s},0],0,0)\in M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
under the quotient map. The differential of
$M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})$
takes this element to
$$\begin{eqnarray}\biggl(\mathop{\sum }_{i=0}^{\infty }[d^{i,0}(\mathbf{x}),\mathfrak{s}-i,0],0,[\mathbf{x},\mathfrak{s},0]\biggr)\in M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}).\end{eqnarray}$$
Since
$d^{0,0}(\mathbf{x})=0$
, this latter element is in
$M(i_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}-1})$
. The map
$\overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}-1}$
is the inclusion; thus,
$$\begin{eqnarray}(\overline{F}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}-1}\circ F_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x})=\biggl(\mathop{\sum }_{i=1}^{\infty }[d^{i,0}(\mathbf{x}),\mathfrak{s}-i,0],0,[\mathbf{x},\mathfrak{s},0]\biggr)\in M(i_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}-1}).\end{eqnarray}$$
The projection map
$F_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}-1}$
takes this latter element to the closed element
$d^{1,0}(\mathbf{x})$
in
$\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s}-1)$
. This completes the proof of the first claim. The second claim is proved similarly.◻
Consider the
$\mathbb{Z}\oplus \mathbb{Z}$
-filtered chain complexes
$C_{1}=C_{K_{1}}$
and
$C_{0}=C_{K_{0}}=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak{s}}C_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
associated with the knots
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{0}$
, respectively. Note that
$\mathbb{H}_{1}(K,\mathfrak{s})$
and
$\mathbb{H}_{0}(K,\mathfrak{s})$
may be identified with the homology of the complexes
$C_{1}\{i=\mathfrak{s},j=0\}$
and
$C_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\{i=0,j=0\}$
, respectively. It thus make sense to talk about
$d_{\bullet }^{1,0}(\mathbf{x}_{\bullet })$
and
$d_{\bullet }^{0,1}(\mathbf{x}_{\bullet })$
for
$\mathbf{x}\in \mathbb{H}_{\bullet }(K,\mathfrak{s})$
. It is important to note that the chain complexes
$C_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\{i=a,j=b\}$
for different integer values
$a$
and
$b$
are all isomorphic. In fact, the longitude
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}$
is homologically trivial and the condition
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})+(j-i)\text{PD}[\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{0}]=\mathfrak{s}\end{eqnarray}$$
only means that
$\mathfrak{s}(\mathbf{x})=\mathfrak{s}$
, and does not put any restrictions on the pair
$(i,j)$
. We can then prove the following analogue of Lemma 4.1
.
Lemma 4.2. Let
$\mathbf{x}_{\bullet }\in \widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{\bullet },\mathfrak{s})$
be a closed element and
$[\mathbf{x}_{\bullet }]$
denote the class represented by
$\mathbf{x}$
in
$\widehat{\text{HFK}}(K,\mathfrak{s})$
. Then
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle (\mathfrak{f}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}+1}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}+1}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}+1})[\mathbf{x}_{0}]=[d_{0}^{1,0}(\mathbf{x}_{0})],\quad (\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}})[\mathbf{x}_{0}]=[d_{0}^{0,1}(\mathbf{x}_{0})], & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle (\mathfrak{f}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}})[\mathbf{x}_{1}]=[d_{1}^{1,0}(\mathbf{x}_{1})]\quad \text{and}\quad (\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}-1}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}})[\mathbf{x}_{1}]=[d_{1}^{0,1}(\mathbf{x}_{1})]. & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Proof. We sketch the proof of the first statement, which is a combination of degeneration arguments for holomorphic polygons, similar to the arguments used in §§ 2 and 3. The proof of the other statements is similar.
Theorem 3.8 reduces the proof to showing the commutativity of the following diagram in the level of homology groups:
Let
$\jmath _{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{0})=(x,y,z)$
with
$x\in C\{i\leqslant \mathfrak{s},j=0\}$
,
$y\in C\{i=0,j\leqslant -\mathfrak{s}-1\}$
and
$z\in C\{j=0\}$
. One may then check that
$(\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}+1}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}+1})(\mathbf{x}_{0})=[\mathbf{y}_{1}]\in \mathbb{H}_{\infty }(K;\mathfrak{s}+1)$
, where
$y=\sum _{i\geqslant 1}[\mathbf{y}_{i},0,-\mathfrak{s}-i]$
. Correspondingly, we may compute
$$\begin{eqnarray}(\mathfrak{f}_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}+1}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}+1}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}+1})(\mathbf{x}_{0})=(d^{\ast ,0}[\mathbf{y}_{1},\mathfrak{s}+1,0],0,[\mathbf{y}_{1},\mathfrak{s}+1,0]).\end{eqnarray}$$
Under the identification of
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736}_{m},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,v;\mathfrak{s})$
with
$C\{i\leqslant \mathfrak{s},j=0\}$
and the identification of
$\widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m)$
with
$C\{i=0,j\leqslant -\mathfrak{s}-1\}$
, we have
$y=g_{0,b}^{\mathfrak{s}+1}(\mathbf{x}_{0})$
. We denote
$[\mathbf{y}_{i},\mathfrak{s}+i,0]$
by
$y_{i}$
. To show the commutativity of the diagram in (10), we need to show that the map
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow M(i_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}), & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}(\mathbf{x}_{0}):=(g_{0,a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(d_{0}^{1,0}(\mathbf{x}_{0}))+d^{\ast ,0}(y_{1}),g_{0,b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(d_{0}^{1,0}(\mathbf{x}_{0})),y_{1}+H_{f_{0}}^{\mathfrak{s}}(d_{0}^{1,0}(\mathbf{x}_{0}))) & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
takes closed elements of
$\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})$
to exact elements. For this purpose, using the notation of § 3.1 and the labelling of Figure 3, define
$P_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
and
$P_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
by
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle P_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}},P_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(Y) & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle P_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{0})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{q},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{p_{m}},\mathbf{y};v) \\ n_{u}(\Box )=n_{a}(\Box )=n_{b}(\Box )=1}}\#{\mathcal{M}}(\Box )\mathbf{y}, & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle P_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{0})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \Box \in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{-1}(\mathbf{x}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{q},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{p_{m}},\mathbf{y};v,a) \\ n_{u}(\Box )=1,n_{b}(\Box )=2}}\#{\mathcal{M}}(\Box )\mathbf{y}. & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Here,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{q}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{p_{m}}$
are the top intersection points in
$\mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{0}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}}$
and
$\mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{m}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$
which use the intersection points
$q$
and
$p_{m}$
, respectively. Considering different possible degenerations of a square with Maslov index
$0$
, for a closed generator
$\mathbf{x}_{0}\in \text{CFK}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})$
as above, we obtain
$$\begin{eqnarray}(H_{h_{0}}^{\mathfrak{ s}}\circ d_{0}^{1,0})(\mathbf{x}_{0})+y_{1}=(d^{\ast ,0}\circ P_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0})+(d^{\ast ,0}\circ P_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0})+(f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ Q^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0}),\end{eqnarray}$$
where
$Q^{\mathfrak{s}}=Q_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}+Q_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
is defined by
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle Q_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}) & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle Q_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{0})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{p_{m}},\mathbf{y};v) \\ n_{u}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=n_{a}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=n_{b}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=1}}\#{\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})\mathbf{y}, & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle Q_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}},Q_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow \widehat{\text{CF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737}_{m};u,v;\mathfrak{s}+m) & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle Q_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{0})=\mathop{\sum }_{\mathbf{y}\in \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\cap \mathbb{T}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}}\;\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ \unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5}\in \unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}_{2}^{0}(\mathbf{x}_{0},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{p_{m}},\mathbf{y};v,a) \\ n_{u}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=1,n_{b}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})=2}}\#{\mathcal{M}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E5})\mathbf{y} & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
and
$f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\simeq \unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}\overline{f_{0}}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
give the identification of
$C_{0,m}(\mathfrak{s})$
with
$C\{i\leqslant \mathfrak{s},j=0\}\oplus C\{i=0,j<-\mathfrak{s}\}$
and are also discussed in Lemma 2.4. Note that
$(f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ Q^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0})$
is equal to
$$\begin{eqnarray}(f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ Q_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0})+(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}\circ \overline{f}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ Q^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0})\end{eqnarray}$$
up to an exact element denoted by
$d^{\ast ,0}(P_{c}(\mathbf{x}_{0}))$
. Set
$P^{\mathfrak{s}}=P_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}+P_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}+P_{c}^{\mathfrak{s}}$
. Considering different possible degenerations of a triangle of Maslov index
$1$
, for a closed generator
$\mathbf{x}_{0}$
as above, we obtain
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle (g_{0,a}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d_{0}^{1,0})(\mathbf{x}_{0})+d^{\ast ,0}(y_{1}) & = & \displaystyle (d\circ Q_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0}),\nonumber\\ \displaystyle (g_{0,b}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ d_{0}^{1,0})(\mathbf{x}_{0}) & = & \displaystyle (d\circ Q_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0}).\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
Define the chain homotopy
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D6F9}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}:\text{Ker}(d)\subset \widehat{\text{CFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})\rightarrow M(i_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}), & \displaystyle \nonumber\\ \displaystyle & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D6F9}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{0}):=(Q_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{0}),Q_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{0}),P^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{0})). & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
It is implied from the above considerations that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}(\mathbf{x}_{0})=d\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F9}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}(\mathbf{x}_{0})=((d\circ Q_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0}),(d\circ Q_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0}),(d^{\ast ,0}\circ P^{\mathfrak{s}}+f_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ Q_{a}^{\mathfrak{s}}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EF}\circ \overline{f}_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ Q_{b}^{\mathfrak{s}})(\mathbf{x}_{0})).\end{eqnarray}$$
This completes the proof. ◻
Corollary 4.3. For every relative
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
class
$\mathfrak{s}\in \text{}\underline{\text{Spin}^{c}}(Y,K)$
, the maps
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle F_{0}^{\mathfrak{s}} & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{f}_{1}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{\infty }\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{0}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }|_{\widehat{\text{HFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})}:\widehat{\text{HFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s})\longrightarrow \widehat{\text{HFK}}(K_{0};\mathfrak{s}),\nonumber\\ \displaystyle F_{1}^{\mathfrak{s}} & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{f}_{\infty }\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{0}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }\circ \mathfrak{f}_{1}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}|_{\widehat{\text{HFK}}(K_{1};\mathfrak{s})}:\widehat{\text{HFK}}(K_{1};\mathfrak{s})\longrightarrow \widehat{\text{HFK}}(K_{1};\mathfrak{s}),\nonumber\\ \displaystyle F_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}} & = & \displaystyle \mathfrak{f}_{0}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }\circ \mathfrak{f}_{1}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{\infty }\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}|_{\widehat{\text{HFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})}:\widehat{\text{HFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})\longrightarrow \widehat{\text{HFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
are nilpotent.
Proof. By Lemma 4.1, for every closed
$\mathbf{x}\in \widehat{\text{CFK}}(K;\mathfrak{s})$
, we have
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle F_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}[\mathbf{x}]=[d^{1,0}(d^{0,1}(\mathbf{x}))]~\Rightarrow ~(F_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}}\circ F_{\infty }^{\mathfrak{s}})[\mathbf{x}]=[(d^{1,0}\circ d^{0,1})^{2}(\mathbf{x})]=[((d^{1,0})^{2}\circ (d^{0,1})^{2})(\mathbf{x})]=0, & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
where the last two equalities follow from (5). The other claims are proved similarly. ◻
4.2 Block decomposition for bypass homomorphisms
Let us assume that the chain complex
$C$
is defined from the Heegaard diagram
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4},\unicode[STIX]{x1D736},\unicode[STIX]{x1D737};u,z)$
. Changing the role of punctures gives the duality maps
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }(K):\mathbb{H}_{\bullet }(K)\rightarrow \mathbb{H}_{\bullet }(K)\quad \text{for }\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \},\end{eqnarray}$$
where
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }$
takes
$\mathbb{H}_{\bullet }(K;\mathfrak{s})$
to
$\mathbb{H}_{\bullet }(K,-\mathfrak{s})$
if
$\bullet =1,\infty$
and to
$\mathbb{H}_{0}(K,-\mathfrak{s}-1)$
when
$\bullet =0$
. Following the notation of [Reference EftekharyEft15], in a basis for
$\mathbb{H}_{\bullet }(K)$
where
$\mathfrak{f}_{\bullet }$
takes the block form
$(\!\begin{smallmatrix}0 & 0\\ I & 0\end{smallmatrix}\!)$
, we assume that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }=\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}A_{\bullet } & B_{\bullet }\\ C_{\bullet } & D_{\bullet }\end{array}\right)\quad \text{and}\quad \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }^{-1}=\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}\overline{A}_{\bullet } & \overline{B}_{\bullet }\\ \overline{C}_{\bullet } & \overline{D}_{\bullet }\end{array}\right),\quad \bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}.\end{eqnarray}$$
It was observed in [Reference EftekharyEft15] that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\infty }\circ \mathfrak{f}_{0}\circ \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{1}^{-1},\quad \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{0}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{1}\circ \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\infty }^{-1}\quad \text{and}\quad \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{1}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{\infty }\circ \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{0}^{-1}.\end{eqnarray}$$
The maps
$B_{0},B_{1}$
and
$B_{\infty }$
correspond to the induced maps
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{0}:\text{Ker}(\mathfrak{f}_{\infty }) & \rightarrow & \displaystyle \frac{\mathbb{H}_{0}(K)}{\text{Ker}(\mathfrak{f}_{\infty })}=\text{Coker}(\mathfrak{f}_{1}),\nonumber\\ \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{1}:\text{Ker}(\mathfrak{f}_{0}) & \rightarrow & \displaystyle \frac{\mathbb{H}_{1}(K)}{\text{Ker}(\mathfrak{f}_{0})}=\text{Coker}(\mathfrak{f}_{\infty }),\nonumber\\ \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\infty }:\text{Ker}(\mathfrak{f}_{1}) & \rightarrow & \displaystyle \frac{\mathbb{H}_{\infty }(K)}{\text{Ker}(\mathfrak{f}_{1})}=\text{Coker}(\mathfrak{f}_{0}).\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
It follows that, up to a change of basis for the vector spaces
$\text{Ker}(\mathfrak{f}_{\bullet })$
and
$\text{Coker}(\mathfrak{f}_{\bullet })$
, the matrices
$B_{\bullet }$
are well defined and are invariants of
$K$
. In particular, their sizes, ranks, injectivity and surjectivity do not depend on the particular choice of the above presentation for
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }$
. Denote the rank of
$\mathfrak{f}_{\bullet }$
by
$a_{\bullet }=a_{\bullet }(K)$
. Thus,
$a_{1},a_{\infty }$
and
$a_{0}+1$
have the same parity. Note that
$B_{0},B_{1}$
and
$B_{\infty }$
are matrices of sizes
$a_{\infty }\times a_{1}$
,
$a_{0}\times a_{\infty }$
and
$a_{1}\times a_{0}$
, respectively. Define
$X_{\bullet }=X_{\bullet }(K)$
by
$X_{0}=B_{1}\overline{B}_{0}B_{\infty },X_{1}=B_{\infty }\overline{B}_{1}B_{0}$
and
$X_{\infty }=B_{0}\overline{B}_{\infty }B_{1}$
. Similarly, define
$\overline{X}_{0}=\overline{B}_{1}B_{0}\overline{B}_{\infty },\overline{X}_{1}=\overline{B}_{\infty }B_{1}\overline{B}_{0}$
and
$\overline{X}_{\infty }=\overline{B}_{0}B_{\infty }\overline{B}_{1}$
.
Lemma 4.4. With the above notation fixed, we have
$$\begin{eqnarray}\overline{A}_{\bullet }(K)=A_{\bullet }(K),\quad \overline{B}_{\bullet }(K)=B_{\bullet }(K),\quad \overline{D}_{\bullet }(K)=D_{\bullet }(K)\quad \text{and}\quad \overline{X}_{\bullet }(K)=X_{\bullet }(K)\end{eqnarray}$$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
. Furthermore,
$X_{\bullet }(K)^{2}=0$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
.
Proof. Applying the homomorphism
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }$
twice gives an involution on
$\mathbb{H}_{\bullet }(K)=\bigoplus _{\mathfrak{s}}\mathbb{H}_{\bullet }(K,\mathfrak{s})$
which respects the decomposition by
$\text{Spin}^{c}$
structures. The resulting isomorphism
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70D}_{\bullet }=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }\circ \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }$
is an involution (i.e.
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70D}_{\bullet }\circ \unicode[STIX]{x1D70D}_{\bullet }$
is the identity map on
$\mathbb{H}_{\bullet }(K)$
), which was studied by Sarkar [Reference SarkarSar15] and by Hendricks and Manolescu [Reference Hendricks and ManolescuHM15]. In particular, [Reference SarkarSar15, Theorem 1.1] implies that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70D}_{\bullet }=\text{Id}+d_{\bullet }^{1,0}\circ d_{\bullet }^{0,1}\end{eqnarray}$$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
; cf. [Reference Hendricks and ManolescuHM15, Proposition 6.6]. Lemmas 4.1 and 4.2 imply that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\infty }^{2} & = & \displaystyle \text{Id}+d^{1,0}\circ d^{0,1}=\text{Id}+\mathfrak{f}_{0}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }\circ \mathfrak{f}_{1}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{\infty }\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}=\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}I & 0\\ X_{0}\overline{B}_{1}B_{0}\overline{A}_{\infty } & I+X_{0}\overline{X}_{0}\end{array}\right)\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle \text{Id}+d^{0,1}\circ d^{1,0}=\text{Id}+\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{\infty }\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1}\circ \mathfrak{f}_{0}\circ \overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{\infty }\circ \mathfrak{f}_{1}=\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}I+X_{1}\overline{X}_{1} & 0\\ D_{\infty }\overline{B_{1}}B_{0}\overline{X}_{1} & I\end{array}\right).\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
It follows that
$X_{0}\overline{X}_{0}=X_{1}\overline{X}_{1}=0$
. Similarly, we can show that
$X_{\infty }\overline{X}_{\infty }=0$
and we conclude that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70D}_{\bullet }=(\!\begin{smallmatrix}I & 0\\ Z_{\bullet } & I\end{smallmatrix}\!)$
. This means, in particular, that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }^{-1} & = & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D70D}_{\bullet }\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }=\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}A_{\bullet } & B_{\bullet }\\ C_{\bullet }+Z_{\bullet }A_{\bullet } & D_{\bullet }+Z_{\bullet }B_{\bullet }\end{array}\right)\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle \unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }\unicode[STIX]{x1D70D}_{\bullet }=\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}A_{\bullet }+B_{\bullet }Z_{\bullet } & B_{\bullet }\\ C_{\bullet }+D_{\bullet }Z_{\bullet } & D_{\bullet }\end{array}\right)\nonumber\\ \displaystyle & = & \displaystyle \left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}A_{\bullet } & B_{\bullet }\\ \overline{C}_{\bullet } & D_{\bullet }\end{array}\right)\nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$
and that
$\overline{X}_{\bullet }=X_{\bullet }$
.◻
Lemma 4.5. If
$K$
is a knot of genus
$g>0$
, then
$B_{1}\neq 0$
and
$B_{\infty }\neq 0$
. In particular,
$a_{\bullet }>0$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
.
Proof. Since
$H_{\ast }(M(i_{0}^{g}))=0$
by Theorem 2.5, the map
$\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0}^{g}:\mathbb{H}_{1}(K,g)\rightarrow \mathbb{H}_{\infty }(K,g)$
is an isomorphism. From here and by duality,
$\mathfrak{f}_{0}^{-g}$
is also an isomorphism and
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{\ast }(M(i_{1}^{-g}))\simeq \widehat{\text{HFK}}(K,-g).\end{eqnarray}$$
It follows from the proof of Proposition 5.3 from [Reference VafaeeVaf15] (which may be extended to knots in arbitrary homology spheres) that
$$\begin{eqnarray}H_{\ast }(M(i_{0}^{g-1}))=\mathbb{H}_{0}(K,g-1)\simeq \widehat{\text{HFK}}(K,g)\oplus \widehat{\text{HFK}}(K,g).\end{eqnarray}$$
This was also proved for fibered knots in [Reference EftekharyEft05]. Thus,
$\mathfrak{f}_{0}^{g}$
is trivial,
$\mathfrak{f}_{1}^{g}$
is injective and
$\mathfrak{f}_{\infty }^{g}$
is surjective. The triviality of
$\mathfrak{f}_{0}^{g}$
implies that
$\text{Ker}(\mathfrak{f}_{0})\setminus \text{Ker}(\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0})$
and
$\text{Im}(\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0})\setminus \text{Im}(\mathfrak{f}_{0})$
are both non-empty. Since
$\text{Ker}(\mathfrak{f}_{0})\setminus \text{Ker}(\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0})$
is non-empty, it follows that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\exists \left(\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}a\\ b\end{array}\right)\in \mathbb{H}_{1}(K)\quad \text{s.t. }\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}0 & 0\\ I & 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}a\\ b\end{array}\right)=0\quad \text{and}\quad \left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}A_{\infty } & B_{\infty }\\ C_{\infty } & D_{\infty }\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}0 & 0\\ I & 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}A_{1} & B_{1}\\ \overline{C}_{1} & D_{1}\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}a\\ b\end{array}\right)\neq 0.\end{eqnarray}$$
Thus,
$a=0$
and
$(\!\begin{smallmatrix}B_{\infty }B_{1}b\\ D_{\infty }B_{1}b\end{smallmatrix}\!)\neq 0$
. In particular,
$B_{1}\neq 0$
.
Similarly, from the condition
$\text{Im}(\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{0})\setminus \text{Im}(\mathfrak{f}_{0})\neq \emptyset$
, it follows that
$\text{Ker}(\overline{\mathfrak{f}}_{1})\setminus \text{Ker}(\mathfrak{f}_{1})$
is non-empty and thus
$B_{\infty }\neq 0$
.◻
Lemma 4.6. For every knot
$K$
,
$X_{\bullet }^{2}=0$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
. In particular, if
$K$
is non-trivial, the kernel and the cokernel of
$X_{\bullet }$
are non-trivial.
Proof. The first claim is already proved in the discussion preceding Lemma 4.5. The second claim is a consequence of the first, since
$a_{\bullet }>0$
by Lemma 4.5.◻
If
$P_{\bullet }$
is an invertible
$a_{\bullet }\times a_{\bullet }$
matrix and the matrices
$Y_{\bullet }$
are arbitrary matrices of correct size, we may choose a change of basis for either of
$\mathbb{H}_{0}(K),\mathbb{H}_{1}(K)$
and
$\mathbb{H}_{\infty }(K)$
, which is given by the invertible matrices
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathbb{P}_{0}=\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}P_{\infty } & 0\\ Y_{0} & P_{1}\end{array}\right),\quad \mathbb{P}_{1}=\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}P_{0} & 0\\ Y_{1} & P_{\infty }\end{array}\right)\quad \text{and}\quad \mathbb{P}_{\infty }=\left(\begin{array}{@{}cc@{}}P_{1} & 0\\ Y_{\infty } & P_{0}\end{array}\right),\end{eqnarray}$$
respectively. The block forms
$\mathfrak{f}_{\bullet }=(\!\begin{smallmatrix}0 & 0\\ I & 0\end{smallmatrix}\!)$
remain unchanged under such a change of basis. A simultaneous change of basis of the form illustrated in (12) is called an admissible change of basis. The following lemma will be useful through our forthcoming discussions.
Lemma 4.7. Suppose that
$K$
is a knot in a homology sphere and, for
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
, let
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }$
denote
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }(K)$
and
$X_{\bullet }$
denote the matrix
$X_{\bullet }(K)$
. Choose
$$\begin{eqnarray}(\circ ,\bullet ,\ast )\in \{(0,1,\infty ),(1,\infty ,0),(\infty ,0,1)\}.\end{eqnarray}$$
(1) If
$B_{\circ }(K),B_{\bullet }(K)$
are injective and
$B_{\ast }(K)$
is surjective, after an admissible change of basis we may assume that (13)(2) If
$B_{\circ }(K),B_{\bullet }(K)$
are surjective and
$B_{\ast }(K)$
is injective, after an admissible change of basis we may assume that(14)
Proof. It is important to note that when
$B_{\bullet }$
is injective, we can assume that
$D_{\bullet }=0$
and
$Z_{\bullet }$
is thus zero. This implies that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }^{-1}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }$
. Similarly, when
$B_{\bullet }$
is surjective, we can assume that
$\overline{A}_{\bullet }=A_{\bullet }=0$
and
$Z_{\bullet }$
is thus zero. Again, this implies that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }^{-1}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }$
. The rest of the proof consists of straightforward linear algebra.◻
Definition 4.8. The knot
$K$
inside the homology sphere
$Y$
is called full-rank if all three matrices
$B_{0}(K),B_{1}(K)$
and
$B_{\infty }(K)$
are full-rank.
If
$K$
is full-rank, it is implied that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70D}_{\bullet }(K)=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }(K)^{2}$
is the identity. We may thus assume that
$\overline{\Box }_{\bullet }=\Box _{\bullet }$
for
$\Box \in \{A,B,C,D,X\}$
and
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
.
5 Splicing and homology sphere
$L$
-spaces
5.1 Special pairs
Given an arbitrary matrix
$M$
, denote the rank of
$\text{Ker}(M)$
by
$k(M)$
, denote the rank of
$\text{Coker}(M)$
by
$c(M)$
and set
$h(M)=k(M)+c(M)$
. The matrices
$M_{1}$
and
$M_{2}$
are called equivalent if
$k(M_{1})=k(M_{2})$
and
$c(M_{1})=c(M_{2})$
. If
$M^{\star }\in M_{n_{\star }\times m_{\star }}(\mathbb{F})$
for
$\star =1,2$
are a pair of matrices,
$M^{1}\otimes M^{2}\in M_{n_{1}n_{2}\times m_{1}m_{2}}(\mathbb{F})$
denotes the associated map from
$\mathbb{F}^{m_{1}m_{2}}=\mathbb{F}^{m_{1}}\otimes \mathbb{F}^{m_{2}}$
to
$\mathbb{F}^{n_{1}n_{2}}=\mathbb{F}^{n_{1}}\otimes \mathbb{F}^{n_{2}}$
.
Let
$Y=Y(K_{1},K_{2})$
denote the three-manifold obtained by splicing the complements of
$K_{1}\subset Y_{1}$
and
$K_{2}\subset Y_{2}$
, where
$Y_{1}$
and
$Y_{2}$
are homology spheres. For
$\Box \in \{A,B,C,D,X,\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}\}$
,
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
and
$\star \in \{1,2\}$
, let
$\Box _{\bullet }^{\star }=\Box _{\bullet }(K_{\star })$
. Proposition 5.4 from [Reference EftekharyEft15] and the discussion following it give the following.
Proposition 5.1. If
$K_{i}$
is a knot inside the homology sphere
$Y_{i}$
for
$i=1,2$
,
$$\begin{eqnarray}\text{rnk}~\widehat{\text{HF}}(Y(K_{1},K_{2});\mathbb{F})=h(\mathfrak{D}(K_{1},K_{2})),\end{eqnarray}$$
where the matrix
$\mathfrak{D}=\mathfrak{D}(K_{1},K_{2})$
is given by
$$\begin{eqnarray}\mathfrak{D}=\left(\begin{array}{@{}cccccc@{}}B_{1}^{1}\otimes B_{1}^{2} & B_{1}^{1}\otimes A_{1}^{2} & 0 & A_{1}^{1}\otimes B_{1}^{2} & 0 & 0\\ 0 & A_{0}^{1}\otimes B_{\infty }^{2} & B_{0}^{1}\otimes B_{\infty }^{2} & 0 & 0 & B_{0}^{1}\otimes A_{\infty }^{2}\\ & & & & & \\ D_{1}^{1}\otimes B_{1}^{2} & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}D_{1}^{1}\otimes A_{1}^{2}\\ +A_{0}^{1}\otimes D_{\infty }^{2}\end{array} & B_{0}^{1}\otimes D_{\infty }^{2} & C_{1}^{1}\otimes B_{1}^{2} & 0 & B_{0}^{1}\otimes C_{\infty }^{2}\\ & & & & & \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes A_{0}^{2} & B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2} & A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}\\ & & & & & \\ B_{1}^{1}\otimes D_{1}^{2} & B_{1}^{1}\otimes C_{1}^{2} & 0 & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}D_{\infty }^{1}\otimes A_{0}^{2}\\ +A_{1}^{1}\otimes D_{1}^{2}\end{array} & D_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2} & C_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}\\ & & & & & \\ 0 & C_{0}^{1}\otimes B_{\infty }^{2} & D_{0}^{1}\otimes B_{\infty }^{2} & B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes C_{0}^{2} & B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2} & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2}\\ +D_{0}^{1}\otimes A_{\infty }^{2}\\ +X_{1}^{1}\otimes X_{1}^{2}\end{array}\end{array}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$
For the purposes of this paper, it is usually easier to work with a matrix
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2})$
, which is equivalent to
$\mathfrak{D}(K_{1},K_{2})$
and is given by the block form
$$\begin{eqnarray}\left(\begin{array}{@{}cccccc@{}}D_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes B_{1}^{2}A_{0}^{2} & B_{1}^{1}A_{0}^{1}\otimes I & B_{1}^{1}B_{0}^{1}\otimes I & D_{\infty }^{1}A_{1}^{1}\otimes B_{1}^{2}A_{0}^{2} & I\otimes B_{1}^{2}B_{0}^{2} & 0\\ & & & \\ I\otimes B_{\infty }^{2}B_{1}^{2} & D_{1}^{1}A_{0}^{1}\otimes B_{\infty }^{2}A_{1}^{2} & D_{1}^{1}B_{0}^{1}\otimes B_{\infty }^{2}A_{1}^{2} & 0 & B_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes I & B_{0}^{1}A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes I\\ & & & \\ I\otimes D_{\infty }^{2}B_{1}^{2} & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}I\otimes I+\\ D_{1}^{1}A_{0}^{1}\otimes D_{\infty }^{2}A_{1}^{2}\end{array} & D_{1}^{1}B_{0}^{1}\otimes D_{\infty }^{2}A_{1}^{2} & 0 & 0 & 0\\ & & & \\ B_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes I & 0 & I\otimes B_{0}^{2}B_{\infty }^{2} & B_{\infty }^{1}A_{1}^{1}\otimes I & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}D_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}A_{\infty }^{2}\\ +X_{1}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2}\end{array} & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}D_{0}^{1}A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}A_{\infty }^{2}\\ +X_{1}^{1}A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2}\end{array}\\ & & & \\ D_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes D_{1}^{2}A_{0}^{2} & 0 & 0 & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}I\otimes I+\\ D_{\infty }^{1}A_{1}^{1}\otimes D_{1}^{2}A_{0}^{2}\end{array} & I\otimes D_{1}^{2}B_{0}^{2} & 0\\ & & & \\ 0 & 0 & I\otimes D_{0}^{2}B_{\infty }^{2} & 0 & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}D_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2}A_{\infty }^{2}\\ +X_{1}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2}\end{array} & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}I\otimes I+\\ D_{0}^{1}A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2}A_{\infty }^{2}\\ +X_{1}^{1}A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2}\end{array}\end{array}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$
A change of basis changes
$\mathfrak{D}(K_{1},K_{2})$
to
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2})$
, as discussed in [Reference EftekharyEft15]. Here, it is important to note that
$\overline{\Box }_{\bullet }^{i}=\Box _{\bullet }^{i}$
for
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
,
$i=1,2$
and
$\Box \in \{A,B,D,X\}$
.
This is the original formulation of [Reference EftekharyEft15, Proposition 5.4], which was proved based on the incorrect assumption that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\bullet }(K_{i})$
is an involution for
$i=1,2$
and
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
. The above two splicing formulas are corrected in [Reference EftekharyEft17]. The first matrix presentation remains unchanged, while in the second matrix presentation some of the matrices
$\Box _{\bullet }^{i}$
are changed to
$\overline{\Box }_{\bullet }^{i}$
for
$\Box \in \{A,B,C,D,X\},\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
and
$i\in \{1,2\}$
. It is then important to note that the matrices
$\overline{C}_{\bullet }^{i}$
are not used in the original and revised splicing formula. Lemma 4.4 thus implies that the above splicing formulas are in fact valid.
There is a symmetry between
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
in the block presentation of
$\mathfrak{D}(K_{1},K_{2})$
, which may be made precise as follows. If we re-order the row blocks and the column blocks of
$\mathfrak{D}(K_{1},K_{2})$
using the permutation
$$\begin{eqnarray}(1,2,3,4,5,6)\longrightarrow (1,4,5,2,3,6),\end{eqnarray}$$
we obtain a new matrix with entries of the form
$X^{1}\otimes X^{2}$
(or a sum of such elements). We may further change every such entry to
$X^{2}\otimes X^{1}$
. The resulting matrix is
$\mathfrak{D}(K_{2},K_{1})$
. This symmetry shows that
$\mathfrak{D}(K_{1},K_{2})$
is equivalent to
$\mathfrak{D}(K_{2},K_{1})$
. The disadvantage of using
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2})$
is that the symmetry between
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
is not seen in the splicing formula when we use
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2})$
. Yet, the equivalence of
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2})$
with
$\mathfrak{D}(K_{1},K_{2})$
implies that
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2})$
is equivalent to
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{2},K_{1})$
.
Definition 5.2. The pair
$(K_{1},K_{2})$
is called a special pair if
$\widehat{\text{HF}}(Y(K_{1},K_{2});\mathbb{F})=\mathbb{F}$
.
Suppose, throughout this section, that
$(K_{1},K_{2})$
is a special pair. Let
$k_{\star }^{\bullet }=k(B_{\star }^{\bullet })$
and
$c_{\star }^{\bullet }=c(B_{\star }^{\bullet })$
for
$\star \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
and
$\bullet =1,2$
. Define
$\imath :\{0,1,\infty \}\rightarrow \{0,1,\infty \}$
by
$\imath (0)=\infty ,\imath (1)=1$
and
$\imath (\infty )=0$
. For
$\mathfrak{D}=\mathfrak{D}(K_{1},K_{2})$
, the cokernel and kernel of
$\mathfrak{D}$
include subspaces
$\text{C}(\mathfrak{D})$
and
$\text{K}(\mathfrak{D})$
(respectively), which are isomorphic to
$$\begin{eqnarray}\bigoplus _{\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}}\text{Coker}(B_{\bullet }^{1})\otimes \text{Coker}(B_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2})\quad \text{and}\quad \bigoplus _{\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}}\text{Ker}(B_{\bullet }^{1})\otimes \text{Ker}(B_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}),\end{eqnarray}$$
respectively, and correspond to the first, second and fourth rows, and to the first, third and fifth columns, respectively. Moreover, if
$A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2}+D_{0}^{1}\otimes A_{\infty }^{2}=0$
(which may be assumed after an admissible change of basis if
$c_{\infty }^{1}k_{0}^{2}=k_{0}^{1}c_{\infty }^{2}=0$
), the cokernel also includes a subspace isomorphic to
$\text{Coker}(B_{\infty }^{1})\otimes \text{Coker}(B_{\infty }^{2})$
and the kernel includes a subspace isomorphic to
$\text{Ker}(B_{0}^{1})\otimes \text{Ker}(B_{0}^{2})$
. These two subspaces correspond to the last row and the last column of the matrix
$\mathfrak{D}(K_{1},K_{2})$
, since
$\text{Ker}(B_{0}^{\star })\subset \text{Ker}(X_{1}^{\star })$
for
$\star =1,2$
, while
$\text{Coker}(B_{\infty }^{\star })$
is a quotient of
$\text{Coker}(X_{1}^{\star })$
.
Denote the ranks of
$\text{K}(\mathfrak{D})$
and
$\text{C}(\mathfrak{D})$
by
$\widehat{k}(\mathfrak{D})$
and
$\widehat{c}(\mathfrak{D})$
, respectively. Thus,
$k(\mathfrak{D})+c(\mathfrak{D})\leqslant 1$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}\widehat{k}(\mathfrak{D})=\mathop{\sum }_{\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}}k_{\bullet }^{1}k_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}\leqslant k(\mathfrak{D})\quad \text{and}\quad \widehat{c}(\mathfrak{D})=\mathop{\sum }_{\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}}c_{\bullet }^{1}c_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}\leqslant c(\mathfrak{D}).\end{eqnarray}$$
Proposition 5.3. If
$(K_{1},K_{2})$
is a special pair, then possibly after interchanging
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
, one of the following is the case.
- (G)
- $K_{1}$
is full-rank.
- (S-1)
The matrix
$B_{0}^{2}$
is invertible,
$B_{0}^{1}$
is surjective and
$B_{1}^{1}$
and
$B_{\infty }^{2}$
are injective.- (S-2)
The matrix
$B_{0}^{2}$
is invertible,
$B_{0}^{1}$
is injective and
$B_{1}^{1}$
and
$B_{\infty }^{2}$
are surjective.
Proof. We assume that
$(K_{1},K_{2})$
is a special pair, while none of
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
is full-rank. Let us first assume that both
$\widehat{k}(\mathfrak{D})$
and
$\widehat{c}(\mathfrak{D})$
are zero. From the above assumption, we find that
$k_{\bullet }^{1}k_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}=c_{\bullet }^{1}c_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}=0$
for
$\bullet =0,1,\infty$
. If
$B_{\bullet }^{1}$
is not a full-rank matrix, then both
$c_{\bullet }^{1}$
and
$k_{\bullet }^{1}$
are non-zero. From here,
$k_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}=c_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}=0$
, i.e.
$B_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}$
is invertible. Since the parity of
$a_{0}^{2}$
is different from the parity of
$a_{1}^{2}$
and
$a_{\infty }^{2}$
, the matrices
$B_{1}^{2}$
and
$B_{\infty }^{2}$
cannot be square matrices. Thus,
$\imath (\bullet )=0$
and
$\bullet =\infty$
. In other words, we conclude that
$B_{0}^{1}$
and
$B_{1}^{1}$
are full-rank and
$B_{0}^{2}$
is invertible, while
$B_{\infty }^{2}$
is not full-rank. Similarly, we may conclude that
$B_{1}^{2}$
is full-rank and
$B_{0}^{1}$
is invertible, while
$B_{\infty }^{1}$
is not full-rank. Moreover, since
$c_{1}^{1}c_{1}^{2}=k_{1}^{1}k_{1}^{2}=0$
, precisely one of
$B_{1}^{1}$
and
$B_{1}^{2}$
is injective and the other one is surjective. Without loss of generality, we may thus assume that:
–
$B_{0}^{1}$
and
$B_{0}^{2}$
are invertible,
$B_{1}^{1}$
is injective and
$B_{1}^{2}$
is surjective;– none of
$B_{\infty }^{1}$
and
$B_{\infty }^{2}$
is full-rank.
In particular,
$k_{\infty }^{1}>c_{\infty }^{1}>0$
and
$c_{\infty }^{2}>k_{\infty }^{2}>0$
. Since
$B_{0}^{1}$
and
$B_{0}^{2}$
are both invertible, we may assume that
$D_{0}^{1}=0$
and
$D_{0}^{2}=0$
. From here, the cokernel of
$\mathfrak{D}$
includes a subspace isomorphic to
$\text{Coker}(B_{\infty }^{1})\otimes \text{Coker}(B_{\infty }^{2})$
, which is of size
$c_{\infty }^{1}c_{\infty }^{2}\geqslant 2$
. This implies that
$(K_{1},K_{2})$
is not special.
From this contradiction, we conclude that one of
$\widehat{k}(\mathfrak{D})$
and
$\widehat{c}(\mathfrak{D})$
is non-zero. Suppose that
$\widehat{c}(\mathfrak{D})=1$
and
$\widehat{k}(\mathfrak{D})=0$
. For some
$\bullet \in \{0,1,\infty \}$
, we thus have
$c_{\bullet }^{1}=c_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}=1$
, while
$k_{\bullet }^{1}k_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}=0$
and, for
$\star \neq \bullet$
, we have
$c_{\star }^{1}c_{\imath (\star )}^{2}=k_{\star }^{1}k_{\imath (\star )}^{2}=0$
. Without loss of generality, we may assume that
$k_{\bullet }^{1}=0$
. Thus,
$B_{\bullet }^{1}$
is injective with a one-dimensional cokernel. In particular, the parities of the number of rows and the number of columns for
$B_{\bullet }^{1}$
are different, i.e.
$\bullet \neq 0$
. Thus,
$c_{0}^{1}c_{\infty }^{2}=k_{0}^{1}k_{\infty }^{2}=0$
. Since
$B_{\infty }^{2}$
is not a square matrix, at least one of
$c_{\infty }^{2}$
and
$k_{\infty }^{2}$
is non-zero, implying that at least one of
$c_{0}^{1}$
and
$k_{0}^{1}$
is zero, i.e.
$B_{0}^{1}$
is full-rank. The assumption that
$K_{1}$
is not full-rank implies that
$B_{\star }^{1}$
is not full-rank, where
$\{\star \}=\{1,\infty \}\setminus \{\bullet \}$
. From here,
$c_{\star }^{1},k_{\star }^{1}>0$
. Together with
$c_{\star }^{1}c_{\imath (\star )}^{2}=k_{\star }^{1}k_{\imath (\star )}^{2}=0$
, this implies that
$c_{\imath (\star )}^{2}=k_{\imath (\star )}^{2}=0$
, i.e.
$B_{\imath (\star )}^{2}$
is invertible. Thus,
$\imath (\star )=0,\star =\infty$
and
$\bullet =1$
. We thus conclude that:
–
$B_{0}^{2}$
is invertible,
$B_{0}^{1}$
is full-rank,
$B_{1}^{1}$
is injective and
$B_{\infty }^{1}$
is not full-rank;–
$c_{1}^{1}=c_{1}^{2}=1$
.
Since
$B_{0}^{2}$
is invertible, we may assume that
$A_{0}^{2}=D_{0}^{2}=0$
. If
$B_{0}^{1}$
is injective, we may also assume that
$D_{0}^{1}=0$
and that
$\text{Coker}(\mathfrak{D})$
includes a subspace isomorphic to
$\text{Coker}(B_{\infty }^{1})\otimes \text{Coker}(B_{\infty }^{2})$
and of size
$c_{\infty }^{1}c_{\infty }^{2}$
. Since
$c_{\infty }^{1}\neq 0$
, we conclude that
$B_{\infty }^{2}$
is surjective. From here,
$a_{\infty }^{2}=a_{1}^{2}\leqslant a_{0}^{2}-1$
and
$1-k_{1}^{2}=c_{1}^{2}-k_{1}^{2}=a_{0}^{2}-a_{\infty }^{2}\geqslant 1$
. We thus find that
$k_{1}^{2}=0$
and
$K_{2}$
is full-rank, which is a contradiction. Thus,
$k_{0}^{1}>0$
and
$c_{0}^{1}=0$
. From
$k_{0}^{1}k_{\infty }^{2}=0$
, we find that
$k_{\infty }^{2}=0$
, i.e.
$B_{\infty }^{2}$
is injective and the conditions of (S-1) are satisfied. A similar argument reduces the case
$\widehat{k}(\mathfrak{D})=1$
and
$\widehat{c}(\mathfrak{D})=0$
to (S-2).◻
Proposition 5.4. Given the pair of knots
$(K_{1},K_{2})$
, where
$K_{1}$
is a full-rank knot and for any
$(\circ ,\bullet ,\ast )\in \{(0,1,\infty ),(1,\infty ,0),(\infty ,0,1)\}$
:
- (K)
if
$B_{\circ }^{1},B_{\bullet }^{1}$
are injective and
$B_{\ast }^{1}$
is surjective, then$$\begin{eqnarray}c(\mathfrak{D})\geqslant c_{\bullet }^{1}c_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}+c_{\circ }^{1}c_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}\quad \text{and}\quad k(\mathfrak{D})\geqslant k(X_{\bullet }^{1})k(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}X_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2});\end{eqnarray}$$
- (C)
if
$B_{\circ }^{1},B_{\bullet }^{1}$
are surjective and
$B_{\ast }^{1}$
is injective, then $$\begin{eqnarray}k(\mathfrak{D})\geqslant k_{\bullet }^{1}k_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}+k_{\circ }^{1}k_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}\quad \text{and}\quad c(\mathfrak{D})\geqslant c(X_{\circ }^{1})c(X_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}).\end{eqnarray}$$
Proof. The first claim in either of cases (K) and (C) is already observed in our earlier discussions. We thus need to prove the second claim in each case. The proofs are very similar. In fact, the proof of claim (C) for
$(\circ ,\bullet ,\ast )$
is almost identical to the proof of claim (K) for
$(\imath (\bullet ),\imath (\circ ),\imath (\ast ))$
because of the symmetry in the block presentation of
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }$
. We will only go through the proof for
$(\circ ,\bullet ,\ast )=(0,1,\infty )$
.
In case (K), after an admissible change of basis, we may assume that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{0}(K_{1}),\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{1}(K_{1})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\infty }(K_{1})$
take the standard form of (13). Since
$D_{0}^{1}=D_{1}^{1}=A_{\infty }^{1}=0$
, the
$(3,2)$
entry and the
$(6,6)$
entry of the matrix
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }=\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2})$
are both the identity matrix. The matrix
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }$
is thus equivalent to the matrix
$$\begin{eqnarray}\left(\begin{array}{@{}cccc@{}}\begin{array}{@{}c@{}}D_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes B_{1}^{2}A_{0}^{2}+\\ B_{1}^{1}A_{0}^{1}\otimes D_{\infty }^{2}B_{1}^{2}\end{array} & B_{1}^{1}B_{0}^{1}\otimes I & D_{\infty }^{1}A_{1}^{1}\otimes B_{1}^{2}A_{0}^{2} & I\otimes B_{1}^{2}B_{0}^{2}\\ & & & \\ I\otimes B_{\infty }^{2}B_{1}^{2} & 0 & 0 & B_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes I\\ & & & \\ B_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes I & I\otimes B_{0}^{2}B_{\infty }^{2} & B_{\infty }^{1}A_{1}^{1}\otimes I & X_{1}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2}\\ & & & \\ D_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes D_{1}^{2}A_{0}^{2} & 0 & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}I\otimes I+\\ D_{\infty }^{1}A_{1}^{1}\otimes D_{1}^{2}A_{0}^{2}\end{array} & I\otimes D_{1}^{2}B_{0}^{2}\\ \end{array}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$
Replacing the block forms for
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\star }(K_{1})$
gives the following presentation of the above matrix:
After subtracting
$I\otimes B_{0}^{2}B_{\infty }^{2}$
times the first row from the sixth row, the identity matrices which appear in the entries
$(1,3),(7,4)$
and
$(8,5)$
of the above matrix become the only non-zero entries of their respective columns. They may thus be used for the cancellation of the third, the fourth and the fifth columns against the first, the seventh and the eighth rows. We thus arrive at a
$6\times 6$
matrix equivalent to
$\mathfrak{D}$
, which is of the form
$$\begin{eqnarray}\left(\begin{array}{@{}cccccc@{}}\star & \star & \star & 0 & \star & \star \\ \star & \star & \star & 0 & \star & \star \\ \star & \star & \star & X_{1}^{1}\otimes I & \star & \star \\ \star & \star & \star & 0 & \star & \star \\ \star & \star & \star & I\otimes B_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2} & \star & \star \\ \star & \star & \star & 0 & \star & \star \\ \end{array}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$
Since the kernel of
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }$
includes a subspace which is isomorphic to the kernel corresponding to the fourth column, we find that
$k(\mathfrak{D})=k(\mathfrak{D}^{\prime })\geqslant k(X_{1}^{1})k(B_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2})$
.
For case (C), using Lemma 4.7, choose the standard block form of (14) for
$K_{1}$
. In particular,
$A_{0}^{1},A_{1}^{1}$
and
$D_{\infty }^{1}$
are all zero. The entries
$(3,2)$
and
$(5,4)$
of
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }$
are thus identity matrices, which may be used for cancellation. Add
$B_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2}$
times the second row of the resulting matrix to its third row, add
$B_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2}$
times the second row to the last row and note that
$B_{1}^{1}D_{1}^{1}=0$
to arrive at the following matrix, which is equivalent to
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }$
and thus to
$\mathfrak{D}$
:
$$\begin{eqnarray}\left(\begin{array}{@{}cccc@{}}0 & B_{1}^{1}B_{0}^{1}\otimes I & I\otimes B_{1}^{2}B_{0}^{2} & 0\\ & & & \\ I\otimes B_{\infty }^{2}B_{1}^{2} & D_{1}^{1}B_{0}^{1}\otimes B_{\infty }^{2}A_{1}^{2} & B_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes I & B_{0}^{1}A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes I\\ & & & \\ B_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes I & I\otimes B_{0}^{2}B_{\infty }^{2} & D_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}A_{\infty }^{2} & D_{0}^{1}A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}A_{\infty }^{2}\\ & & & \\ B_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2}B_{\infty }^{2}B_{1}^{2} & I\otimes D_{0}^{2}B_{\infty }^{2} & D_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2}A_{\infty }^{2} & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}I\otimes I+\\ D_{0}^{1}A_{\infty }^{1}\otimes D_{0}^{2}A_{\infty }^{2}\end{array}\end{array}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$
Replacing the block forms of (14) for
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{0}(K_{1}),\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{1}(K_{1})$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\infty }(K_{1})$
, we arrive at a matrix of the form
which is in turn equivalent to a matrix of the form
$$\begin{eqnarray}\left(\begin{array}{@{}cccccccc@{}}\star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star \\ \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star \\ \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star \\ \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star \\ 0 & X_{0}^{1}\otimes I & 0 & 0 & I\otimes X_{\infty }^{2}B_{0}^{2} & 0 & 0 & 0\\ \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star \\ \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star \\ \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star & \star \\ \end{array}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$
In particular, we conclude that
$c(\mathfrak{D})\geqslant c(X_{0}^{1})c(X_{\infty }^{2}B_{0}^{2})$
. This completes the proof of case (C) when
$(\circ ,\bullet ,\ast )=(0,1,\infty )$
.◻
5.2 The special cases (S-1) and (S-2)
Lemma 5.5. If
$(K_{1},K_{2})$
is a special pair of type (S-1) or (S-2), then one of the knots
$K_{1}$
or
$K_{2}$
is trivial.
Proof. Suppose otherwise that
$(K_{1},K_{2})$
is a special pair of type (S-1) and that both
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
are non-trivial. After an admissible change of basis, assume that
In particular,
$A_{0}^{1}$
and
$D_{1}^{1}$
are zero. We may also assume that
In particular,
$A_{0}^{2},D_{0}^{2}$
and
$D_{\infty }^{2}$
are zero. The identity matrices which appear as entries
$(3,2)$
,
$(5,4)$
and
$(6,6)$
in
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2})$
may be used for cancellation to obtain the equivalent matrix
$$\begin{eqnarray}\left(\begin{array}{@{}cccc@{}}0 & B_{1}^{1}B_{0}^{1}\otimes I & I\otimes B_{1}^{2}B_{0}^{2}\\ & & & \\ I\otimes B_{\infty }^{2}B_{1}^{2} & 0 & B_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes I\\ & & & \\ B_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes I & I\otimes B_{0}^{2}B_{\infty }^{2} & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}D_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}A_{\infty }^{2}\\ +X_{1}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2}\\ +B_{\infty }^{1}A_{1}^{1}\otimes D_{1}^{2}B_{0}^{2}\end{array}\end{array}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$
Subtracting
$X_{1}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}B_{\infty }^{2}$
times the first row from the third row, we arrive at the equivalent matrix
$$\begin{eqnarray}\left(\begin{array}{@{}cccc@{}}0 & B_{1}^{1}B_{0}^{1}\otimes I & I\otimes B_{1}^{2}B_{0}^{2}\\ & & & \\ I\otimes B_{\infty }^{2}B_{1}^{2} & 0 & B_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes I\\ & & & \\ B_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes I & I\otimes B_{0}^{2}B_{\infty }^{2} & \begin{array}{@{}c@{}}D_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes B_{0}^{2}A_{\infty }^{2}\\ +B_{\infty }^{1}A_{1}^{1}\otimes D_{1}^{2}B_{0}^{2}\end{array}\end{array}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$
Replacing the block forms of (18) and (17), the above matrix takes the form
Subtract the first row from the fifth row and use the identity matrices which appear as
$(1,3)$
and
$(7,4)$
entries of the above matrix for cancellation to arrive at the following equivalent matrix:
$$\begin{eqnarray}\left(\begin{array}{@{}cccccc@{}}0 & \star & 0 & \star & \star & \star \\ I\otimes X_{\infty }^{2} & \star & X_{\infty }^{1}\otimes I & \star & \star & \star \\ 0 & \star & 0 & \star & \star & \star \\ X_{\infty }^{1}\otimes I & \star & I\otimes X_{\infty }^{2} & \star & \star & \star \\ 0 & \star & 0 & \star & \star & \star \\ 0 & \star & 0 & \star & \star & \star \end{array}\right).\end{eqnarray}$$
From the above presentation, we conclude that
$$\begin{eqnarray}k(\mathfrak{D})=k(\mathfrak{D}^{\prime })\geqslant 2k(X_{\infty }^{1})k(X_{\infty }^{2})\geqslant 2.\end{eqnarray}$$
This contradiction rules out the case (S-1). Ruling out the case (S-2) is similar. ◻
6 Incompressible tori in homology spheres
6.1 The main theorem
Theorem 6.1. Suppose that
$K_{i}$
is a non-trivial knot in the homology sphere
$Y_{i}$
for
$i=1,2$
. Let
$Y=Y(K_{1},K_{2})$
denote the three-manifold obtained by splicing the complements of
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
. Then the rank of
$\widehat{\text{HF}}(Y)$
is bigger than
$1$
.
Proof. Suppose otherwise that
$Y$
is an
$L$
-space. Thus,
$(K_{1},K_{2})$
is a special pair. By Proposition 5.3 and Lemma 5.5, we may assume that
$K_{1}$
is full-rank. In particular, one of the cases (K) or (C) from Proposition 5.4 will happen. Note that in case (K) the kernel of
$\mathfrak{D}$
is necessarily non-trivial by Lemma 4.6, while in case (C) the cokernel of
$\mathfrak{D}$
is non-trivial.
Let us assume that (K) is the case. Thus,
$c(\mathfrak{D})=0$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}k(X_{\bullet }^{1})=k(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}X_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2})=1.\end{eqnarray}$$
Note that
$\text{Ker}(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2})\subset \text{Ker}(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}X_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2})$
, which implies that either
$B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}$
is injective or we have
$\text{Ker}(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2})=\text{Ker}(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}X_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2})$
. Let us first assume that the latter happens. It follows that
$$\begin{eqnarray}\text{Ker}(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2})=\text{Ker}(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}X_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2})=\text{Ker}(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}X_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}X_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2})=\text{Ker}(0),\end{eqnarray}$$
since
$X_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}X_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}=0$
by Lemma 4.6. Since
$B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}\neq 0$
for
$\ast =0,1$
, this cannot happen unless
$\ast =\infty$
and
$B_{0}^{2}=0$
. By assumption,
$B_{0}^{1}$
and
$B_{1}^{1}$
are injective, while
$B_{\infty }^{1}$
is surjective, implying that
$a_{0}^{1}\geqslant a_{\infty }^{1}\geqslant a_{1}^{1}$
. Since the parity of
$a_{0}^{1}$
is different from the parity of
$a_{1}^{1}$
and
$a_{\infty }^{1}$
, we may further assume that
$a_{0}^{1}>a_{\infty }^{1}\geqslant a_{1}^{1}$
. Furthermore, we may assume that
$D_{0}^{1}=D_{1}^{1}=A_{\infty }^{1}=0$
. The kernel of
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }$
has a subspace, which corresponds to the fifth column of
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }$
and is isomorphic to
$\text{Ker}(B_{0}^{1}B_{\infty }^{1}\otimes I)$
. The rank of this subspace is at least
$(a_{0}^{1}-a_{\infty }^{1})a_{1}^{2}$
. This implies that
$a_{1}^{2}=1$
and, for some positive integer
$a$
,
$$\begin{eqnarray}a_{0}^{1}-1=a_{\infty }^{1}=a_{1}^{1}=a.\end{eqnarray}$$
Since
$a_{\infty }^{1}=a_{1}^{1}$
, it follows that
$B_{0}^{1}$
is invertible. Part (1) of Lemma 4.7 then implies that (after an admissible change of basis) we may assume that
for some
$a\times 1$
matrix
$x$
, some
$a\times a$
matrix
$d$
and some
$1\times a$
matrix
$d^{\prime }$
. Proposition 5.4 then implies that
$$\begin{eqnarray}1=k(\mathfrak{D})\geqslant k(X_{1}^{1})k(B_{0}^{2}X_{1}^{2})=k(X_{1}^{1})\geqslant 1.\end{eqnarray}$$
This means that
$X_{1}^{1}$
is an
$a\times a$
matrix of rank
$a-1$
, and there is a unique
$1\times a$
vector
$y$
with
$yX_{1}^{1}=0$
. Since
$B_{\infty }^{1}$
is full-rank,
$yx\in \mathbb{F}$
cannot be
$0$
, i.e.
$yx=1$
. Note that the
$(1,2)$
entry of
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\infty }^{1})^{2}$
is zero, implying that
$$\begin{eqnarray}X_{1}^{1}d+xd^{\prime }=0\quad \Rightarrow \quad yX_{1}^{1}d+yxd^{\prime }=0.\end{eqnarray}$$
Since
$yX_{1}^{1}=0$
and
$yx=1$
, we conclude that
$d^{\prime }=0$
. We can now replace the block forms of (19) in the matrix of (15) (which is equivalent to
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }$
) and obtain the matrix
If we add
$\star _{0}\cdot (y\otimes I)$
times the fourth row to the last row, the last row of the resulting equivalent matrix becomes zero. It follows that the cokernel of the above matrix has a subspace of size
$a_{\infty }^{2}>0$
. In particular,
$c(\mathfrak{D})>0$
. From this contradiction, we conclude that
$B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}$
is injective.
Let us first assume that
$B_{0}^{1}$
is not invertible. Then
$c_{\bullet }^{1},c_{\circ }^{1}\neq 0$
. From the equalities
$c_{\bullet }^{1}c_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}=c_{\circ }^{1}c_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}=0$
, we conclude that
$B_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}$
and
$B_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}$
are both surjective. Thus,
$K_{2}$
is full-rank and, by part (C) of Proposition 5.4,
$c(\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{2},K_{1}))>0$
. Since
$c(\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{2},K_{1}))=c(\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2}))$
, this is a contradiction, which implies that
$B_{0}^{1}$
is invertible. Moreover, the argument implies that
$0\in \{\circ ,\bullet \}$
and at least one of
$c_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}$
and
$c_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}$
is trivial. It is easy to conclude from here that we are then either in case (S-1) or in case (S-2) of Proposition 5.3, which are both excluded by Lemma 5.5. The contradiction rules out case (K) of Proposition 5.4.
Now assume that (C) is the case. Thus,
$k(\mathfrak{D})=0$
and
$$\begin{eqnarray}c(X_{\circ }^{1})=c(X_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2})=1.\end{eqnarray}$$
Note that
$\text{Coker}(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2})$
is a quotient of
$\text{Coker}(X_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2})$
, which implies that either
$B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}$
is surjective or
$\text{Coker}(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2})=\text{Coker}(X_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2})$
. If the latter happens, similar to the previous case we find that
$\text{Coker}(B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2})=\text{Coker}(0)$
, since
$X_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}$
is nilpotent by Lemma 4.6. Since
$B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}\neq 0$
for
$\ast =0,1$
, this cannot happen unless
$\ast =\infty$
and
$B_{0}^{2}=0$
. Since
$B_{0}^{1}$
and
$B_{1}^{1}$
are surjective and
$B_{\infty }^{1}$
is injective, we may also assume that
$A_{0}^{1}=A_{1}^{1}=D_{\infty }^{1}=0$
. Furthermore,
$a_{0}^{1}<a_{\infty }^{1}\leqslant a_{1}^{1}$
. Then the only non-zero entry in the fourth row of
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2})$
is
$B_{\infty }^{1}B_{1}^{1}\otimes I$
, where the identity matrix is of size
$a_{\infty }^{2}$
. Since
$B_{\infty }^{1}$
is a matrix of size
$a_{1}^{1}\times a_{0}^{1}$
, we conclude that
$1=c(\mathfrak{D}^{\prime })\geqslant (a_{1}^{1}-a_{0}^{1})a_{\infty }^{2}$
, which means that
$a_{\infty }^{2}=1$
and there is a positive integer
$a$
such that
$$\begin{eqnarray}a_{0}^{1}=a_{\infty }^{1}-1=a_{1}^{1}-1=a.\end{eqnarray}$$
In this case, we may apply part (2) of Lemma 4.7 to obtain the following block forms:
for some
$1\times a$
matrix
$x$
, some
$a\times a$
matrix
$d$
and some
$a\times 1$
matrix
$d^{\prime }$
. The identity matrices appearing in the above block forms are all
$a\times a$
matrices. Proposition 5.4 then implies that
$$\begin{eqnarray}1=c(\mathfrak{D})\geqslant c(X_{0}^{1})c(X_{\infty }^{2}B_{0}^{2})=k(X_{1}^{1})\geqslant 1.\end{eqnarray}$$
This means that
$X_{0}^{1}$
is an
$a\times a$
matrix of rank
$a-1$
, and there is a unique
$a\times 1$
vector
$y$
with
$X_{0}^{1}y=0$
. Since
$B_{\infty }^{1}$
is full-rank,
$xy\in \mathbb{F}$
cannot be
$0$
, i.e.
$xy=1$
. Note that the
$(2,3)$
entry of
$(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\infty }^{1})^{2}$
is zero, and we have
$$\begin{eqnarray}dX_{0}^{1}+d^{\prime }x=0\quad \Rightarrow \quad dX_{0}^{1}y+d^{\prime }xy=0.\end{eqnarray}$$
Since
$X_{0}^{1}y=0$
and
$xy=1$
, we conclude that
$d^{\prime }=0$
. We can now replace the block forms of (20) in the matrix of (16) (which is equivalent to
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }$
) and obtain the matrix
If we add
$y\otimes B_{\infty }^{2}B_{1}^{2}$
times the fifth column to the first column, the first column becomes zero, and we thus obtain a subspace of the kernel of the above matrix (and of the kernel of
$\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }$
) which is of size
$a_{\infty }^{2}>0$
. In particular,
$k(\mathfrak{D})>0$
. From this contradiction, we conclude that
$B_{\imath (\ast )}^{2}$
is injective.
Again, let us first assume that
$B_{0}^{1}$
is not invertible. Then
$k_{\bullet }^{1},k_{\circ }^{1}\neq 0$
. Since
$k_{\bullet }^{1}k_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}=k_{\circ }^{1}k_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}=0$
, we conclude that
$B_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}$
and
$B_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}$
are both injective. Thus,
$K_{2}$
is full-rank and, by part (K) of Proposition 5.4,
$k(\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{2},K_{1}))>0$
. Since
$k(\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{2},K_{1}))=k(\mathfrak{D}^{\prime }(K_{1},K_{2}))$
, this is a contradiction, which implies that
$B_{0}^{1}$
is invertible. Moreover, the argument implies that
$0\in \{\circ ,\bullet \}$
and at least one of
$k_{\imath (\circ )}^{2}$
and
$k_{\imath (\bullet )}^{2}$
is trivial. Again, it is implied that we are either in case (S-1) or in case (S-2) of Proposition 5.3, which are both excluded by Lemma 5.5. The contradiction rules out case (C) of Proposition 5.4.◻
Corollary 6.2. If the homology sphere
$Y$
contains an incompressible torus, then
$$\begin{eqnarray}\text{rnk}(\widehat{\text{HF}}(Y,\mathbb{F}))>1.\end{eqnarray}$$
Proof. If
$Y$
contains an incompressible torus
$T$
,
$T$
will be separating and there will be a pair of curves
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$
on
$T$
such that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$
is homologically trivial on one side of
$T$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$
is homologically trivial on the other side of
$T$
. Since
$Y$
is a homology sphere, the intersection number of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$
is
$1$
. Let
$U_{1}$
and
$U_{2}$
be the two components of
$Y-T$
and let
$U_{1}$
be the component containing a surface which bounds
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$
. Capping off
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}\subset T=\unicode[STIX]{x2202}U_{1}$
by a disc and then gluing a three-ball gives a three-manifold
$Y_{1}$
. The simple closed curve
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}$
represents a knot
$K_{1}\subset Y_{1}$
. Similarly, capping off
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\subset T=\unicode[STIX]{x2202}U_{2}$
by a disc and then gluing a three-ball gives a three-manifold
$Y_{2}$
and
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$
represents a knot
$K_{2}\subset Y_{2}$
. Both
$Y_{1}$
and
$Y_{2}$
are homology spheres and
$Y$
is obtained by splicing
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
. Since
$T$
is incompressible, both
$K_{1}$
and
$K_{2}$
are non-trivial and Theorem 6.1 completes the proof of this corollary.◻
6.2 Applications
We may use the relation between Khovanov homology of a knot inside the standard sphere and the Heegaard Floer homology of its branched double-cover, discovered by Ozsváth and Szabó [Reference Ozsváth and SzabóOS05], to show the non-triviality of Khovanov homology for certain classes of knots. We emphasize again that the results presented here are all special cases of the theorem of Kronheimer and Mrowka [Reference Kronheimer and MrowkaKM11] that Khovanov homology is an unknot detector.
Definition 6.3. A prime knot
$K\subset S^{3}$
is an
$n$
-string composite if there is an embedded
$2$
-sphere intersecting the knot transversely which separates
$(S^{3},K)$
into prime
$n$
-string tangles. A
$2$
-string composite knot is called a doubly composite knot.
We refer the reader to [Reference BleilerBle84] for more on doubly composite and doubly prime knots, and only quote the following lemma from that paper.
Lemma 6.4. A prime knot
$K\subset S^{3}$
is a doubly composite knot if and only if the double cover
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
of
$S^{3}$
branched over the knot
$K$
contains an incompressible torus
$T$
which is invariant under the non-trivial covering translation and meets the fixed point set of this map precisely in four points, and separates
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
into irreducible boundary irreducible pieces.
Corollary 6.5. If the prime knot
$K\subset S^{3}$
is doubly composite, the rank of its reduced Khovanov homology group
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)$
is bigger than
$1$
.
Proof. If
$K$
is doubly composite, by Lemma 6.4 there exists an incompressible torus
$T$
inside the three-manifold
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
. Thus, the rank of
$\widehat{\text{HF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K),\mathbb{F})$
is bigger than
$1$
. By the main theorem of [Reference Ozsváth and SzabóOS05], there is a spectral sequence whose
$E^{2}$
-term consists of Khovanov’s reduced homology
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)$
of the mirror of
$K$
with coefficients in
$\mathbb{F}$
which converges to
$\widehat{\text{HF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K),\mathbb{F})$
, and is of rank greater than
$1$
by Theorem 6.1. Thus, the rank of
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)$
is bigger than
$1$
as well.◻
Furthermore, if
$K$
is a prime satellite knot, we will have an incompressible torus in the complement of
$K$
. This torus gives an incompressible torus in the double cover
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
of
$S^{3}$
branched over the knot
$K$
. Thus, Heegaard Floer homology of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
will be non-trivial. We thus have the following corollary.
Corollary 6.6. If
$K\subset S^{3}$
is a prime satellite knot, the rank of its reduced Khovanov homology group
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)$
is greater than
$1$
.
In fact, we may prove a slightly more general statement.
Proposition 6.7. If the rank of the reduced Khovanov homology
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)$
of a non-trivial knot
$K\subset S^{3}$
is
$1$
, the double cover
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
of
$S^{3}$
, branched over the knot
$K$
, is hyperbolic.
Proof. Note that if a knot
$K$
is doubly composite Corollary 6.5 implied that the rank of
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)$
is bigger than
$1$
. Thus,
$K$
has to be doubly prime. By Thurston’s orbifold geometrization theorem (see [Reference Boileau and PortiBP01] and [Reference Cooper, Hodgson and KerckhoffCHK00]), the branched double cover
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
is a geometric manifold and there are three possible cases.
$(1)~\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
is a Lens space and thus admits a spherical structure. If
$\widehat{\text{HF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K))$
is one dimensional,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
is forced to be the standard sphere and
$K$
is trivial. Thus, in this case, the rank of
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)$
is bigger than
$1$
only if
$K$
is trivial.
$(2)~\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
admits a Seifert fibration and
$K$
is a Montesinos knot with at most three rational tangles. If
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
is not a homology sphere,
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)$
is clearly different from
$\mathbb{F}$
and, if it is a homology sphere which admits a Seifert fibration and
$\widehat{\text{HF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K))=\mathbb{F}$
, we know (see [Reference RustamovRus04] or [Reference EftekharyEft09]) that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
is either the standard sphere or the Poincaré sphere. Moreover, for
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
to be the Poincaré sphere we should have
$K=T(3,5)$
, i.e.
$K$
is the
$(3,5)$
-torus knot or equivalently the
$(-2,3,5)$
-pretzel knot, which is
$10_{124}$
in Rolfsen’s table (see [Reference Hedden and WatsonHW10] and [Reference RolfsenRol76]). The homology
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(T(3,5))$
has rank
$7$
by direct computation [Reference ShumakovitchShu].
$(3)~\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
admits a hyperbolic structure which is invariant under the deck transformation.
Having ruled out the first two possibilities, the proof is complete. ◻
The knots
$K$
with the property that
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
admits a hyperbolic structure which is invariant under the involution of
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
are called
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$
-hyperbolic. The hyperbolic structure comes from a hyperbolic structure on
$S^{3}-K$
, which becomes a singular folding with angle
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$
around
$K$
. Thus, in particular,
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$
-hyperbolic knots are hyperbolic.
Suppose that
$K$
is not the unknot. By Proposition 6.7, if
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)=\mathbb{F}$
, the branched double cover
$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)$
is hyperbolic. Conjecture 1.2 then implies that
$\widehat{\text{HF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K))$
is non-trivial and, by the correspondence of [Reference Ozsváth and SzabóOS05],
$$\begin{eqnarray}1=\text{rnk}(\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K))\geqslant \text{rnk}(\widehat{\text{HF}}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F4}(K)))>1.\end{eqnarray}$$
In particular, if Conjecture 1.2 is true then for every non-trivial knot
$K$
the reduced Khovanov homology
$\widetilde{\text{Kh}}(K)$
is non-trivial (i.e. different from
$\mathbb{F}$
).
