Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-15T09:16:19.442Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 5 - Sustaining and Caring for Staff During Emergencies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2024

Richard Williams
Affiliation:
University of South Wales
Verity Kemp
Affiliation:
Independent Health Emergency Planning Consultant
Keith Porter
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
Tim Healing
Affiliation:
Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London
John Drury
Affiliation:
University of Sussex
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Major Incidents, Pandemics and Mental Health
The Psychosocial Aspects of Health Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters and Disease Outbreaks
, pp. 273 - 364
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Williams, R, Ntontis, E, Alfadhli, K, Drury, J, Amlôt, R. A social model of secondary stressors in relation to disasters, major incidents and conflict: implications for practice. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2021; 63: 102436.Google Scholar
Murray, E, Kaufman, KR, Williams, R. Let us do better: learning lessons for recovery of healthcare professionals during and after COVID-19 BJPsych Open 2021; 7: e151.Google Scholar
Hochschild, AR. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. University of California Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V, Neal, A. Compassionate care: leading and caring for staff of mental health services and the moral architecture of healthcare organisations. In Management for Psychiatrists (eds Bhugra, D, Bell, S, Burns, S): 377402. Royal College of Psychiatrists Publication, 2016.Google Scholar
Neal, A, Kemp, V, Williams, R. Caring for the carers. In Social Scaffolding: Applying the Lessons of Contemporary Social Science to Health and Healthcare (eds Williams, R, Kemp, V, Haslam, SA, et al.): 289303. Cambridge University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Williams, R. A cunning plan: integrating evidence, judgement and passion in mental health strategy. The Inaugural Lecture of Professor Richard Williams, delivered at the University of Glamorgan, November 2000.Google Scholar
NHS Employers. NHS Staff Survey 2020. NHS Employers, 2021 (www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/2021/03/11/2020-national-nhs-staff-survey/).Google Scholar
Bleetman, A, Sanusi, S, Dale, T, Brace, S. Human factors and error prevention in emergency medicine. Emerg Med J 2012; 29: 389–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, R, Sundin, E, Winder, B. Work–family enrichment of firefighters: “satellite family members”, risk, trauma and family functioning. Int J Emerg Serv 2020; 9: 395407.Google Scholar
Clark, LV, Fida, R, Skinner, J, et al. Mental health, well-being and support interventions for UK ambulance services staff: an evidence map, 2000 to 2020. Br Paramed J 2021; 5: 2539.Google Scholar
Adams, K, Shakespeare-Finch, J, Armstrong, D. An interpretative phenomenological analysis of stress and well-being in emergency medical dispatchers. J Loss Trauma 2015; 20: 430–48.Google Scholar
Coxon, A, Cropley, M, Schofield, P, Start, K, Horsfield, C, Quinn, T. ‘You’re never making just one decision’: exploring the lived experiences of ambulance Emergency Operations Centre personnel. Emerg Med J 2016; 33: 645–51.Google Scholar
Clompus, SR, Albarran, JW. Exploring the nature of resilience in paramedic practice: a psycho-social study. Int Emerg Nurs 2015; 28: 17.Google Scholar
Halpern, J, Gurevich, M, Schwartz, B, Brazeau, P. What makes an incident critical for ambulance workers? Emotional outcomes and implications for intervention. Work Stress 2009; 23: 173–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonsson, A, Segesten, K. Guilt, shame and need for a container: a study of post-traumatic stress among ambulance personnel. Accid Emerg Nurs 2004; 12: 215–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, P, Probst, J, Leith, K, Corwin, S, Powell, P. Recruitment and retention of emergency medical technicians: a qualitative study. J Allied Health 2005; 34: 153–62.Google Scholar
Silva, DS, Gibson, JL, Sibbald, R, Connolly, E, Singer, PA. Clinical ethicists’ perspectives on organisational ethics in healthcare organisations. J Med Ethics 2008; 34: 320–23.Google Scholar
Smith, EC, Burkle, FM. Paramedic and emergency medical technician reflections on the ongoing impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Prehosp Disaster Med 2019; 34: 5661.Google Scholar
Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Drury, J, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. People’s experiences of distress and psychosocial care following a terrorist attack: interviews with survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e41.Google Scholar
Drury, J, Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. Survivors’ experiences of informal social support in coping and recovering after the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e124.Google Scholar
Greenberg, N, Weston, D, Hall, C, Caulfield, T, Williamson, V, Fong, K. Mental health of staff working in intensive care during COVID-19. Occup Med 2021; 71: 62–7.Google Scholar
Montgomery, CM, Humphreys, S, McCulloch, C, et al. Critical care work during COVID-19: a qualitative study of staff experiences in the UK. BMJ Open 2021; 11: e048124.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, R, Dwivedi, A, Bamberry, L, Neher, A, Jenkins, S, Sutton, C, et al. The Mental Health, Wellbeing and Work Impacts of COVID-19 on First Responders and Frontline Workers in Australia. Charles Sturt University, 2021.Google Scholar
Greenberg, N. Mental health of health-care workers in the COVID-19 era. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16 : 425–6.Google Scholar
House of Commons. Workforce Burnout and Resilience in the NHS and Social Care. House of Commons, 2021 (https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5802/cmselect/cmhealth/22/2202.htm).Google Scholar
Williams, R, Fulford, KWM. Values-based and evidence-based policy, management and practice in child and adolescent mental health services. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007; 12: 223–42.Google Scholar
Warner, M, Williams, R. The nature of strategy and its application in statutory and non-statutory services. In Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Strategic Approaches to Commissioning and Delivering Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (eds Williams, R, Kerfoot, M): 3962. Oxford University Press, 2005 .Google Scholar

References

Zeanah, CH, Sonuga-Barke, JS. Editorial: The effects of early trauma and deprivation on human development – from measuring cumulative risk to characterizing specific mechanisms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57: 1099–102.Google Scholar
Burgess, J, Stokes, S, Kemp, V, Wood, A, Batt-Rawdon, S, Keith, R, et al. The Psychosocial and Mental Health Impact of Working in Pre-Hospital Medicine: A Systematic Review. National Institute for Health and Care Research, 2021 (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=157165).Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V, Batt-Rawden, S, Bland, L, Burgess, J, McInerney, A, et al. Valuing Staff, Valuing Patients: The Report on the Psychosocial Care and Mental Health Programme. Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 2022.Google Scholar
Petrie, K, Gayed, A, Bryan, BT, Deady, M, Madan, I, Savic, A, et al. The importance of manager support for the mental health and well-being of ambulance personnel. PloS One 2018; 13: e0197802.Google Scholar
Shakespeare-Finch, J, Daley, E. Workplace belongingness, distress, and resilience in emergency service workers. Psychol Trauma 2017; 9: 32–5.Google Scholar
Cohen, S, Kamarck, T, Mermelstein, R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav 1983; 24: 385–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, AE, Wright, PL. Occupational stress in the ambulance service. Health Manpow Manage 1991; 17: 411.Google Scholar
Brunet, A, Weiss, DS, Metzler, TJ, Best, SR, Neylan, TC, Rogers, C, et al. The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: a proposed measure of PTSD criterion A2. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 1480–85.Google Scholar
Lilly, MM, Allen, CE. Psychological inflexibility and psychopathology in 9-1-1 telecommunicators. J Trauma Stress 2015; 28: 262–6.Google Scholar
Troxell, RM. Indirect exposure to the trauma of others: the experiences of 9-1-1 telecommunicators. Diss Abstr Int Sect B Sci Eng 2009; 69: 6740.Google Scholar
Beck, AT, Steer, RA, Brown, GK. Beck Depression Inventory. Psychological Corp., 1996.Google Scholar
Andresen, EM, Malmgren, JA, Carter, WB, Patrick, DL. Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D. Am J Prev Med 1994; 10: 7784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Regehr, C, Goldberg, G, Hughes, J. Exposure to human tragedy, empathy, and trauma in ambulance paramedics. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2002; 72: 505–13.Google Scholar
Halpern, J, Maunder, RG, Schwartz, B, Gurevich, M. Identifying risk of emotional sequelae after critical incidents. Emerg Med J 2011; 28: 51–6.Google Scholar
Abid, SK, Hussain, M, Raza, M, Naseer, R, Durrani, M, Ali, S, et al. Non emergency calls-depression coupling in call handlers of rescue 1122 Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan J Psychol Res 2019; 34: 4355.Google Scholar
Sanz-Vergel, AI, Demerouti, E, Mayo, M, Moreno-Jimenez, B. Work–home interaction and psychological strain: the moderating role of sleep quality. Appl Psychol 2011; 60: 210–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maslach, C, Jackson, S. Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. Consulting Psychologists Press, 1986.Google Scholar
Ferraro, L, La Cascia, C, De Santis, A, Sideli, L, Maniaci, G, Orlando, IM, et al. A cross-sectional survey on burnout prevalence and profile in the Sicilian population of ambulance driver-rescuers. Prehosp Disaster Med 2020; 35: 133–40.Google Scholar
França, SPDS, De Martino, MMF, Aniceto, EVDS, Silva, LL. Predictors of burnout syndrome in nurses in the prehospital emergency services. Acta Paul Enferm 2012; 25: 6873.Google Scholar
Crowe, RP, Bower, JK, Cash, RE, Panchal, AR, Rodriguez, SA, Olivo-Marston, SE. Association of burnout with workforce-reducing factors among EMS professionals. Prehosp Emerg Care 2018; 22: 229–36.Google Scholar
Marmar, CR, Weiss, DS, Metzler, TJ, Ronfeldt, HM, Foreman, C. Stress responses of emergency services personnel to the Loma Prieta earthquake Interstate 880 freeway collapse and control traumatic incidents. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9: 6385.Google Scholar
Bernaldo-De-Quiros, M, Piccini, AT, Gomez, MM, Cerdeira, JC. Psychological consequences of aggression in pre-hospital emergency care: cross sectional survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2015; 52: 260–70.Google Scholar
Patterson, PD, Klapec, SE, Weaver, MD, Guyette, FX, Platt, TE, Buysse, DJ. Differences in paramedic fatigue before and after changing from a 24-hour to an 8-hour shift schedule: a case report. Prehosp Emerg Care 2016; 20: 132–6.Google Scholar
Pyper, Z, Paterson, JL. Fatigue and mental health in Australian rural and regional ambulance personnel. Emerg Med Australas 2016; 28: 62–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donnelly, EA, Bradford, P, Davis, M, Hedges, C, Socha, D, Morassutti, P. Fatigue and safety in paramedicine. CJEM 2019; 21: 762–5.Google Scholar
Horowitz, M, Wilner, N, Alvarez, W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med 1979; 41: 209–18.Google Scholar
Weathers, FW, Litz, BT, Herman, DS, Huska, JA, Keane, TM, eds. The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, Validity, and Diagnostic Utility. Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, 1993.Google Scholar
Weiss, D, Marmar, C. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD (Wilson, J, Keane, T, eds): 399411. Guilford Press, 1997.Google Scholar
Weathers, FW, Litz, BT, Keane, TM, Palmieri, PA, Marx, BP, Schnurr, PP. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). National Center for PTSD, 2013.Google Scholar
Skogstad, L, Fjetland, AM, Ekeberg, O. Exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms among first responders working in proximity to the terror sites in Norway on July 22, 2011 – a cross-sectional study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2015; 23: 23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, S, McGilloway, S. Experience of critical incident stress among ambulance service staff and relationship to psychological symptoms. Int J Emerg Ment Health 2009; 11: 235–48.Google Scholar
Regehr, C, Millar, D. Situation critical: high demand, low control, and low support in paramedic organizations. Traumatology 2007; 13: 4958.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO). AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care. WHO, 2001.Google Scholar
Wild, J, Smith, KV, Thompson, E, Béar, F, Lommen, MJJ, Ehlers, A. A prospective study of pre-trauma risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Psychol Med 2016; 46: 2571–82.Google Scholar
Adams, K, Shakespeare-Finch, J, Armstrong, D. An interpretative phenomenological analysis of stress and well-being in emergency medical dispatchers. J Loss Trauma 2015; 20: 430–48.Google Scholar
Coxon, A, Cropley, M, Schofield, P, Start, K, Horsfield, C, Quinn, T. ‘You’re never making just one decision’: exploring the lived experiences of ambulance Emergency Operations Centre personnel. Emerg Med J 2016; 33: 645–51.Google Scholar
Halpern, J, Gurevich, M, Schwartz, B, Brazeau, P. What makes an incident critical for ambulance workers? Emotional outcomes and implications for intervention. Work Stress 2009; 23: 173–89.Google Scholar
Clompus, SR, Albarran, JW. Exploring the nature of resilience in paramedic practice: a psycho-social study. Int Emerg Nurs 2016; 28: 17.Google Scholar
Patterson, PD, Probst, JC, Leith, KH, Corwin, SJ, Powell, MP. Recruitment and retention of emergency medical technicians: a qualitative study. J Allied Health 2005; 34: 153–62.Google Scholar
Smith, EC, Burkle, FM. Paramedic and emergency medical technician reflections on the ongoing impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Prehosp Disaster Med 2019; 34: 5661.Google Scholar

References

Steffens, N, Haslam, S, Kerschreiter, R, Schuh, S, van Dick, R. Leaders enhance group members’ work engagement and reduce their burnout by crafting social identity. Z Personalforsch 2014; 28: 173–94.Google Scholar
Ellemers, N, Barreto, M. Social identity and self-presentation at work: how attempts to hide a stigmatised identity affect emotional well-being, social inclusion and performance. Neth J Psychol 2006; 62: 51–7.Google Scholar
Jameton, A. Nursing Practice: The Ethical Issues. Prentice-Hall, 1984.Google Scholar
British Medical Association (BMA). Moral Distress and Moral Injury: Recognising and Tackling It for UK Doctors. BMA, 2021 (www.bma.org.uk/media/4209/bma-moral-distress-injury-survey-report-june-2021.pdf).Google Scholar
Maslach, C, Leiter, M. Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2016; 15: 103–11.Google Scholar
Murray, E, Krahé, C, Goodsman, D. Are medical students in prehospital care at risk of moral injury? Emerg Med J 2018; 35: 590–94.Google Scholar
Griffin, B, Purcell, N, Burkman, K, Litz, B, Bryan, C, Schmitz, M, et al. Moral injury: an integrative review. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32: 350–62.Google Scholar
Litz, B, Stein, N, Delaney, E, Lebowitz, L, Nash, W, Silva, C, et al. Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: a preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clin Psychol Rev 2009; 29: 695706.Google Scholar
Shay, J. Moral injury. Psychoanal Psychol 2014; 31: 182–91.Google Scholar
Litz, B, Kerig, P. Introduction to the special issue on moral injury: conceptual challenges, methodological issues, and clinical applications. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32: 341–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, J, Deady, R. Moral distress reconsidered. Nurs Ethics 2008; 15: 254–62.Google Scholar
Whitehead, PB, Herbertson, RK, Hamric, AB, Epstein, EG, Fisher, JM. Moral distress among healthcare professionals: report of an institution-wide survey. J Nurs Scholarsh 2015; 47: 117–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shale, S. Moral injury and the COVID-19 pandemic: reframing what it is, who it affects and how care leaders can manage it. BMJ Leader 2020; 4: 224–7.Google Scholar
Kinman, G, Teoh, K. Looking after Doctors’ Mental Wellbeing during the COVID-19 Pandemic. BMJ, 2020 (https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2020/03/26/looking-after-doctors-mental-wellbeing-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/).Google Scholar
Tajfel, H, Turner, JC. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (eds Austin, WG, Worchel, S): 3347. Brooks/Cole, 1979.Google Scholar
Morgan, P, Ogbonna, E. Subcultural dynamics in transformation: a multi-perspective study of healthcare professionals. Hum Relat 2008; 61: 3965.Google Scholar
Williams, R. A cunning plan: integrating evidence, judgement and passion in mental health strategy. The Inaugural Lecture of Professor Richard Williams, delivered at the University of Glamorgan, November 2000.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V, Neal, A. Compassionate care: leading and caring for staff of mental health services and the moral architecture of healthcare organisations. In Management for Psychiatrists (eds Bhugra, D, Bell, S, Burns, S): 377402. Royal College of Psychiatrists Publication, 2016.Google Scholar
Neal, A, Kemp, V, Williams, R. Caring for the carers. In Social Scaffolding: Applying the Lessons of Contemporary Social Science to Health and Healthcare (eds Williams, R, Kemp, V, Haslam, SA, et al.): 289303. Cambridge University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
Warner, M, Williams, R. The nature of strategy and its application in statutory and non-statutory services. In Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Strategic Approaches to Commissioning and Delivering Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (eds Williams, R, Kerfoot, M): 3962. Oxford University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association, 2013 .Google Scholar

References

Boss, P. Ambiguous loss research, theory, and practice: reflections after 9/11. J Marriage Fam 2004; 66: 551–66.Google Scholar
Hill, R, Sundin, E, Winder, B. Work–family enrichment of firefighters: ‘satellite family members’, risk, trauma and family functioning. Int J Emerg Serv 2020; 9: 395407.Google Scholar
Davidson, AC, Berah, E, Moss, S. The relationship between the adjustment of Australian police officers and their partners. Psychiatry Psychol Law 2006; 13: 41–8.Google Scholar
Regehr, C. Bringing the trauma home: spouses of paramedics. J Loss Trauma 2005; 10: 97114.Google Scholar
Hill, R, Pickford, R, Abdelmalak, E, Afolayan, S, Brittain, M, Nadeem, L, et al. Mapping the Health and Wellbeing Across the Firefighting Career and Assessing the Current Demands. Nottingham Trent University, 2023.Google Scholar
Hobfoll, SE, Spielberger, CD. Family stress: integrating theory and measurement. J Fam Psychol 1992; 6: 99.Google Scholar
Schumm, JA, Vranceanu, AM, Hobfoll, SE. The ties that bind: resource caravans and losses among traumatized families. In Handbook of Stress, Trauma, and the Family (ed. Catherall, DR): 3350. Routledge, 2014.Google Scholar
Sharp, ML, Harrison, V, Solomon, N, Fear, N, King, H, Pike, G. Assessing the Mental Health and Wellbeing of the Emergency Responder Community in the UK. King’s College London, 2020.Google Scholar
Hill, R. Occupational related consequences for relatives of firefighters. PhD Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2015.Google Scholar
Mikkelsen, A, Burke, RJ. Work–family concerns of Norwegian police officers: antecedents and consequences. Int J Stress Manag 2004; 11: 429.Google Scholar
He, N, Zhao, J, Archbold, CA. Gender and police stress: the convergent and divergent impact of work environment, work–family conflict, and stress coping mechanisms of female and male police officers. Policing 2002; 25: 687708.Google Scholar
Schumm, WR, Bell, DB, Resnick, G. Recent research on family factors and readiness: implications for military leaders. Psychol Rep 2001; 89: 153–65.Google Scholar
Greenhaus, JH, Powell, GN. When work and family are allies: a theory of work–family enrichment. Acad Manag Rev 2006; 31: 7292.Google Scholar
Cabarkapa, S, Nadjidai, SE, Murgier, J, Ng, CH. The psychological impact of COVID-19 and other viral epidemics on frontline healthcare workers and ways to address it: a rapid systematic review. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 8: 100144.Google Scholar
Shaukat, N, Ali, DM, Razzak, J. Physical and mental health impacts of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: a scoping review. Int J Emerg Med 2020; 13: 18.Google Scholar
Ann, SM, Gaughan, AA, Macewan, SR, Gregory, ME, Rush, LJ, Volney, J, et al. Pandemic experience of first responders: fear, frustration, and stress. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19: 4693.Google Scholar
Løvseth, LT, Aasland, OG. Confidentiality as a barrier to social support: a cross-sectional study of Norwegian emergency and human service workers. Int J Stress Manag 2020; 17: 214.Google Scholar
Hill, R, Stewart, S, Potter, A, Pickford, R, Smith, K. Managing the First 230 Days. C19 National Foresight Group, 2020.Google Scholar
Hill, R, Guest, D, Pickford, R, Hopkinson, A, Daszkiewicz, T, Whitton, S, et al. Covid-19 Pandemic: Second Interim Operational Review. C19 National Foresight Group, 2020.Google Scholar
Hill, R, Guest, D, Pickford, R, Hopkinson, A, Daszkiewicz, T, Whitton, S, et al. Covid-19 Pandemic: Third Interim Operational Review. C19 National Foresight Group, 2020.Google Scholar
Hill, R, Guest, D, Hopkinson, A, Towler, A, Pickford, R. Covid-19 Pandemic: First Interim Operational Review. C19 National Foresight Group, 2020.Google Scholar
Tekin, S, Glover, N, Greene, T, Lamb, D, Murphy, D, Billings, J. Experiences and views of frontline healthcare workers’ family members in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13: 2057166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jenkins, SR. Coping and social support among emergency dispatchers: Hurricane Andrew. J Soc Behav Pers 1997; 12: 201–16.Google Scholar
O’Toole, M, Mulhall, C, Eppich, W. Breaking down barriers to help-seeking: preparing first responders’ families for psychological first aid. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13: 2065430.Google Scholar
Casas, JB, Benuto, LT. Work-related traumatic stress spillover in first responder families: a systematic review of the literature. Psychol Trauma 2022; 14: 209–17.Google Scholar
Porter, KL, Henriksen, RC. The phenomenological experience of first responder spouses. Fam J 2016; 24: 4451.Google Scholar
McNamara, N, Muhlemann, N, Stevenson, C, Haslam, C, Hill, R, Steffens, N, et al. Understanding the transition to retirement for firefighters: a social identity approach. Nottingham: The Firefighters Charity. Available from: https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/49070Google Scholar
Hobfoll, SE. Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Am Psychol 1989; 44: 513.Google Scholar
Halbesleben, JR, Neveu, JP, Paustian-Underdahl, SC, Westman, M. Getting to the “COR”: understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. J Manag 2014; 40: 1334–64.Google Scholar
Hobfoll, SE. Conservation of resources and disaster in cultural context: the caravans and passageways for resources. Psychiatry 2012; 75: 227–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hobfoll, SE. The influence of culture, community, and the nested‐self in the stress process: advancing conservation of resources theory. Appl Psychol 2001; 50: 337421.Google Scholar
Hobfoll, SE. Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings. J Occup Organ Psychol 2011; 84: 116–22.Google Scholar
Brunsden, V, Hill, R, Maguire, K. Managing stress in the fire and rescue service: a UK informed global perspective. Int Fire Service J Leader Manag 2014; 7: 2739.Google Scholar

References

Conolly, A, Maben, J, Abrams, R, Rowland, E, Harris, R, Kelly, D, et al. ‘Fallen angels’: shifting discourses of nursing over the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic. Submitted to Human Relations.Google Scholar
Jones-Berry, S. COVID-19: Boris Johnson’s nurses say praise helps raise profession’s profile. Nursing Standard, 23 April 2020.Google Scholar
Nuffield Trust. What Kind of Staff Make Up the NHS Workforce. Nuffield Trust, 2021 (www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/resource/the-nhs-workforce-in-numbers#1-what-kinds-of-staff-make-up-the-nhs-workforce).Google Scholar
Leary, A. Safety and service: reframing the purpose of nursing to decision-makers. J Clin Nurs 2017; 26: 3761–3.Google Scholar
Health Education England. Raising the Bar Shape of Caring: A Review of the Future Education and Training of Registered Nurses and Care Assistants. Health Education England, 2015.Google Scholar
Leary, A. The healthcare workforce should be shaped by outcomes, rather than outputs. BMJ Opinion 2019 (https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2019/05/31/alison-leary-the-healthcare-workforce-should-be-shaped-by-outcomes-rather-than-outputs/).Google Scholar
Maben, J. The art of caring: invisible and subordinated? A response to Juliet Corbin: ‘Is caring a lost art in nursing?’ Int J Nurs Stud 2008; 45: 335–8.Google Scholar
Buchan, J. Seccombe, I. Using scenarios to assess the future supply of NHS nursing staff in England. Hum Resour Health 2012; 10: 16.Google Scholar
Ham, C. UK Government’s autumn statement: no relief for NHS and social care in England. BMJ 2016; 355: i6382.Google Scholar
Beech, J, Bottery, S, Charlesworth, A, Evans, H, Gershlick, B, Hemmings, N, et al. Closing the Gap: Key Areas for Action on the Health and Care Workforce. Nuffield Trust, The Health Foundation, and the King’s Fund, 2019.Google Scholar
Mlambo, M, Silén, C, McGrath, C. Lifelong learning and nurses’ continuing professional development, a metasynthesis of the literature. BMC Nurs 2021; 20: 62.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. Exposed, Silenced, Attacked: Failures to Protect Health and Essential Workers during the Pandemic. Amnesty International, 2020 (www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/POL4025722020ENGLISH.pdf).Google Scholar
Leary, A. Why does healthcare reject the precautionary principle? BMJ Opinion 2021 (https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2021/03/12/alison-leary-why-does-healthcare-reject-the-precautionary-principle/).Google Scholar
Gould, D, Purssell, E. RCN Independent Review of Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Covid-19 in Health Care Settings in the United Kingdom. Royal College of Nursing, 2021 (www.rcn.org.uk/professional-development/publications/rcn-independent-review-control-of-covid-19-in-health-care-settings-uk-pub-009-627).Google Scholar
Couper, K, Murrells, T, Sanders Anderson, J, Blake, H, Kelly, D, Kent, B, et al. The impact of COVID-19 on the wellbeing of the UK nursing and midwifery workforce during the first pandemic wave: a longitudinal survey study. Int J Nurs Stud 2022; 127: 104155.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Murray, E, Neal, A, Kemp, V. Top Ten Messages for Supporting Healthcare Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2020 (https://tinyurl.com/wm7e3pn).Google Scholar
Ustun, G, COVID-19 pandemic and mental health of nurses: impact on international health security. In Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security, 2021 (dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96084).Google Scholar
Taylor, C, Xyrichis, A, Leamy, MC, Reynolds, E. Maben, J. Can Schwartz Center Rounds support healthcare staff with emotional challenges at work, and how do they compare with other interventions aimed at providing similar support? A systematic review and scoping reviews. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e024254.Google Scholar
Traynor, M. Critical Resilience for Nurses. Routledge, 2017.Google Scholar
Conolly, A, Abrams, R, Rowland, E, Harris, R, Kelly, D. Kent, B, et al. ‘What is the matter with me?’ or a ‘badge of honor’: nurses’ constructions of resilience during COVID-19. Glob Qual Nurs Res 2022; 9: 23333936221094862.Google Scholar
Maben, J, Bridges, J. COVID-19: supporting nurses’ psychological and mental health. J Clin Nurs 2020; 29: 2742–50.Google Scholar
Taylor, C, Mattick, K, Carrieri, D, Cox, A, Maben, J. ‘The WOW factors’: comparing workforce organisation and wellbeing for doctors, nurses, midwives and paramedics in England. Br Med Bull 2022; 141: 6079.Google Scholar
Carrieri, D, Pearson, M, Mattick, K, Papoutsi, C, Briscoe, S, Wong, G, et al. Interventions to minimise doctors’ mental ill-health and its impacts on the workforce and patient care: the Care Under Pressure realist review. Health Serv Deliv Res 2020; 8: 19.Google Scholar
Cheshire, A, Ridge, D, Hughes, J, Peters, D, Panagioti, M, Simon, C, et al. Influences on GP coping and resilience: a qualitative study in primary care. Br J Gen Pract 2017; 67: ve428–36.Google Scholar
Maben, J, Taylor, C, Dawson, J, Leamy, M, McCarthy, I, Reynolds, E, et al. A realist informed mixed-methods evaluation of Schwartz Center Rounds® in England. Health Serv Deliv Res 2018; 6: 37.Google Scholar
Montgomery, C, Humphreys, S, McCulloch, C, Doherty, A, Sturdy, S, Pattison, N. Critical care work during COVID-19: a qualitative study of staff experiences in the UK. BMJ Open 2021; 11: e048124.Google Scholar
Greenberg, N, Weston, D, Hall, C, Caulfield, T, Williamson, C, Fong, K. Mental health of staff working in intensive care during COVID-19. Occup Med 2021; 71: 62–7.Google Scholar
Riessman, C. Narrative Analysis. Sage, 1993.Google Scholar
Hollway, W, Jefferson, T. Doing Qualitative Research Differently. Sage, 2013.Google Scholar
Kinman, G, Teoh, K, Harriss, A. The Mental Health and Wellbeing of Nurses and Midwives in the United Kingdom. Society of Occupational Medicine, 2020.Google Scholar
Kirk, K, Cohen, L, Edgley, A, Timmons, S. ‘I don’t have any emotions’: an ethnography of emotional labour and feeling rules in the emergency department. J Adv Nurs 2021; 77: 1956–67.Google Scholar
Conolly, A, Maben, J, Abrams, R, Rowland, E, Harris, R, Kelly, D, et al. Researching distressing topics ethically: reflections on interviewing nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Soc Res Methodol 2022.Google Scholar
Morley, G, Bradbury-Jones, C, Ives, J. ‘What is ‘moral distress’ in nursing? A feminist empirical bioethics study. Nurs Ethics 2020; 27: 1297–314.Google Scholar
Jones, A, Kelly, D. Deafening silence? Time to reconsider whether organisations are silent or deaf when things go wrong. BMJ Qual Saf 2014; 23: 709–13.Google Scholar
Rowland, E, Emotional geographies of care work in the NHS. PhD thesis, Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2014.Google Scholar
British Academy. The COVID Decade: Addressing the Long-Term Societal Impacts of COVID-19. British Academy, 2021.Google Scholar
Maslow, AA. Theory of human motivation. Psychol Rev 1943; 50: 370–96.Google Scholar
Edmondson, A. Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Adm Sci Q 1999; 44: 350–83.Google Scholar

References

Heath, I. Kindness in healthcare: what goes around. BMJ 2012; 344: e1171.Google Scholar
Ballatt, J, Campling, P, Maloney, C. Intelligent Kindness: Rehabilitating the Welfare State 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Weinman, J, Ebrecht, M, Scott, S, et al. Enhanced wound healing after emotional disclosure intervention. Br J Health Psychol 2008; 13: 95102.Google Scholar
Cole-King, A, Harding, KG. Psychological factors and delayed healing in chronic wounds. Psychosom Med 2001; 63: 216–20.Google Scholar

References

Kar-Purkayastha, I, Balasegaram, S, Sen, D, et al. Lead: ongoing public and occupational health issues in vulnerable populations: a case study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2012; 34: 176–82.Google Scholar
Health and Safety Executive. Work-Related Ill Health and Occupational Disease in Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive, 2021 (www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/).Google Scholar
Health and Safety Executive. Hierarchy of Controls, Leadership and Worker Involvement Toolkit. Health and Safety Executive, 2021 (www.hse.gov.uk/construction/lwit/assets/downloads/hierarchy-risk-controls.pdf).Google Scholar
Health and Safety Executive. What Are the Management Standards? Health and Safety Executive, 2022 (www.hse.gov.uk/stress/standards/).Google Scholar
NHS England and NHS Improvement. Responding to the Needs of People Affected by Incidents and Emergencies: Guidance for Planning, Delivering, and Evaluating Psychosocial and Mental Healthcare. NHS England and NHS Improvement, 2021.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NICE Guideline [NG116]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2018 (www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116).Google Scholar
Fogarty, H, Townsend, L, Morrin, H, Ahmad, A, Comerford, C, Karampini, E, et al. Persistent endotheliopathy in the pathogenesis of long COVID syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19: 2546–53.Google Scholar
Bonaventura, A, Vecchié, A, Dagna, L, Martinod, K, Dixon, DL, Van Tassell, BW, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and immunothrombosis as key pathogenic mechanisms in COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol 2021 21: 319–29.Google Scholar
Kell, DB, Laubscher, GJ, Pretorius, E. A central role for amyloid fibrin microclots in long COVID/PASC: origins and therapeutic implications. Biochem J 2022; 479: 537–59.Google Scholar
Raman, B, Bluemke, DA, Lüscher, TF, Neubauer, S. Long COVID: post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 with a cardiovascular focus. Eur Heart J 2022; 43: 1157–72.Google Scholar
Verbeeck, J, Vandersmissen, G, Peeters, J, Klamer, S, Hancart, S, Lernout, T, et al. Confirmed COVID-19 cases per economic activity during autumn wave in Belgium. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 12489.Google Scholar
Couzin-Frankel, J. What causes Long Covid? Here are the three leading theories. Science 2022; 376: 1261–5.Google Scholar
Barker-Davies, RM, O’Sullivan, O, Senaratne, KPP, Baker, P, Cranley, M, Dharm-Datta, S, et al. The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br J Sports Med 2020; 54: 949–59.Google Scholar
Nalbandian, A, Sehgal, K, Gupta, A, Madhavan, MV, McGroder, C, Stevens, JS, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med 2021; 27: 601–15.Google Scholar
Fedson, DS. COVID-19, host response treatment, and the need for political leadership. J Public Health Policy 2021; 42: 614.Google Scholar
Master, H, Chaudhry, A, Gall, N, Newson, L, Glynne, S, Glynne, P. Draw On Expert Opinion to Optimise Care for Long COVID. Medscape UK, 2022 (www.guidelinesinpractice.co.uk/infection/draw-on-expert-opinion-to-optimise-care-for-long-covid/456989.article).Google Scholar
Waddell, G, Burton, AK, Kendall, NAS. Vocational Rehabilitation: What Works, for Whom, and When? The Stationery Office, 2008.Google Scholar
Council for Work and Health. 2019 Healthcare Professionals’ Consensus Statement for Action: Statement for Health and Work. Council for Work and Health, 2019 (www.councilforworkandhealth.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Health-and-Work-Consensus-Statement.pdf).Google Scholar
Rayner, C, Campbell, R. Long COVID implications for the workplace. Occup Med (Lond) 2021; 71: 121–3.Google Scholar
Burton, K, Bartys, S. The smart return-to-work plan: Part 1: The concepts. Occup Health Work 2022; 19: 22–6.Google Scholar
Lampejo, T, Durkin, SM, Bhatt, N, Guttmann, O. Acute myocarditis: aetiology, diagnosis and management. Clin Med 2021; 21: e505–10.Google Scholar

References

Smith, EC, Burkle, FM. Paramedic and emergency medical technician reflections on the ongoing impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Prehosp Disaster Med 2019; 34: 5661.Google Scholar
Murray, E, Kaufman, KR, Williams, R. Let us do better: learning lessons for recovery of healthcare professionals during and after COVID-19. BJPsych Open 2021; 7: e151.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Murray, E, Neal, A, Kemp, V. The Top Ten Messages for Supporting Healthcare Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2020 (top-ten-messages-williams-et-al.pdf).Google Scholar
Fancourt, D, Bhui, K, Chatterjee, H, Crawford, P, Crossick, G, DeNora, T, et al. Social, cultural and community engagement and mental health: cross-disciplinary, co-produced research agenda. BJPsych Open 2021; 7: e3.Google Scholar
San Juan, NV, Aceituno, D, Djellouli, N, Sumray, K, Regenold, N, Syverson, A, et al. Mental health and well-being of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: contrasting guidelines with experiences in practice. BJPsych Open 2020; 7: e15.Google Scholar
Kaniasty, K, Norris, FH. Distinctions that matter: received social support, perceived social support and social embeddedness after disasters. In Mental Health and Disasters (eds Neria, Y, Galea, S, Norris, FH): 175200. Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Ntontis, E, Alfadhli, K, Drury, J, Amlôt, R. A social model of secondary stressors in relation to disasters, major incidents and conflict: implications for practice. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2021; 63: 102436.Google Scholar
Stevenson, D, Farmer, P. Thriving at Work: The Independent Review of Mental Health and Employers. HM Government, 2017.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V, Batt-Rawden, S, Bland, L, Burgess, J, Murray, E, et al. Valuing Staff, Valuing Patients: The Report on the Psychosocial and Mental Health Programme. Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 2022.Google Scholar
Milligan-Saville, JS, Tan, L, Gayed, A, Barnes, C, Dobson, M, Bryant, RA, et al. Workplace mental health training for managers and its effect on sick leave in employees: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4: 850–58.Google Scholar
Malinen, S, Hatton, T, Naswall, K, Kuntz, J. Strategies to enhance employee well-being and organisational performance in a postcrisis environment: a case study. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12227.Google Scholar
Bleetman, A, Sanusi, S, Dale, T, et al. Human factors and error prevention in emergency medicine. Emerg Med J 2012; 29: 389–93.Google Scholar
Hill, R, Sundin, E, Winder, B. Work–family enrichment of firefighters: ‘satellite family members’, risk, trauma and family functioning. Int J Emerg Serv 2020; 9: 395407.Google Scholar
Kaniasty, K, Norris, FH. Longitudinal linkages between perceived social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms: sequential roles of social causation and social selection. J Trauma Stress 2008; 21: 274–81.Google Scholar
McFarlane, AC, Williams, R. Mental health services required after disasters: learning from the lasting effects of disasters. Depress Res Treat 2012; 2012: 970194.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V, Stokes, S, Lockey, D. Peer Support: An Introductory or Briefing Document. Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 2020 (fphc.rcsed.ac.uk/media/2841/peer-support.pdf).Google Scholar
Williams, R, Bisson, J, Kemp, V. Health care planning for community disaster care. In Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry (eds Ursano, R, Fullerton, C, Weisaeth, L, Raphael, B): 244–60. Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. Psychological First Aid: Guide for Field Workers. World Health Organization, 2011.Google Scholar
McDuff, DR, Johnson, JL. Classification and characteristics of Army stress casualties during Operation Desert Storm. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1992; 43: 812–15.Google Scholar
Solomon, Z, Shklar, R, Mikulincer, M. Frontline treatment of combat stress reaction: a 20-year longitudinal evaluation study. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 2309–14.Google Scholar
Mental Health Commission of Canada. Toward Recovery and Well-Being: A Framework for a Mental Health Strategy for Canada. Mental Health Commission of Canada, 2009.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, ML, Lau, A, Fredrickson, J, Gibson, K, Bryant, R, Bisson, J, et al. An open label pilot study of a brief psychosocial intervention for disaster and trauma survivors. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11: 483.Google Scholar
NHS Employers. Your Occupational Health Service: Guidance. NHS Employers, 2019 (www.nhsemployers.org/system/files/media/Your-occupational-health%20service-October-2019_0.pdf).Google Scholar

References

Williams, R, Kemp, V, Batt-Rawden, S, Bland, L, Burgess, J, McInerney, A, et al. Valuing Staff, Valuing Patients: The Report on the Psychosocial and Mental Health Programme. Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 2022.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V. Caring for healthcare practitioners. BJPsych Advances 2019; 26: 116–28.Google Scholar
Stevenson, D, Farmer, P. Thriving at Work: The Stevenson/Farmer Review of Mental Health and Employers. Department for Work and Pensions and Department of Health and Social Care, 2017.Google Scholar
Murray, E, Kaufman, KR, Williams, R. Let us do better: learning lessons for recovery of healthcare professionals during and after COVID-19. BJPsych Open 2021; 7: e151.Google Scholar
Mind. Blue Light Programme Research Summary 2016–18. Mind, 2018 (www.mind.org.uk/media-a/4861/blue-light-programme-research-summary_2016-to-18_online.pdf).Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kaufman, KR. Narrative review of the COVID-19, healthcare and healthcarers thematic series. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e34.Google Scholar
NHS Employers. NHS Staff Survey 2019. NHS Employers, 2020 (www.nhsemployers.org/articles/nhs-staff-survey-2020).Google Scholar
Police Care UK. Policing: The Job and the Life Survey. Police Care UK, 2018.Google Scholar
General Medical Council. The State of Medical Education and Practice in the UK. General Medical Council, 2018.Google Scholar
British Medical Association. Caring for the Mental Health of the Medical Workforce. British Medical Association, 2019.Google Scholar
House of Commons Health and Social Care Committee. Workforce Burnout and Resilience in the NHS and Social Care: Second Report of Session 2021–22. House of Commons, 2021.Google Scholar
NHS England. We are the NHS: People Plan for 2020/21 – Action for Us All. NHS England, 2020 (www.england.nhs.uk/publication/we-are-the-nhs-people-plan-for-2020-21-action-for-us-all).Google Scholar
Association of Chief Ambulance Officers. Supporting Ambulance Staff on Mental Health and Wellbeing. Association of Chief Ambulance Officers, 2019 (https://aace.org.uk/mentalhealthandwellbeing/).Google Scholar
College of Paramedics. Paramedic Mental Health and Wellbeing. College of Paramedics, 2023 (https://collegeofparamedics.co.uk/COP/Member_/Paramedic_Mental_Health_and_Wellbeing.aspx).Google Scholar
College of Paramedics. Guidance for Managers on Psychosocial Support and Mental Wellbeing of Ambulance Personnel in a Pandemic. College of Paramedics, 2020 (collegeofparamedics.co.uk/COP/News/Covid-19/Guidance_for_managers_psychosocial_support_and_mental_wellbeing_of_ambulance_personnel_in_a_pandemic.aspx).Google Scholar
The Ambulance Staff Charity (TASC). Mental Health Support. TASC, 2020 (www.theasc.org.uk/services-we-offer/mental-health/).Google Scholar
NHS Leadership Academy. Supporting Others in Difficult Times: A Samaritan’s Guide to Helpful Conversations. NHS Leadership Academy, 2020 (https://people.nhs.uk/guides/supporting-others-in-difficult-times/).Google Scholar
Milligan-Saville, JS, Tan, L, Gayed, A, Barnes, C, Dobson, M, Bryant, RA, et al. Workplace mental health training for managers and its effect on sick leave in employees: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4: 850-85.Google Scholar
National Police Wellbeing Service. Oscar Kilo. National Police Wellbeing Service, 2023 (www.oscarkilo.org.uk/).Google Scholar
Office for Health Improvement & Disparities. Prevention Concordat for Better Mental Health. Office for Health Improvement & Disparities, 2023 (www.gov.uk/government/publications/prevention-concordat-for-better-mental-health-consensus-statement/prevention-concordat-for-better-mental-health).Google Scholar
Mind. Mental Health in the Emergency Services: Our 2019 Survey Results – Fire Service. Mind, 2019 (www.mind.org.uk/media-a/4848/2019-survey-fire-service-summary.pdf).Google Scholar
Lock, S, Rubin, GJ, Murray, V, Rogers, MB, Amlôt, R, Williams, R. Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: a systematic review of primary research from 2010–2011. PLoS Curr 2012; 4: ecurrents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Ntontis, E, Alfadhli, K, Drury, J, Amlôt, R. A social model of secondary stressors in relation to disasters, major incidents and conflict: implications for practice. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2021; 63: 102436.Google Scholar
Malinen, S, Hatton, T, Naswall, K, Kuntz, J. Strategies to enhance employee well-being and organisational performance in a postcrisis environment: a case study. J Contingencies Crisis Manag 2019; 27: 7986.Google Scholar
NHS England. Psychological First Aid Training for Staff and Volunteers. NHS England, 2020 (www.nhsemployers.org/news/2020/06/free-psychological-first-aid-in-emergencies-training-for-frontline-staff-and-volunteers).Google Scholar
Williams, R, Bisson, JI, Kemp, V. Designing, planning and delivering psychosocial and mental health care for communities affected by disasters. In Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry, 2nd ed (eds Ursano, R., Fullerton, CS, Weisaeth, L, Raphael, B): 244–60. Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V, Stokes, S, Lockey, D. Peer Support. Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 2020 (https://fphc.rcsed.ac.uk/media/2841/peer-support.pdf).Google Scholar
McDuff, DR, Johnson, JL. Classification and characteristics of Army stress casualties during Operation Desert Storm. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1992; 43: 812–15.Google Scholar
Solomon, Z, Shklar, R, Mikulincer, M. Frontline treatment of combat stress reaction: a 20-year longitudinal evaluation study. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 2309–14.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Murray, E, Neal, A, Kemp, V. The Top Ten Messages for Supporting Healthcare Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2020 (top-ten-messages-williams-et-al.pdf).Google Scholar
Tedeschi, RG. Growth after trauma. Harvard Business Review, July–August 2020 (https://hbr.org/2020/07/growth-after-trauma).Google Scholar

References

Wahlquist, C, Rawlinson, K, Campbell, L, Gayle, D, Perraudin, F, Davidson, H. Italy Covid-19 death toll rises to 21 as UK confirms 20th case – as it happened. World news, The Guardian, 1 July 2020.Google Scholar
Sample, I. NHS aims to give 35m flu jabs amid warnings of up to 60,000 deaths. The Guardian, 8 October 2021.Google Scholar
The Health Foundation, King’s Fund, and Nuffield Trust. The Health Care Workforce in England: Make or Break? Joint Briefing. King’s Fund, 2018 (www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-11/The%20health%20care%20workforce%20in%20England.pdf).Google Scholar
Royal College of Nursing. 10 Unsustainable Pressures on the Health and Care System in England. Royal College of Nursing, 2021.Google Scholar
The King’s Fund. The Road to Renewal: Five Priorities for Health and Care. The King’s Fund, 2021 (www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/covid-19-road-renewal-health-and-care).Google Scholar
The King’s Fund. NHS Sickness Absence. The King’s Fund, 2019.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics. Sickness Absence in the UK Labour Market. Office for National Statistics, 2018.Google Scholar
Sizmur, S, Raleigh, V. The Risks to Care Quality and Staff Wellbeing of an NHS System under Pressure. The King’s Fund, 2018.Google Scholar
NHS England. NHS England Publishes Latest NHS Staff Survey Results. NHS England, 2018.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V. Caring for healthcare practitioners. BJPsych Advances 2020; 26: 116–28.Google Scholar
The King’s Fund. NHS Sickness Absence. The King’s Fund, 2019.Google Scholar
Wallbank, S. The Restorative Resilience Model of Supervision: An Organisational Training Manual for Building Resilience to Workplace Stress in Health and Social Care Professionals. Pavilion Publishing and Media Limited, 2016.Google Scholar
Manthorpe, J, Iliffe, S, Gillen, P, Moriarty, J, Mallett, J, Schroder, H, et al. Clapping for carers in the Covid‐19 crisis: carers’ reflections in a UK survey. Health Soc Care Community 2022; 30: 1442–9.Google Scholar
Murray, E, Kaufman, KR, Williams, R. Let us do better: learning lessons for recovery of healthcare professionals during and after COVID-19. BJPsych Open 2021; 7: e151.Google Scholar
Ntontis, E, Luzynska, K, Williams, R. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Psychosocial and Mental Health Needs of NHS and Social Care Staff: Final Report on Literature Published Between 2021 and 2022. The Open University, 2022.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kaufman, KR. Narrative review of the COVID-19, healthcare and healthcarers thematic series. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e34.Google Scholar
Lamb, D, Gnanapragasam, S, Greenberg, N, Bhundia, R, Carr, E, Hotopf, M, et al. Psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on 4378 UK healthcare workers and ancillary staff: initial baseline data from a cohort study collected during the first wave of the pandemic. Occup Environ Med 2021; 78: 801–8.Google Scholar
Lowell, A, Suarez-Jimenez, B, Helpman, L, Zhu, X, Durosky, A, Hilburn, A, et al. 9/11-related PTSD among highly exposed populations: a systematic review 15 years after the attack. Psychol Med 2018; 48: 537–53.Google Scholar
Chau, SWH, Wong, OWH, Ramakrishnan, R, et al. History for some or lesson for all? A systematic review and meta-analysis on the immediate and long-term mental health impact of the 2002–2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak. BMC Public Health 2021; 21: 670.Google Scholar
Gemine, R, Davies, GR, Tarrant, S, Davies, RM, James, M, Lewis, K. Factors associated with work-related burnout in NHS staff during COVID-19: a cross-sectional mixed methods study. BMJ Open 2021; 11: e042591.Google Scholar
Denning, M, Goh, ET, Tan, B, Kanneganti, A, Almonte, M, Scott, A, et al. Determinants of burnout and other aspects of psychological well-being in healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic: a multinational cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0238666.Google Scholar
Ferry, AV, Wereski, R, Strachan, FE, Mills, NL. Predictors of UK healthcare worker burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. QJM 2021; 114: 374–80.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Murray, E, Neal, A, Kemp, V. Top Ten Messages for Supporting Healthcare Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2020.Google Scholar
Kisely, S, Warren, N, McMahon, L, Dalais, C, Henry, I, Siskind, D. Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus out-breaks on healthcare workers: rapid review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2020; 369: m1642.Google Scholar
Khajuria, A, Tomaszewski, W, Liu, Z, Chen, J-H, Mehdian, R, Fleming, S, et al. Workplace factors associated with mental health of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: an international cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21: 262.Google Scholar
Payne, A, Rahman, R, Bullingham, R, Vamadeva, S, Alfa-Wali, M. Redeployment of surgical trainees to intensive care during the COVID-19 pandemic: evaluation of the impact on training and wellbeing. J Surg Educ 2021; 78: 813–19.Google Scholar
Salem, J, Hawkins, L, Sundaram, A, Gates, J, Suleman, S, Mistry, M, et al. COVID-19 and the impact on doctor wellbeing and training. Physician 2021; 6: 18.Google Scholar
Juan, NVS, Camilleri, M, Jeans, JP, Monkhouse, A, Chisnall, G, Vindrola-Padros, C. Training and redeployment of healthcare workers to intensive care units (ICUs) during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022; 12: e050038.Google Scholar
Shone, E. More than 850 health and social care workers have died of Covid in England and Wales since the pandemic began. The Scotsman, 27 January 2021 (www.scotsman.com/health/coronavirus/more-than-850-health-and-social-care-workers-have-died-of-covid-in-england-and-wales-since-the-pandemic-began-3114202).Google Scholar
Cook, T, Kursumovic, E, Lennane, S. Exclusive: deaths of NHS staff from covid-19 analysed. Health Service Journal, 22 April 2020 (www.hsj.co.uk/exclusive-deaths-of-nhs-staff-from-covid-19-analysed/7027471.article).Google Scholar
Public Health England. Beyond the Data: Understanding the Impact of COVID-19 on BAME Groups. Public Health England, 2020.Google Scholar
Iyengar, KP, Vaishya, R, Jain, VK, Ish, P. BAME community hesitancy in the UK for COVID-19 vaccine: suggested solutions. Postgrad Med J 2022; 98: e134–5.Google Scholar
Bhui, K, Stansfeld, S, Hull, S, Priebe, S, Mole, F, Feder, G. Ethnic variations in pathways to and use of specialist mental health services in the UK: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182: 105–16.Google Scholar
Barnett, P, Mackay, E, Matthews, H, Gate, R, Greenwood, H, Ariyo, K, et al. Ethnic variations in compulsory detention under the Mental Health Act: a systematic review and meta-analysis of international data. Lancet Psychiatry 2019; 6: 305–17.Google Scholar
Grey, T, Sewell, H, Shapiro, G, Ashraf, F. Mental health inequalities facing UK minority ethnic populations. J Psychol Issues Organ Cult 2013; 3(suppl 1): 146–57.Google Scholar
Smith, K, Bhui, K, Cipriani, A. COVID-19, mental health and ethnic minorities. Evid Based Ment Health 2020; 23: 8990.Google Scholar
Proto, E, Quintana-Domeque, C. COVID-19 and mental health deterioration by ethnicity and gender in the UK. PLoS One 2021; 16: e0244419.Google Scholar
Jesuthasan, J, Powell, RA, Burmester, V, Nicholls, D. ‘We weren’t checked in on, nobody spoke to us’: an exploratory qualitative analysis of two focus groups on the concerns of ethnic minority NHS staff during COVID-19. BMJ Open 2021; 11: e053396.Google Scholar
Adams, EFM, Lee, AJ, Pritchard, CW, White, RJE. What stops us from healing the healers: a survey of help-seeking behaviour, stigmatisation and depression within the medical profession. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2010; 56: 359–70.Google Scholar
Muller, AE, Hafstad, EV, Himmels, JPW, Smedslund, G, Flottorp, S, Stensland, , et al. The mental health impact of the covid-19 pandemic on healthcare workers, and interventions to help them: a rapid systematic review. Psychiatry Res 2020; 293: 113441.Google Scholar
LaDonna, KA, Cowley, L, Touchie, C, LeBlanc, VR, Spilg, EG. Wrestling with the invincibility myth: exploring physicians’ resistance to wellness and resilience-building interventions. Acad Med 2022; 97: 436–43.Google Scholar
Bentz, L, Vandentorren, S, Fabre, R, Bride, J, Pirard, P, Doulet, N, et al. Mental health impact among hospital staff in the aftermath of the Nice 2016 terror attack: the ECHOS de Nice study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21: 1372.Google Scholar
Smith, EC, Burkle, FM. Paramedic and emergency medical technician reflections on the ongoing impact of the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Prehosp Disaster Med 2019; 34: 5661.Google Scholar
Vera San Juan, N, Aceituno, D, Djellouli, N, Sumray, K, Regenold, N, Syversen, A, et al. Mental health and well-being of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: contrasting guidelines with experiences in practice. BJPsych Open 2020; 7: e15.Google Scholar
NHS England. NHS Expands Mental Health Support for Staff after Toughest Year in Health Service History. NHS England, 2021 (www.england.nhs.uk/2021/02/nhs-expands-mental-health-support-for-staff-after-toughest-year-in-health-service-history/).Google Scholar
Rimmer, A. Staff wellbeing: NHS England expands support with 40 hubs. BMJ 2021; 372: n559.Google Scholar
Stancombe, J. Williams, R, Drury, J, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. People’s experiences of distress and psychosocial care following a terrorist attack: interviews with survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e41.Google Scholar
Drury, J, Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. Survivors’ experiences of informal social support in coping and recovering after the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e124.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Ntontis, E, Alfadhli, K, Drury, J, Amlôt, R. A social model of secondary stressors in relation to disasters, major incidents, and conflict: implications for practice. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2021; 63: 102436.Google Scholar
Wallbank, S. Recognising stressors and using restorative supervision to support a healthier maternity workforce: a retrospective, cross-sectional, questionnaire survey. Evid Based Midwifery 2013; 11: 49Google Scholar
Smith, E, Walker, T, Burkle, FM. Lessons in post-disaster self-care from 9/11 paramedics and emergency medical technicians. Prehosp Disaster Med 2019; 34: 335–9.Google Scholar
Brooks, S, Das, S. Mental health and psychosocial aspects of COVID-19 in India: the challenges and responses. J Health Manag 2020; 22: 197205.Google Scholar

References

Tracy, DK, Tarn, M, Eldridge, R, Cooke, J, Calder, JDF, Greenberg, N. What should be done to support the mental health of healthcare staff treating COVID-19 patients? Br J Psychiatry 2020; 217: 537–9.Google Scholar
Mulligan, K, Jones, N, Woodhead, C, Davies, M, Wessely, S, Greenberg, N. Mental health of UK military personnel while on deployment in Iraq. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 197: 405–10.Google Scholar
Greenberg, N, Docherty, M, Gnanapragasam, S, Wessely, S. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ 2020; 368: m1211.Google Scholar
Opie, E, Brooks, S, Greenberg, N, Rubin, GJ. The usefulness of pre-employment and pre-deployment psychological screening for disaster relief workers: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20: 211.Google Scholar
Jones, N, Campion, B, Keeling, M, Greenberg, N. Cohesion, leadership, mental health stigmatisation and perceived barriers to care in UK military personnel. J Ment Health 2018; 27: 1018.Google Scholar
Jones, N, Seddon, R, Fear, NT, McAllister, P, Wessely, S, Greenberg, N. Leadership, cohesion, morale, and the mental health of UK Armed Forces in Afghanistan. Psychiatry 2012; 75: 4959.Google Scholar
Milligan-Saville, JS, Tan, L, Gayed, A, Barnes, C, Madan, I, Dobson, M, et al. Workplace mental health training for managers and its effect on sick leave in employees: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4: 850–58.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NICE Guideline [NG116]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2018 (www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116).Google Scholar
Greenberg, N, Langston, V, Jones, N. Trauma risk management (TRiM) in the UK Armed Forces. J R Army Med Corps 2008; 154: 124–7.Google Scholar
Greenberg, N, Brooks, S, Dunn, R. Latest developments in post-traumatic stress disorder: diagnosis and treatment. Br Med Bull 2015; 114: 147–55.Google Scholar
Rona, RJ, Burdett, H, Khondoker, M, Chesnokov, M, Green, K, Pernet, D, et al. Post-deployment screening for mental disorders and tailored advice about help-seeking in the UK military: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 389: 1410–23.Google Scholar
Woodhead, C, Rona, RJ, Iversen, A, MacManus, D, Hotopf, M, Dean, K, et al. Mental health and health service use among post-national service veterans: results from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of England. Psychol Med 2011; 41: 363–72.Google Scholar
Solomon, Z, Shklar, R, Mikulincer, M. Frontline treatment of combat stress reaction: a 20-year longitudinal evaluation study. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 2309–14.Google Scholar
Patel, RK, Sweeney, MD, Baker, CSR, Greenberg, N, Piper, SE, Shergill, SS, et al. If not now, when? Enhancing cardiologists’ psychological well-being as a COVID-19 gain. Heart 2021; heartjnl-2020-318852.Google Scholar
Greenberg, N, Tracy, DK. What healthcare leaders need to do to protect the psychological well-being of frontline staff in the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Leader 2020; 4: 101–2.Google Scholar
Greenberg, N, Brooks, SK, Wessely, S, Tracy, DK. How might the NHS protect the mental health of health-care workers after the COVID-19 crisis? Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7: 733–4.Google Scholar

References

Sunderland, K, Mishkin, W. Peer Leadership Group, Mental Health Commission of Canada Guidelines for the Practice and Training of Peer Support. Mental Health Commission of Canada, 2013.Google Scholar
Creamer, M, Varker, T, Bisson, J, Darte, K, Greenberg, N, Lau, W, et al. Guidelines for peer support in high-risk organizations: an international consensus study using the Delphi method. J Trauma Stress 2012; 25: 134–41.Google Scholar
Varker, T, Creamer, M. Development of Guidelines on Peer Support Using the Delphi Methodology. Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 2011.Google Scholar
Figley, CR, Nash, WP. Introduction: for those who bear the battle. In Combat Stress Injury: Theory, Research, and Management (eds Figley, CR, Nash, WP): 110. Routledge, 2007.Google Scholar
Corrigan, PW. Impact of consumer-operated services on empowerment and recovery of people with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatr Serv 2006; 57: 1493–6.Google Scholar
Dumont, JM, Jones, K. Findings from a consumer/survivor defined alternative to psychiatric hospitalization. Outlook 2002: spring issue: 46.Google Scholar
Resnick, SG, Rosenheck, RA. Integrating peer-provided services: a quasi-experimental study of recovery orientation, confidence, and empowerment. Psychiatr Serv 2008; 59: 1307–14.Google Scholar
Ochocka, J, Nelson, G, Janzen, R, Trainor, J. A longitudinal study of mental health consumer/survivor initiatives: Part III – a qualitative study of impacts on new members. J Community Psychol 2006; 34: 273–83.Google Scholar
Watkins, J. The value of peer support groups following terrorism: reflections following the September 11 and Paris attacks. Aust J Emerg Manag 2017; 32: 35–9.Google Scholar
Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Drury, J, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. People’s experiences of distress and psychosocial care following a terrorist attack: interviews with survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e41.Google Scholar
McDonald, G, Jackson, D, Vickers, MH, Wilkes, L. Surviving workplace adversity: a qualitative study of nurses and midwives and their strategies to increase personal resilience. J Nurs Manag 2016; 24: 123–31.Google Scholar
Edrees, H, Connors, C, Paine, L, Norvell, M, Taylor, H, Wu, A. Implementing the RISE second victim support programme at the Johns Hopkins Hospital: a case study. BMJ Open 2016; 6: e011708.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V, Stokes, S, Lockey, D. Peer Support: An Introductory or Briefing Document. Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, 2020 (https://fphc.rcsed.ac.uk/media/2841/peer-support.pdf).Google Scholar
Donovan, N. Peer support facilitates post-traumatic growth in first responders: a literature review. Trauma 2022; 24: 19.Google Scholar
Tedeschi, RG, Calhoun, LG. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress 1996; 9: 455–71.Google Scholar
Stevenson, D, Farmer, P. Thriving at Work: The Stevenson/Farmer Review of Mental Health and Employers. Department for Work and Pensions and Department of Health and Social Care, 2017 .Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×