Central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) are associated with significant morbidity among pediatric oncology-hematology patients, and risk factors remain largely unknown in the setting of hospital at home (HAH). Children in HAH receive intensive treatment (eg, chemotherapy and parenteral nutrition), with frequent central-line handling; thus, they may be at higher risk for CLABSI.

We conducted a monocentric retrospective study of patients with a central line included in our HAH program from January 1 to December 31, 2016. HAH patient characteristics for children developing CLABSIs were compared to those who did not, based on blood cultures positive for infection and clinical data of all patients included.

Overall, 492 HAH stays were analyzed, with 144 patients. The overall CLABSI rate in these patients was 2.6 per 1,000 central-line days. Children who developed CLABSIs were younger (median age, 2.5 vs 8.8 years; P < .001), suffered more from hematological pathologies (malignant or nonmalignant, 75% vs 52%; P = .02), and had more frequently undergone hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (30.8% vs 6.5%; P = .01). In addition, these patients often had a tunneled externalized catheter as the central line and were more frequently given parenteral nutrition at home (46% vs 8%; P < .001).

CLABSI rates for children in HAH were more similar to those of inpatients than to rates previously reported for ambulatory patients. The factors associated with infection identified herein should be further validated in multicentric studies and considered to improve HAH practices, parallel to prevention measures used in the inpatient setting.

The aim of this study was to quantify the time delay between screening and initiation of contact isolation for carriers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)–producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E).

This study was a secondary analysis of contact isolation periods in a cluster-randomized controlled trial that compared 2 strategies to control ESBL-E (trial no. ISRCTN57648070). Patients admitted to 20 non-ICU wards in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland were screened for ESBL-E carriage on admission, weekly thereafter, and on discharge. Data collection included the day of sampling, the day the wards were notified of the result, and subsequent ESBL-E isolation days.

Between January 2014 and August 2016, 19,122 patients, with a length of stay ≥2 days were included. At least 1 culture was collected for 16,091 patients (84%), with a median duration between the admission day and the day of first sample collection of 2 days (interquartile range [IQR], 1–3). Moreover, 854 (41%) of all 2,078 ESBL-E carriers remained without isolation during their hospital stay. In total, 6,040 ESBL-E days (32% of all ESBL-E days) accrued for patients who were not isolated. Of 2,078 ESBL-E-carriers, 1,478 ESBL-E carriers (71%) had no previous history of ESBL-E carriage. Also, 697 (34%) were placed in contact isolation with a delay of 4 days (IQR, 2–5), accounting for 2,723 nonisolation days (15% of ESBL-E days).

Even with extensive surveillance screening, almost one-third of all ESBL-E days were nonisolation days. Limitations in routine culture-based ESBL-E detection impeded timely and exhaustive implementation of targeted contact isolation.

We compared the individual-level risk of hospital-onset infections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in hospitalized patients prior to and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We also quantified the effects of COVID-19 diagnoses and intrahospital COVID-19 burden on subsequent MDRO infection risk.

Multicenter, retrospective, cohort study.

Patient admission and clinical data were collected from 4 hospitals in the St. Louis area.

Data were collected for patients admitted between January 2017 and August 2020, discharged no later than September 2020, and hospitalized ≥48 hours.

Mixed-effects logistic regression models were fit to the data to estimate patients’ individual-level risk of infection with MDRO pathogens of interest during hospitalization. Adjusted odds ratios were derived from regression models to quantify the effects of the COVID-19 period, COVID-19 diagnosis, and hospital-level COVID-19 burden on individual-level hospital-onset MDRO infection probabilities.

We calculated adjusted odds ratios for COVID-19–era hospital-onset Acinetobacter spp., P. aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae spp infections. Probabilities increased 2.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22–5.73) times, 1.44 (95% CI, 1.03–2.02) times, and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.00–1.58) times relative to the prepandemic period, respectively. COVID-19 patients were 4.18 (95% CI, 1.98–8.81) times more likely to acquire hospital-onset MDRO S. aureus infections.

Our results support the growing body of evidence indicating that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased hospital-onset MDRO infections.

To compare strategies for hospital ranking based on colon surgical-site infection (SSI) rate by combining all colon procedures versus stratifying by surgical approach (ie, laparoscopic vs open).

Retrospective cohort study.

We identified SSIs among Medicare beneficiaries undergoing colon surgery from 2009 through 2013 using previously validated methods. We created a risk prediction model for SSI using age, sex, race, comorbidities, surgical approach (laparoscopy vs open), and concomitant colon and noncolon procedures. Adjusted SSI rates were used to rank hospitals. Subanalyses were performed for common colon procedures and procedure types for which there were both open and laparoscopic procedures. We generated ranks using only open and only laparoscopic procedures, overall and for each subanalysis. Rankings were compared using a Spearman correlation coefficient.

In total, 694,813 colon procedures were identified among 508,135 Medicare beneficiaries. The overall SSI rate was 7.6%. The laparoscopic approach was associated with lower SSI risk (OR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4–0.5), and higher SSI risk was associated with concomitant abdominal surgeries (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.4–1.5) and higher Elixhauser score (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0–1.1). Hospital rankings for laparascopic procedures were poorly correlated with rankings for open procedures (r = 0.23).

Hospital rankings based on total colon procedures fail to account for differences in SSI risk from laparoscopic vs open procedures. Stratifying rankings by surgical approach yields a more equitable comparison of surgical performance.

Exposure to aerosol spray generated by high-speed handpieces (HSHs) and ultrasonic scalers poses a significant health risk to oral health practitioners from airborne pathogens. Aerosol generation varies with different HSH designs, but to date, no study has measured this.

We measured and compared aerosol generation by (1) dental HSHs with 3 different coolant port designs and (2) ultrasonic scalers with no suction, low-volume evacuation (LVE) or high-volume evacuation (HVE). Measurements used a particle counter placed near the operator’s face in a single-chair, mechanically ventilated dental surgery. Volume concentrations of aerosol, totaled across a 0.3–25-µm size range, were compared for each test condition.

HSH drilling and scaling produced significantly high aerosol levels (P < .001) with total volume concentrations 4.73×108µm3/m3 and 4.18×107µm3/m3, respectively. For scaling, mean volume of aerosol was highest with no suction followed by LVE and HVE (P < .001). We detected a negative correlation with both LVE and HVE, indicating that scaling with suction improved operator safety. For drilling, simulated cavity preparation with a 1-port HSH generated the most aerosol (P < .01), followed by a 4-port HSH. Independent of the number of cooling ports, lack of suction caused higher aerosol volume (1.98×107 µm3/m3) whereas HVE significantly reduced volume to −4.47×105 µm3/m3.

High concentrations of dental aerosol found during HSH cavity preparation or ultrasonic scaling present a risk of infection, confirming the advice to use respiratory PPE. HVE and LVE both effectively reduced aerosol generation during scaling, whereas the new aerosol-reducing ‘no air’ function was highly effective and can be recommended for HSH drilling.

Admission laboratory screening for asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been utilized to mitigate healthcare-associated severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission. An understanding of the impact of such testing across a variety of patient populations is needed.

SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification admission testing results for all asymptomatic patients across 4 distinct inpatient facilities between April 20, 2020, and June 14, 2021, were analyzed. Positivity rates and the number needed to test (NNT) to identify 1 asymptomatic infected patient were calculated. Admission results were compared to COVID-19 community incidence rates for the system’s surrounding metropolitan service area. Using a national survey of hospital epidemiologists, a clinically meaningful NNT of 1:100 was identified.

In total, 51,187 tests were collected (positivity rate, 1.8%). During periods of high transmission, the NNT met the clinically relevant threshold in all populations. The NNT approached or met the threshold for most locations during periods of lower transmission. For all transmission levels, the NNT for fully vaccinated patients did not meet the threshold.

Implementing an asymptomatic patient admission testing program can provide clinically relevant data based on the NNT, even during periods of lower transmission and among different patient populations. Limiting admission testing to non–fully vaccinated patients during periods of lower transmission may be a strategy to address resource concerns around this practice. Although the impact of such testing on healthcare-associated COVID-19 among patients and healthcare workers could not be clearly determined, these data provide important information as facilities weigh the costs and benefits of such testing.

To establish the epidemiology of cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections in Alberta, Canada, using validated administrative data.

Retrospective, population-based cohort study.

Alberta Health Services is a province-wide health system that services all of Alberta, Canada.

Adult patients who underwent first-time CIED implantation or generator replacement in Alberta, Canada, between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2019.

CIED implant patients were identified from the Paceart database. Patients who developed an infection within 1 year of the index procedure were identified through validated administrative data (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision in Canada). Demographic characteristics of patients were summarized. Logistic regression models were used to analyze device type, comorbidities, and demographics associated with infection rates and mortality.

Among 27,830 CIED implants, there were 205 infections (0.74%). Having 2 or more comorbidities was associated with higher infection risk. Generator replacement procedures (odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34–0.84; P = .008), age increase of every 10 years (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.66–0.82; P ≤ .001), and index procedure after 2014 were associated with decreased risk. Comparing the infected to uninfected groups, the hospitalization rates were 2.63 compared to 0.69, and the mortality rates were 10.73% compared to 3.49%, respectively (P < .001).

There is a slightly lower overall rate of CIED infections Alberta, Canada compared to previously described epidemiology. Implants after 2014, and generator replacements showed a decreased burden of infection. Patients with younger age, and 2 or more comorbidities are at greatest risk of CIED infection. The burden of hospitalization and mortality is substantially higher in infected patients.

To evaluate the impact of a standardized, process-validated intervention utilizing daily hospital-wide patient-zone sporicidal disinfectant cleaning on incidence density of healthcare-onset Clostridioides difficile infection (HO-CDI) standardized infection ratios (SIRs).

Multi-site, quasi-experimental study, with control hospitals and a nonequivalent dependent variable.

The study was conducted across 8 acute-care hospitals in 6 states with stable endemic HO-CDI SIRs.

Following an 18-month preintervention control period, each site implemented a program of daily hospital-wide sporicidal disinfectant patient zone cleaning. After a wash-in period, thoroughness of disinfection cleaning (TDC) was monitored prospectively and optimized with performance feedback utilizing a previously validated process improvement program. Mean HO-CDI SIRs were calculated by quarter for the pre- and postintervention periods for both the intervention and control hospitals. We used a difference-in-differences analysis to estimate the change in the average HO-CDI SIR and HO-CAUTI SIR for the pre- and postintervention periods.

Following the wash-in period, the TDC improved steadily for all sites and by 18 months was 93.6% for the group. The mean HO-CDI SIRs decreased from 1.03 to 0.6 (95% CI, 0.13–0.75; P = .009). In the adjusted difference-in-differences analysis in comparison to controls, there was a 0.55 reduction (95% CI, −0.77 to −0.32) in HO-CDI (P < .001) or a 50% relative decrease from baseline.

This study represents the first multiple-site, quasi-experimental study with control hospitals and a nonequivalent dependent variable to evaluate a 4-component intervention on HO-CDI. Following ongoing improvement in cleaning thoroughness, there was a sustained 50% decrease in HO-CDI SIRs compared to controls.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains a challenge. The importance of viruses in VAP is not established. We sought to determine the prevalence of viruses in VAP and the outcomes of viral VAP.

Retrospective study of VAP over 3 years. The frequency of a viral process represented the primary endpoint. Clinical outcomes served as secondary endpoints. We identified variables independently associated with a virus and conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the interaction between type of infection and patient characteristics.

Tertiary-care referral center.

The final cohort consisted of 710 patients and a virus was isolated in 5.1%.

None.

The most common viruses included: rhinovirus, influenza A, and cytomegalovirus. Baseline characteristics were similar between those with and without viral infections. In logistic regression, immunosuppression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44–6.14) and stem-cell transplantation (SCT, aOR, 3.58; 95% CI, 1.17–10.99) were independently associated with a virus. The presence of either variable performed poorly as a screening test for a virus. In-hospital (22.4% vs 21.6%; P = .869) and 30-day (32.8% vs 27.9%; P = .448) mortality rates were similar between the cohorts, respectively. Sensitivity analyses restricted to patients without a mixed viral and bacterial infection or those who were immunocompetent yielded similar results.

Although infrequent, a range of viruses may cause VAP. Viruses more often complicate SCT and immunosuppression, but one can isolate viruses in immunocompetent subjects. Viral VAP produces severe infection and results in high mortality rates. Clinical features do not differentiate viral from nonviral VAP.

Optimizing needleless connector hub disinfection practice is a key strategy in central-line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) prevention. In this mixed-methods evaluation, 3 products with varying scrub times were tested for experimental disinfection followed by a qualitative nursing assessment of each.

Needleless connectors were inoculated with varying concentrations of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus followed by disinfection with a 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA) wipe (a 15-second scrub time and a 15-second dry time), a 70% IPA cap (a 10-second scrub time and a 5-second dry time), or a 3.15% chlorhexidine gluconate with 70% IPA (CHG/IPA) wipe (a 5-second scrub time and a 5-second dry time). Cultures of needleless connectors were obtained after disinfection to quantify bacterial reduction. This was followed by surveying a convenience sample of nursing staff with intensive care unit assignments at an academic tertiary hospital on use of each product.

All products reduced overall bacterial burden when compared to sterile water controls, however the IPA and CHG/IPA wipes were superior to the IPA caps when product efficacy was compared. Nursing staff noted improved compliance with CHG/IPA wipes compared with the IPA wipes and the IPA caps, with many preferring the lesser scrub and dry times required for disinfection.

Achieving adequate bacterial disinfection of needleless connectors while maximizing healthcare staff compliance with scrub and dry times may be best achieved with a combination CHG/IPA wipe.

To determine risk factors for Clostridioides difficile colonization and C. difficile infection (CDI) among patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).

Retrospective observational cohort study.

Tertiary-care facility.

All adult patients admitted to an ICU from July 1, 2015, to November 6, 2019, who were tested for C. difficile colonization. Patients with CDI were excluded.

Information was collected on patient demographics, comorbidities, laboratory results, and prescriptions. We defined C. difficile colonization as a positive nucleic acid amplification test for C. difficile up to 48 hours before or 24 hours after intensive care unit (ICU) admission without evidence of active infection. We defined active infection as the receipt of an antibiotic whose only indication is the treatment of CDI. The primary outcome measure was the development of CDI up to 30 days after ICU admission. Logistic regression was used to model associations between clinical variables and the development of CDI.

The overall C. difficile colonization rate was 4% and the overall CDI rate was 2%. Risk factors for the development of CDI included C. difficile colonization (aOR, 13.3; 95% CI, 8.3–21.3; P < .0001), increased ICU length of stay (aOR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.03–1.05; P < .0001), and a history of inflammatory bowel disease (aOR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.3–11.1; P = .02). Receipt of any antibiotic during the ICU stay was associated with a borderline increased odds of CDI (aOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0–3.4; P = .05).

C. difficile colonization is associated with the development of CDI among ICU patients.

To reduce unnecessary antibiotic exposure in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (CICU).

Single-center, quality improvement initiative. Monthly antibiotic utilization rates were compared between 12-month baseline and 18-month intervention periods.

A 25-bed pediatric CICU.

Clinically stable patients undergoing infection diagnosis were included. Patients with immunodeficiency, mechanical circulatory support, open sternum, and recent culture-positive infection were excluded.

The key drivers for improvement were standardizing the infection diagnosis process, order-set creation, limitation of initial antibiotic prescription to 24 hours, discouraging indiscriminate vancomycin use, and improving bedside communication and situational awareness regarding the infection diagnosis protocol.

In total, 109 patients received the protocol; antibiotics were discontinued in 24 hours in 72 cases (66%). The most common reasons for continuing antibiotics beyond 24 hours were positive culture (n = 13) and provider preference (n = 13). A statistical process control analysis showed only a trend in monthly mean antibiotic utilization rate in the intervention period compared to the baseline period: 32.6% (SD, 6.1%) antibiotic utilization rate during the intervention period versus 36.6% (SD, 5.4%) during the baseline period (mean difference, 4%; 95% CI, −0.5% to −8.5%; P = .07). However, a special-cause variation represented a 26% reduction in mean monthly vancomycin use during the intervention period. In the patients who had antibiotics discontinued at 24 hours, delayed culture positivity was rare.

Implementation of a protocol limiting empiric antibiotic courses to 24 hours in clinically stable, standard-risk, pediatric CICU patients with negative cultures is feasible. This practice appears safe and may reduce harm by decreasing unnecessary antibiotic exposure.

To increase compliance with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) screening through real-time audit and feedback in our hospital and decrease CPE transmissions.

A before-and-after trial, using active enhanced surveillance of CPE carriers.

A 500-bed, secondary, university-affiliated hospital that serves a population of 450,000 in a northern district in Israel.

The study was conducted during 2016–2019 and included patients who were admitted to the hospital and fulfilled CPE screening criteria upon admission and during prolonged hospitalizations. On January 1, 2017, the infection control team implemented a new strategy of real-time feedback toward compliance with in-hospital screening guidelines. Other infection control measurements were performed without interventions. The primary outcome was compliance with appropriate CPE screening. Secondary outcomes included CPE acquisition and compliance with hand hygiene and contact precaution practices. Data were analyzed to calculate differences between compliance with CPE screening during the study period and to test the correlation between contact precautions and hand hygiene practices according to compliance with CPE screening.

During the study period, 3,131 patients were eligible for CPE screening. We detected a statistically significant increase in compliance to CPE screening from 74% during 2017 to 92% in 2018 and 95% in 2019 (P < .0001 for both comparisons). We detected a decrease in CPE transmission from 12% in 2017 to 2% in 2019 (P < .0001). We did not find any correlation between other infection control interventions and CPE screening and acquisition.

Audit and feedback can improve appropriate CPE screening and may reduce CPE transmission in the hospital.

To determine risk factors for the development of long coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare personnel (HCP).

We conducted a case–control study among HCP who had confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 working in a Brazilian healthcare system between March 1, 2020, and July 15, 2022. Cases were defined as those having long COVID according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definition. Controls were defined as HCP who had documented COVID-19 but did not develop long COVID. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between exposure variables and long COVID during 180 days of follow-up.

Of 7,051 HCP diagnosed with COVID-19, 1,933 (27.4%) who developed long COVID were compared to 5,118 (72.6%) who did not. The majority of those with long COVID (51.8%) had 3 or more symptoms. Factors associated with the development of long COVID were female sex (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.05–1.39), age (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.00–1.02), and 2 or more SARS-CoV-2 infections (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.07–1.50). Those infected with the SARS-CoV-2 δ (delta) variant (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.17–0.50) or the SARS-CoV-2 o (omicron) variant (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30–0.78), and those receiving 4 COVID-19 vaccine doses prior to infection (OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.01–0.19) were significantly less likely to develop long COVID.

Long COVID can be prevalent among HCP. Acquiring >1 SARS-CoV-2 infection was a major risk factor for long COVID, while maintenance of immunity via vaccination was highly protective.

We investigated real-world vaccine effectiveness for Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1) and CoronaVac against laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among healthcare workers (HCWs).

We conducted a retrospective cohort study among HCWs (aged ≥18 years) working in a private healthcare system in Brazil between January 1, 2021 and August 3, 2021, to assess vaccine effectiveness. We calculated vaccine effectiveness as 1 − rate ratio (RR), with RR determined by adjusting Poisson models with the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 infection as the outcome and the vaccination status as the main variable. We used the logarithmic link function and simple models adjusting for sex, age, and job types.

In total, 13,813 HCWs met the inclusion criteria for this analysis. Among them, 6,385 (46.2%) received the CoronaVac vaccine, 5,916 (42.8%) received the ChAdOx1 vaccine, and 1,512 (11.0%) were not vaccinated. Overall, COVID-19 occurred in 6% of unvaccinated HCWs, 3% of HCWs who received 2 doses of CoronaVac vaccine, and 0.7% of HCWs who received 2 doses of ChAdOx1 vaccine (P < .001). In the adjusted analyses, the estimated vaccine effectiveness rates were 51.3% for CoronaVac, and 88.1% for ChAdOx1 vaccine. Both vaccines reduced the number of hospitalizations, the length of hospital stay, and the need for mechanical ventilation. In addition, 19 SARS-CoV-2 samples from 19 HCWs were screened for mutations of interest. Of 19 samples, 18 were the γ (gamma) variant.

Although both COVID-19 vaccines (viral vector and inactivated virus) can significantly prevent COVID-19 among HCWs, CoronaVac was much less effective. The COVID-19 vaccines were also effective against the dominant γ variant.

To assess the incidence rate of S. aureus colonization at baseline along with the mupirocin susceptibility (or resistance) rate in patients in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in conjunction with the implementation of universal decolonization as the standard of care.

Prospective cohort study.

Children’s Hospital of Michigan (CHM) inpatient intensive care units (ICUs).

Newly admitted pediatric patients to the CHM NICU or PICU aged between 1 day and ≤21 years.

Baseline and follow-up S. aureus screening cultures were obtained before patients underwent universal decolonization with mupirocin 2% antibiotic ointment (intranasal and umbilical) and chlorhexidine baths as standard of care to reduce CLABSI rates.

Baseline S. aureus colonization rates of new admissions to the CHM NICU and PICU were high at 32% and 29%, respectively. Baseline mupirocin susceptibility to any S. aureus growth was 98.4%. All baseline culture isolates whether positive for MRSA or MSSA, with one exception, had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≤0.19 µg/mL. All follow-up study cultures after universal decolonization at 7 days or beyond with any S. aureus growth had mupirocin MICs of ≤0.125 µg/mL.

Baseline S. aureus colonization rates of new admissions to the CHM ICUs were high as was baseline mupirocin susceptibility. Follow-up cultures, albeit limited in number, did not detect increasing mupirocin MICs over 1 year, despite broad mupirocin exposure due to the implementation of universal decolonization.

To evaluate the utility of autologous bone-flap swab cultures performed at the time of cranioplasty in predicting postcranioplasty surgical site infection (SSI).

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients undergoing craniectomy (with bone-flap storage in tissue bank), followed by delayed autologous bone-flap replacement cranioplasty between January 1, 2010, and November 30, 2020.

Tertiary-care academic hospital.

We framed the bone-flap swab culture taken at the time of cranioplasty as a diagnostic test for predicting postcranioplasty SSI. We calculated, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios.

Among 282 unique eligible cases, 16 (5.6%) developed SSI after cranioplasty. A high percentage of bone-flap swab cultures were positive at the time of craniectomy (66.7%) and cranioplasty (59.5%). Most organisms from bone-flap swab cultures were Cutibacterium acnes or coagulase-negative staphylococci (76%–85%), and most SSI pathogens were methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (38%). Bone-flap swab culture had poor sensitivity (0.07; 95% CI, 0.01–0.31), specificity (0.4; 95% CI, 0.34–0.45), and positive likelihood ratio (0.12) for predicting postcranioplasty SSI.

Overall, autologous bone-flap swab cultures performed at the time of cranioplasty have poor utility in predicting postcranioplasty SSI. Eliminating this low-value practice would result in significant workload reductions and associated healthcare costs.

Contamination of ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) by cutaneous flora, particularly coagulase-negative staphylococci, is a common cause of shunt infection and failure, leading to prolonged hospital stay, higher costs of care, and poor outcomes. Glove contamination may occur during VPS insertion, increasing risk of such infections.

We performed a systematic search of the PubMed database for studies published January 1, 1970, through August 31, 2021 that documented VPS infection rates before and after implementing a practice of double gloving with change or removal of the outer glove immediately prior to shunt insertion.

Among 272 reports screened, 4 were eligible for review based on our inclusion criteria. The incidence of VPS infection was reduced in all 4 quasi-experimental studies with an aggregate incidence of VPS infection of 11.8% before the change in intraoperative protocol and 4.9% after protocol change. One study documented reduced hospital stay with this change in protocol.

The risk of VPS infection is reduced by removal or replacement of the outer surgical gloves immediately prior to intraoperative insertion of a VPS as part of an infection control bundle.