Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
  1. Home
  2. Books
  3. Racial Coalition Building in Local Elections
  • Cited by 34
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Online publication date:
July 2017
Print publication year:
2017
Online ISBN:
9781108233644
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108233644
Subjects:
Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, Area Studies, American Studies, American Government, Politics and Policy, Politics and International Relations, Sociology
Information

Book description

This book examines racial and ethnic coalition building in local elections and considers Black and Latino political incorporation more broadly. Although many argue that Black and Latino voters have much to gain from alliances that advance shared interests, coalitions between the two groups have not always formed easily or been stable over time. Recent mayoral elections across the country show different patterns of out-group candidate support. This book seeks to explain these variations and the specific conditions under which Blacks and Latinos vote for the same candidate. Drawing on large-n observational data, survey experiments, and qualitative case studies, Benjamin develops a theory of co-ethnic endorsements, which points to the significance of elite cues from Black and Latino leaders. The book demonstrates that voters use elite co-ethnic endorsements to help inform their votes, that they do so particularly when race is salient in an election, and that this has real implications for representation and access to political benefits.

Reviews

'That race is a defining feature of twenty-first-century electoral politics in America surprises no one in the age of Obama. Yet much of the focus remains steadfastly on federal elections and on the identifiable motivations of white voters confronted with a non-white candidate on the ballot. Andrea Benjamin departs the beaten path and blazes a new trail by focusing on black and Latino voters facing mayoral ballots without a black or Latino candidate. Benjamin very perceptively and powerfully demonstrates that race still informs African American and Latino voters through co-ethnic cues, especially those that reveal the inner workings of cross-racial elite coalitions. A must-add to my basket of indispensables!'

Taeku Lee - University of California, Berkeley

'For decades, scholars have puzzled over the volatility of Black and Latino voting coalitions in local elections. Many different explanations have been offered, but until now, they’ve all neglected a key piece of the puzzle: endorsements. In this careful and convincing study, Benjamin argues that voters use co-ethnic endorsements to help inform their vote, particularly when race is salient in the election. Offering powerful evidence of the theory through a series of well-designed experiments, analysis of survey data, and newspaper coverage of elections, Benjamin’s book helps us make sense of twenty-first-century city politics.'

Jessica Trounstine - University of California, Merced and author of Political Monopolies in American Cities

'It is an engaging read, with chapters that work well in isolation …'

Melissa R. Michelson Source: Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics

Refine List

Actions for selected content:

Select all | Deselect all
  • View selected items
  • Export citations
  • Download PDF (zip)
  • Save to Kindle
  • Save to Dropbox
  • Save to Google Drive

Save Search

You can save your searches here and later view and run them again in "My saved searches".

Please provide a title, maximum of 40 characters.
Cancel
×

Contents

Contents
References

References

The American National Election Studies (ANES; www.electionstudies.org). The ANES 2008 Time Series Study [data set]. Stanford University and the University of Michigan [producers]. These materials are based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under grants SES-0535334, SES-0720428, SES-0840550, and SES-0651271, Stanford University, and the University of Michigan. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in these materials are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funding organizations.
Abrajano, M., Nagler, J., and Alvarez, R. M. (2005). A natural experiment of race-based and issue voting: The 2001 city of Los Angeles elections. American Politics Quarterly, 58(2), 203–18.
Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities. London: Verso Press.
Ansolabehere, S. and Iyengar, S. (1997). Going Negative: How Political Advertisements Shrink and Polarize the Electorate. New York: Free Press.
Arceneaux, K. and Kolodny, R. (2009). Educating the least informed: Group endorsements in a grassroots campaign. American Journal of Political Science, 53(4), 755–70.
Barreto, M. (2007). Si Se Puede! Latino candidates and the mobilization of Latino voters. American Political Science Review, 101(3), 425–41.
Barreto, M. (2009). Ethnic Cues: The Role of Shared Ethnicity in Latino Political Participation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Barreto, M. A., Fraga, L. R., Manzano, S., Martinez-Ebers, V., and Segura, G. M. et al. (2008). Should They Dance with the One Who Brung ‘Em?: Latinos and the 2008 Presidential Election. PS: Political Science and Politics. October: 753–60.
Barreto, M. A., Segura, G. M., and Woods, N. D.. (2004). The mobilizing effect of majority-minority districts on Latino turnout. American Political Science Review, 98, 65–75.
Bean, F. D., Brown, K., and Rumbaut, R. G. (2006). Mexican immigrant political and economic incorporation. Perspectives on Politics, 4(02), 309–13.
Beltran, C. (2010). The Trouble with Unity: Latino Politics and the Creation of Identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Berelson, B. R., Lazarsfeld, P. E., and McPhee, W. N. (1954). Voting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bobo, L. and Gilliam, F. Jr. (1990). Race, sociopolitical participation and Black empowerment. American Political Science Review, 84(2), 377–94.
Bobo, L. and Hutchings, V. L. (1996). Perceptions of racial group competition extending Blumer’s theory of group position to a multiracial social context. American Sociological Review, 61(6), 951–72.
Brader, T., Valentino, N. A., and Suhay, E. (2008). What triggers public opposition to immigration? Anxiety, group cues, and immigration threat. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 959–78.
Brady, H. E. and Sniderman, P. M. (1985). Attitude attribution: A group basis for political reasoning. American Political Science Review, 79(4), 1061–78.
Browning, R. P., Marshall, D. R., and Tabb, D. H. (1984). Protest Is Not Enough: The Struggle for Blacks and Hispanics for Equality in Urban Politics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Browning, R. P., Marshall, D. R., and Tabb, D. H. (2003). Racial Politics in American Cities. 3rd edn. New York: Longman Publications.
Bullock, C. S. III, and Campbell, B. A. (1984). Racist or racial voting in the 1981 Atlanta municipal elections. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 20(2), 149–64.
Burns, N., Schlozman, K. L., and Verba, S. (2001). The Private Roots of Public Action: Gender, Equality, and Political Participation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Campbell, A., Converse, P., Miller, W., and Stokes, D. (1960). The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
Campos-Flores, A. and Fineman, H. (2005). A Latin power surge. Newsweek, 145(22), 24–32.
Carmines, E. G. and Stimson, J. A. (1989). Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Cho, W. K. T. (1999). Naturalization, socialization, participation: Immigrant and (non-)voting. Journal of Politics, 61(4), 1140–55.
Chong, D. (1991). Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chong, D.(1993). How people think, reason, and feel about rights and liberties. American Journal of Political Science, 37(3), 867–99.
Chong, D. and Druckman, J. M. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103–26.
Cohen, C. J. (1999). The Boundaries of Blackness: AIDS and the Breakdown of Black Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Cohen, G. L. (2003). Party over policy: The dominating impact of group influence on political beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 808–22.
Colby, S. L. and Ortman, J. M. (2014). Projections of the Size and Composition of the U.S. Population: 2014 to 2060, Current Population Reports, P25-1143, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC.
Conover, P. J. (1988). The role of social groups in political thinking. British Journal of Political Science, 18(1), 51–75.
Conover, P. J. and Feldman, S. (1989). Candidate perception in an ambiguous world: Campaigns, cues, and inference processes. American Journal of Political Science, 33(4), 912–40.
Converse, P. E. (1964). The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In David, E. Apter (Ed.), Ideology and Discontent (pp. 206–59). New York: Free Press.
Dahl, R. (1962). Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dawson, M. (1994). Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Delli Carpini, M. X. and Keeter, S. (1996). What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
DeSantis, V. S. and Renner, T. (1991). Contemporary patterns and trends in government structure. In The Municipal Year Book. Municipal Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association.
DeSantis, V. S. and Renner, T.(2002). City government structures: An attempt at clarification. State & Local Government Review, 34(2), 95–104.
Deutsch, K. (1966). Nationalism and Social Communication. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Downs, A. (1957). An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper Collins.
Druckman, J. N. (2001). On the limits of framing effects: Who can frame? The Journal of Politics, 63(4), 1041–66.
Druckman, J. N. and Nelson, K. R. (2003). Framing and deliberation: How citizens’ conversations limit elite influence. American Journal of Political Science, 47(4), 729–45.
Enten, H. J. LA mayoral race: Garcetti leads Greuel as runoff election enters final month. The Guardian, April 22, 2013. Web. November 17, 2014.
Erikson, R. S. (1976). The influence of newspaper endorsements in presidential elections: The case of 1964. American Journal of Political Science 20(2), 207–33.
Fraga, L. R., Garcia, J. A., Hero, R., Jones-Correa, M., Martinez-Ebers, V., and Segura, G. M. Latino National Survey (LNS) (2006). [Computer file]. ICPSR20862-v4. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2010-05-26. doi:10.3886/ICPSR20862.
Frey, W. H. (2006, March). Diversity spreads out: Metropolitan shifts in Hispanic, Asian, and Black populations since 2000. In Living Cities Census Series (pp. 1–28). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Frey, W. H. (2014). Diversity Explosion: How New Racial Demographics Are Remaking America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Garcia, J. A. and Arce, C. H. (1988). Political orientations and behaviors of Chicanos: Trying to make sense out of attitudes and participation. In Chris Garcia, F. (Ed.), Pursuing Power: Latinos and the Political System (pp. 125–51). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
Gay, C. (2006). Seeing difference: The effect of economic disparity on Black attitudes toward Latinos. American Journal of Political Science, 50(4), 982–97.
Gellner, E. (1983). Nations and Nationalism. Oxford: Blackwell Press.
Gerber, E. R. and Phillips, J. H. (2003). Development ballot measures, interest group endorsements, and the political geography of growth preferences. American Journal of Political Science, 47(4), 625–39.
Gilens, M. (1999). Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Glaser, J. M. (1994). Back to the Black Belt: Racial environment and white Racial attitudes in the south. Journal of Politics 56(1), 21–41.
Gold, M. (2001). Kenneth Hahn’s legacy serves his son well in mayor’s race. The Los Angeles Times.
Green, P.M. (2011). The Chicago Municipal Election February 22, 2011 A Vote Analysis. http://sites.roosevelt.edu/pgreen/files/2014/05/OFFICIALChicago2011MunicipalElection2.pdf.
Grenier, G. J., and Castro, M. (2001). Blacks and Cubans in Miami: The negative consequences of the Cuban enclave on ethnic relations. In Governing American Cities. Jones-Correa, Michael (Ed.). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Grenier, G. J. and Pérez, L. (2003). The Legacy of Exile: Cubans in the United States Boston: Pearson Education.
Grofman, B., Handley, L., and Niemi, R. G. (1994). Minority Representation and the Quest for Voting Equality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (1999). Competing for endorsements. The American Economic Review, 89(3), 501–24.
Guerra, F. J. and Gilbert, B. (2013). Los Angeles Votes 2013: Mayoral General Election Exit Poll. Thomas and Dorothy Leavey Center for the Study of Los Angeles, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California.
Hajnal, Z. L. (2001). White residents, Black incumbents, and a declining racial divide. American Political Science Review, 95(3), 603–17.
Hajnal, Z. and Lee, T. (2011). Why Americans Don’t Join the Party: Race, Immigration, and the Failure (of Political Parties) to Engage the Electorate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hajnal, Z. and Trounstine, J. (2005). Why turnout does matter. Journal of Politics, 67(2), 515–35.
Hajnal, Z. and Trounstine, J.(2014). What underlies urban politics? Race, class, ideology, partisanship, and the urban vote. Urban Affairs Review, 50(1), 63–99.
Hanmer, M. J. and Kalkan, K. O. (2012). Behind the curve: clarifying the best approach to calculating predicted probabilities and marginal effects from limited dependent variable models. American Journal of Political Science, 57(1), 263–77.
Harris-Lacewell, M. (2004). Barbershops, Bibles, and B.E.T.: Everyday Talk and Black Political Talk. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hero, R. E. (1989). Multiracial coalitions in city elections involving minority candidates: some evidence from Denver. Urban Affairs Review, 25, 342–51.
Hero, R. E.(1992). Latinos and the U.S. Political System. Two-Tiered Pluralism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Hero, R. E. and Preuhs, R. R. (2013). Black–Latino Relations in U.S. National Politics: Beyond Conflict or Cooperation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Horowitz, D. (1991). A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. University of California Press.
Horowitz, D. (1985). Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Huber, G. A. and Lapinski, J. S. (2006). The “race card” Revisited: Assessing racial priming in policy contests. American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 421–40.
Hurwitz, J., and Peffley, M. (1998). Perception and Prejudice: Race and Politics in the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Hutchings, V. L. (2003). Public Opinion and Democratic Accountability: How Citizens Learn about Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hutchings, V. L., Valentino, N., Philpot, T., and White, I.. (2004). The compassion strategy: Race and the gender gap in American politics. Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(4), 512–41.
Hutchings, V. L., Wong, C., Jackson, J., and Brown, R. E. (2011). Explaining perceptions of competitive threat in a multiracial context. In Charles, Guy-Uriel E., Gerken, Heather K., and Kang, Michael S. (Eds.) Race, Reform, and Regulation of the Electoral Process (pp. 52–74). Cambridge University Press.
Iyengar, S. and Kinder, D. R. (1987). News That Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jackson, B. O., Gerber, E., and Cain, B. E. (1994). Coalitional prospects in a multi-racial society: African-American attitudes towards other minority groups. Political Research Quarterly, 47(2), 277–94.
Jones-Correa, M. (1998). Between Two Nations: The Political Predicament of Latinos in New York City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Kam, C. D. (2005). Who toes the party line? Cues, values, and individual differences. Political Behavior, 27(2), 163–82.
Kaufmann, K. M. (2003a). Cracks in the rainbow: Group commonality as a basis for Latino and African-American political coalitions. Political Research Quarterly, 56(2), 199–210.
Kaufmann, K. M. (2003b). Black and Latino voters in Denver: Responses to each other’s political leadership. Political Science Quarterly, 118(1), 107–25.
Kaufmann, K. M. (2004). The Urban Voter: Group Conflict and Mayoral Voting Behavior in American Cities. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Keiser, R. A. (2003). Philadelphia’s evolving biracial coalition. In Browning, Marshall, and Tabb (Eds.). Racial Politics in American Cities. 3rd edn. (pp. 97–113). New York: Longman Publications.
Key, V. O. (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: Knopf.
Kinder, D. R. and Palfrey, T. R. (1993). On behalf of an experimental political science. In Kinder, Donald R. and Palfrey, Thomas R.(Eds.) Experimental Foundations of Political Science (pp. 1–39). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Kinder, D. R., and Sanders, L. (1996). Divided by Color. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Krebs, T. B. (1998). The determinants of candidates’ vote share and advantages of incumbency in city council elections. American Journal of Political Science, 42(3), 921–35.
Kuklinksi, J. H. and Hurley, N. L. (1994). On hearing and interpreting political messages: A cautionary tale of citizen cue-taking. Journal of Politics, 56(3), 729–51.
Lau, R. R. and Redlawsk, D. P. (2001). Advantages and disadvantages of cognitive heuristics in political decision making. American Journal of Political Science, 45(4), 951–71.
Leal, D. (2002). Political participation by Latino non-citizens in the United States. British Journal of Political Science, 32(2), 353–70.
Lee, T. (2002). Mobilizing Public Opinion: Black Insurgency and Racial Attitudes in the Civil Rights Era. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lee, T. (2008). Race, immigration, and the identity-to-politics link. Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 457–78.
Leighley, J. E. (2001). Strength in Numbers? The Political Mobilization of Racial and Ethnic Minorities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Leighley, J. E. and Vedlitz, A. (1999). Race, ethnicity and political participation: Competing models and contrasting explanations. Journal of Politics, 61(4), 1092–114.
Lewis-Beck, M., Jacoby, W. G., Norpoth, H., and Weisberg, H. F. (2008). The American Voter Revisited. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Lieske, J. (1989). The political dynamics of urban voting behavior. American Journal of Political Science, 33(1), 150–74.
Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms & Performance in Thirty-Six Countries. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Liu, B. (2001). Racial context and White interests: Beyond black threat and racial tolerance. Political Behavior, 23(2), 157–80.
Liu, B. (2003). Deracialization and urban racial context. Urban Affairs Review 38(4), 572–91.
Lodge, M., Steenbergen, M., and Brau, S. (1995). The responsive voter: Campaign information and the dynamics of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 89(2), 309–26.
Lupia, A. (1994). Shortcuts versus encyclopedias: Information and voting behavior in California insurance reform elections. American Political Science Review, 88(1), 63–76.
Maddaus, G. (2013). Wendy Greuel and Eric Garcetti have the same position on pensions; so what’s this fight about? LA Weekly, May 22, 2013. Web. July 21, 2015.
Massy, D. (2008). New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Publications.
Masuoka, N. (2006). Together they become one: Examining the predictors of pan-ethnic group consciousness among Asian Americans and Latinos. Social Science Quarterly, 87, 993–1011.
Masuoka, N. (2008). Defining the group: Latino identity and political participation. American Politics Research, 36(1), 33–61.
McClain, P. D. (1993). The changing dynamics of urban politics: Black and Hispanic municipal employment – is there competition? Journal of Politics, 55(2), 399–414.
McClain, P. D., Carter, N. M., DeFrancesco Soto, V. M., Grynaviski, J. D., Nunnally, S. C., Scotto, T. J., Kendrick, J. A., Lackey, G. F., and Cotton, K. D. (2006). Racial distancing in a southern city: Latino immigrants’ views of Black Americans. Journal of Politics, 68(3), 571–84.
McClain, P. D. and Karnig, A. K. (1990). Black and Hispanic socioeconomic and political competition. American Political Science Review, 84(2), 535–45.
McConnaughy, C. M., White, I. K., Leal, D. L., and Casellas, J. P. (2010). A Latino on the ballot: Explaining coethnic voting among Latinos and the response of White Americans. The Journal of Politics, 72(4), 1199–211.
McDermott, M. L. (1997). Voting cues in low-information elections: Candidate gender as a social information variable in contemporary United States elections. American Journal of Political Science, 41(1), 270–83.
McDermott, M. L. (1998). Race and gender cues in low-information elections. Political Research Quarterly, 51(4), 895–918.
McDermott, M. L. (2006). Not for members only: Group endorsements as electoral information cues. Political Research Quarterly, 59(2), 249–57.
McIlwain, C. D. and Caliendo, S. M. (2011). Race Appeal: How Candidates Invoke Race in U.S. Political Campaigns. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
McKeever, M. (2001). Interethnic politics in the consensus city. In Jones-Correa, Michael (Ed.) Governing American Cities (pp. 230–48). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Medina, J. (2013a). A race of “firsts” for Los Angeles voters, but many seem to take it in stride. New York Times, May 20, 2013. Web. July 21, 2015.
Medina, J. (2013b). Garcetti is elected mayor of Los Angeles, thwarting opposition of labor unions. New York Times, May 22, 2013. Web. July 21, 2015.
Mendelberg, T. (2001). The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Michelson, M. (2006). Mobilizing the Latino youth vote: Some experimental results. Social Science Quarterly 87(5), 1188–206.
Miller, A., Gurin, P., Gurin, G., and Malanchuk, O. (1981). Group consciousness and political participation. American Journal of Political Science, 25(3), 494–511.
Mollenkopf, J. H. (2003). New York: Still the great anomaly. In Browning, Marshall, and Tabb (Eds.). Racial Politics in American Cities. 3rd edn. (pp. 115–41). New York: Longman Publications.
Muñoz, C. Jr. and Henry, C. (1986). Rainbow coalitions in four big cities: San Antonio, Denver, Chicago and Philadelphia. PS: Political Science & Politics, 19(3), 598–609.
Nelson, T. E. and Kinder, D. R.. (1996). Issue frames and group-centrism in American public opinion. Journal of Politics, 58, 1055–78.
Nicholson, S. P. (2011). Dominating cues and the limits of elite influence. The Journal of Politics, 73, 1165–77.
O’Keefe, D. J. (1990). Persuasion. Theory and Research. Newbury Park: Sage Publications
Oliver, J. E. (2012). Local Elections and the Politics of Small-Scale Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Oliver, J. E. and Ha, S. (2007). Vote choice in suburban elections. American Political Science Review, 101(3), 393–408.
Oliver, J. E. and Mendelberg, T. (2000). Reconsidering the environmental determinants of White racial attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 44(3), 574–89.
Orr, M. and West, D. M (2006). Power and race in cross-group coalitions. National Political Science Review, 11, 207–20.
Page, B. and Shapiro, R.. (1992). The Rational Public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Pantoja, A. D., Ramirez, R., and Segura, G. M. (2001). Citizens by choice, voters by necessity: Patterns in political mobilization by naturalized Latinos. Political Research Quarterly, 54(4), 729–50.
Perry, H. L. (1991). Deracialization as an analytical construct in American urban politics. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 27(2), 181–91.
Philpot, T. and Walton, H. Jr. (2007). One of our own: Black female candidates and the voters who support them. American Journal of Political Science, 51(1), 49–62.
Pinderhughes, D. M. (2003). Chicago politics: Political incorporation. In Browning, Marshall, and Tabb, (Eds.) Racial Politics in American Cities. 3rd edn. New York: Longman Publications.
Rahn, W. M. (1993). The role of partisan stereotypes in information processing about political candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(2), 472–96.
Rappaport, R. B., Stone, W. J., and Abramowitz, A. I.. (1991). Do endorsements matter? Group influence in the 1984 Democratic caucuses. American Political Science Review, 85(1), 193–203.
Reeves, K. (1997). Voting Hopes or Fears? White Voters, Black Candidates & Racial Politics in America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rogers, R. R. (2006). Afro-Caribbean Immigrants and the Politics of Incorporation: Ethnicity, Exception, or Exit. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rosenstone, S. J. and Hansen, J. M. (1993). Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Sanchez, G. R. (2006). The role of group consciousness in Latino public opinion. Political Research Quarterly, 59(3), 435–46.
Sanchez, G. R. and Masuoka, N. (2010). Brown-utility heuristic? The presence and contributing factors of Latino linked fate. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 32(4), 519–31.
Schaffner, B. F., Streb, M., and Wright, G. (2001) Teams without uniforms: The nonpartisan ballot in state and local elections. Political Research Quarterly, 54(1), 7–30.
Schaffner, B. F., Streb, M., and Wright, G. (2002). The partisan heuristic in low-information elections. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(4), 559–81.
Sears, D. O., Sidanius, J., and Bobo, L. (2000). Racialized Politics: The Debate about Racism in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Segura, G. M. and Rodrigues, H. A. (2006). Comparative ethnic politics in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 9, 375–95.
Shcattschneider, E. E. (1960). The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist’s View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Sniderman, Paul M. and Piazza, T. L.. (2002). Black Pride and Black Prejudice. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sonenshein, R. J. (1993). Politics in Black and White: Race and Power in Los Angeles. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sonenshein, R. J. (2003a). Post incorporation politics in Los Angeles. In Browning, Marshall, and Tabb, (Eds.) Racial Politics in American Cities. 3rd edn. (pp. 51–76). New York: Longman Publications.
Sonenshein, R. J. (2003b). The prospects for multiracial coalitions: Lessons from America’s three largest cities, in Browning, Marshall, and Tabb, (Eds.) Racial Politics in American Cities. 3rd edn. New York: Longman Publications.
Sonenshein, R. J. and Pinkus, S. H. (2002). The dynamics of Latino incorporation: The 2001 Los Angeles mayoral election as seen in Los Angeles Times exit polls. PS: Political Science & Politics, 35(1), 67–74.
Sonenshein, R. J. and Pinkus, S. H. (2005). Latino incorporation reaches the urban summit: How Antonio Villaraigosa won the 2005 Los Angeles mayor’s race. PS: Political Science & Politics, 38(4), 713–21.
Squire, P. and Smith, E. R. A. N. (1988). The effect of partisan information on voters in nonpartisan elections. Journal of Politics, 50(1), 169–79.
Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In Austin, W. G. and Worchel, S. (Eds.) The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 34–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Tate, K. (1993). From Protest to Politics: The New Black Voters in American Elections. Cambridge, MA: Russell Sage and Harvard University Press.
Taylor, M. C. (1998). How White attitudes vary with the racial composition of local populations: Numbers count. American Sociological Review, 63(4), 512–35.
Ture, K. and Hamilton, C. ([1967] 1992). Black Power: The Politics of Liberation. New York: Vintage Books.
Turner, J. (2007). The messenger overwhelming the message: Ideological cues and perceptions of bias in television news. Political Behavior, 29, 441–64.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2004, U.S. Interim Projections by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin. www.census.gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/. Internet Release Date: March 18, 2004.
Vaca, N. (2004). The Presumed Alliance: The Unspoken Conflict between Latinos and Blacks and What It Means for America. New York: Harper Collins Press.
Valentine, G. (2008). Living with difference: Reflections on geographies of encounter. Progress in Human Geography, 32, 321–35.
Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., and White, I. K. (2002). Cues that matter: How political ads prime racial attitudes during campaigns. American Political Science Review, 96(1), 75–90.
Varshney, A. (2002). Ethnic Conflict and Civil Strife: Hindus and Muslims in India. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Verba, S. and Nie, W. H. (1987). Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Verba, S., Schlozman, K., and Brady, H. (1996). Voice and Equality Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Walsh, K. C. (2004). Talking about Politics: Informal Groups and Social Identity in American Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Walton, H. Jr. (1972). Black Politics. A Theoretical and Structural Analysis. Philadelphia, PA: Lippencott Press.
Walton, H. Jr. (1984). Invisible Politics: Black Political Behavior. New York: State University of New York Press.
Walton, H. Jr. (1997). African American Power and Politics: The Political Context Variable. New York: Columbia University Press.
Waters, M. (1999). Black Identities: Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
White, I. K. (2007). When race matters and when it doesn’t: Racial group differences in response to racial cues. American Political Science Review, 101(2), 339–54.
Wolfinger, R. E. (1965). The development and persistence of ethnic voting. The American Political Science Review, 59(4), 896–908.
Wong, J. S. (2006). Democracy’s Promise: Immigrants and American Civic Institution. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Zaller, J. (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.

Metrics

Altmetric attention score

Full text views

Total number of HTML views: 0
Total number of PDF views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

Book summary page views

Total views: 0 *
Loading metrics...

* Views captured on Cambridge Core between #date#. This data will be updated every 24 hours.

Usage data cannot currently be displayed.