Chapter 6 returns to the main theoretical and empirical puzzles discussed in the introductory chapter. It synthesises the results of how the ebb and flow between material and ideational sources of threats in the cases of both Saudi Arabia and Syria led to divergent perceptions and alliance choices. This concluding chapter summarises the findings within and across cases and highlights the contribution of this argument to the threat perception research programme within IR literature and the international relations of the Middle East. Furthermore, the conclusion broadens the analytical lens by discussing how the book’s theoretical framework is applicable to other case studies, such as Saudi threat perceptions towards the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. The concluding chapter also explores how this book’s argument can be extended to inform other states’ threat perceptions in the Middle East, such as Egypt and Jordan.