Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T14:00:20.906Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Bibliography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 September 2019

May Darwich
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Threats and Alliances in the Middle East
Saudi and Syrian Policies in a Turbulent Region
, pp. 175 - 205
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abd-Allah, Umar F. 1983. Islamic Struggle in Syria. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press.Google Scholar
Abdelal, Rawi, Herrera, Yoshiko M., Johnston, Alastair Iain and Mcdermott, Rose. 2006. ‘Identity as a Variable’. Perspectives on Politics 4 (4): 695711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdo, Geneive. 2013. ‘The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Shi‘a-Sunni Divide’. Analysis Paper 29. Washington, DC: The Saban Center for Middle East Policy at Brookings. www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2013/04/sunni-shia-divide-abdo.Google Scholar
Abdo, Geneive. 2017. The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Shiʼa-Sunni Divide. 1st edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Abir, Mordechai. 1988. Saudi Arabia in the Oil Era: Regimes and Elites – Conflict and Collaboration. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Abir, Mordechai. 1993. Saudi Arabia: Government, Society, and the Gulf Crisis. London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Abu Amer, Adnan. 2013. ‘The Regional Powers’ Influence on Political Transformation Process in the Palestinian Territories’. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. http://goo.gl/MiQnxv.Google Scholar
ACRPS. 2014. ‘Syria on Gaza: Incongruity in the Regime’s Resistance Discourse’. Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies. http://goo.gl/QYeMIB.Google Scholar
Adib-Moghaddam, Arshin. 2006. The International Politics of the Persian Gulf: A Cultural Genealogy. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Adler, Emmanuel. 1997. ‘Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics’. European Journal of International Relations 3 (3): 319–63.Google Scholar
Agence France-Presse. 2018. ‘Israel Admits 2007 Strike on Syrian Nuclear Site’. The National, 21 March 2018. www.thenational.ae/world/mena/israel-admits-2007-strike-on-syrian-nuclear-site-1.714815.Google Scholar
Agha, Hussein and Khalidi, Ahmed. 1995. Syria and Iran: Rivalry and Cooperation. London: Chatham House Papers.Google Scholar
’Aḥmad, ’Aḥmad Yusif. 2006. ‘Al-Tada‘iyyat Al-‘arabiyya [Arab Implications]’. In Al-Ḥarb Al-’Isrā’īliyya ‘Alā Lubnān: Al-Tadā’iyyāt Al-Lubnāniyya Wa Al-‘Isrā’Īliyya , Ta’Thīrātihā Al-‘arabiyya Wa Al-‘Iqlīmiyya Wa Al-Dawliyya [The Israeli War in Lebanon:Lebanese and Israeli Implication and Their Arab, Regional, and International Effects], 245–71. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies.Google Scholar
Ajami, Fouad. 1992. The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practice since 1967. Updated edn. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ajami, Fouad. 2009. The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Al Riyadh. 2006. Al-Riyadh, 9 August 2006, sec. www.alriyadh.com/2006/08/09/article178009.html.Google Scholar
Al Saud, Turki Al Faisal bin Abdul Aziz. 2013. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Foreign Policy’. Middle East Policy 20 (4): 3744.Google Scholar
Alagha, Joseph. 2011. Hizbullah’s Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Al-Assad, Bashar. 2006a. ‘Bashar Al-Asad’s Speech at the Conference of Arab Lawyers in Damascus January 21, 2006’. 2006. http://goo.gl/AiI29x.Google Scholar
Al-Assad, Bashar. 2006b. ‘Bashar Al-Asad’s Speech at the Fourth Conference of the Syrian Journalists’ Union in Damascus on August 15, 2006’. 2006. http://goo.gl/heIxID.Google Scholar
Al-Assad, Bashar. 2006c. ‘Bashar Al-Assad’s Speech at the Arab Parties Speech: March 6, 2006’. 6 March 2006. http://goo.gl/d79fRf.Google Scholar
Al-Assad, Hafiz. 1978. ‘President Hafiz Al-Assad’s Speech in the Opening of the Third Steadfastness and Confrontation Summit, 20/9/1978’. http://www.presidentassad.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=211&Itemid=476.Google Scholar
Al-Dakhīl, Khālid. 2007. ‘Burūz Al-Dawr Al-Sa’udi Fi ”Iṭār Al-Niẓām Al-‘Arabī Al-Rāhin [The Emergence of the Saudi Role in the Contemporary Arab System]’. Majallat Al-Dirasat Al-Falastinyya 18 (72): 514.Google Scholar
Al-Faisal, Turki. 2009. ‘Saudi Patience Is Running Out’. Financial Times, 22 January 2009. http://goo.gl/6vpA7Q.Google Scholar
Algar, Hamid. 2002. Wahhabism: A Critical Essay. North Haledon, NJ: Islamic Publications International.Google Scholar
Al-Harbi, Khalaf. 2009. ‘Qasf Al-’Aql Al-’Arabi [The Bombardment of the Arab Mind]’. Okaz, 5 January 2009. http://goo.gl/TWXB3d.Google Scholar
Al-Hayat. 2006a. ‘Al-Safīr Al-’Irānī: Lā Mu‘āhadat Difā‘ Ma‘ Lubnān [The Iranian Ambassador: No Defense Treaty with Lebanon]’. Al-Hayat, 23 July 2006.Google Scholar
Al-Hayat. 2006b. ‘’Īrān: ’Isrā’īl Kānat Satuhzam Mubakiran Law Kunnā Nad“Am Hizb ”Allah ‘Askariyyan [Israel Would Be Defeated Earlier If We Supported Hizbullah Militarily]’. Al-Hayat, 27 July 2006.Google Scholar
Al-Ifrig, Abdullah. 2009. ‘MuftĪ Al-Mamlaka Li-Okaz: Anṣaḥ Bil-Tajāwub Ma’ Al-Aṣwāt Al-Dā’iyya Lahā Bil-Khair [The Mufti of the Kingdom to Okaz: I Advise Hamas to Listen to the Voices Praying for Their Its Good]’. Okaz, 2009. http://goo.gl/HfASR9.Google Scholar
Al-Jazeerah. 2015. ‘Hamas and Saudi Arabia: Prospects of Future Relations [in Arabic]’. Al-Jazeerah, 27 July 2015. www.aljazeera.net/home/Getpage/6c87b8ad-70ec-47d5-b7c4-3aa56fb899e2/2e6937ae-50d1-4152-84d9-f8466a10cd43.Google Scholar
Al-Labbad, Mustafa. 2005. Ḥadā’iq Al-’Aḥāzān: ’Īrān Wa Wilāyat Al-Faqīh [Gardens of Sorrow: Iran and the Rule of the Leading Jurisprudent]. Cairo: Dar al-Shorouk.Google Scholar
Al-Mughrabi, Nidal. 2011. ‘Foreign Funds for Hamas Hit by Syria Unrest: Diplomats’. Reuters, 21 August 2011. http://goo.gl/zsuc52.Google Scholar
Al-Mughrabi, Nidal. 2013. ‘Cornered Hamas Looks Back at Iran, Hezbollah’. Reuters, 20 August 2013. http://goo.gl/UK4H7E.Google Scholar
Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2006. Contesting the Saudi State: Islamic Voices from a New Generation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Al-Rasheed, Madawi. 2011. ‘Sectarianism as Counter-Revolution: Saudi Responses to the Arab Spring’. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 11 (3): 513–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Rashid, Abdullah. 2013. ‘Ta‘Āmul Al-’Islāmiyyīn Fī Al-Khalīj Ma‘ Ḥizbullah: Qirā’Ah Fī Awrāq Ḥarb 2006 [The Islamists Dealing with Hizbullah in the Gulf: A Reading in the Papers of the 2006 War]’. Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 2 July 2013. www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=39&article=734662&issueno=12635#.Uz1QKfldVjw.Google Scholar
Altoraifi, Adel. 2012. ‘Understanding the Role of State Identity in Foreign Policy Decision-Making: The Rise and Demise of Saudi-Iranian Rapprochement (1997–2009)’. PhD Dissertation. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Al-‘Ubayykān, ‘Abd al-Muḥsin. 2006. ‘Wa Lā Tulqū Bi-’Ayydīkum ’Ilā Al-Tahlukah [Do Not Cast Yourselves to Perdition]’. Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 27 July 2006. www.aawsat.com/leader.asp?section=3&article=375028&issueno=10103#.Uynpl6h_sdY.Google Scholar
Al-Yassini, Ayman. 1983. ‘Religion and Foreign Policy in Saudi Arabia’. Working Paper. Center for Developing Area Studies, McGill University.Google Scholar
Al-Zahar, Mahmoud. 2009. Interview. http://goo.gl/uw5Emf.Google Scholar
Amba, Faiza Saleh. 2006. ‘Arab Leaders, Unlike Much of Public, Uneasy about Hezbollah’. The Washington Post, 24 July 2006. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/23/AR2006072300919.html.Google Scholar
Amidror, Yaakov. 2007. ‘The Hizballah-Syria-Iran Triangle’. Middle East Review of International Affairs 11 (1): 15.Google Scholar
Anderson, Lisa. 1986. The State and Social Transformation in Tunisia and Libya: 1830–1980. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, Lisa. 1987. ‘The State in the Middle East and North Africa’. Comparative Politics 20 (1): 118.Google Scholar
Aras, Bülent. 2008. ‘Turkey between Syria and Israel: Turkey’s Rising Soft Power’. Policy Brief 15. SETA Foundation.Google Scholar
Aras, Bülent and Karakaya Polat, Rabia. 2008. ‘From Conflict to Cooperation: Desecuritization of Turkey’s Relations with Syria and Iran’. Security Dialogue 39 (5): 495515.Google Scholar
Ayoob, Mohammed. 1995. The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict and the International System. London: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Ayoob, Mohammed and Kosebalaban, Hasan, eds. 2008. Religion and Politics in Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism and the State. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Ayubi, Nazih. 1996. Over-Stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Badeeb, Saeed. 1993. Saudi-Iranian Relations (1932–1982). London: Centre for Arab and Iranian Studies.Google Scholar
Bahgat, Gawdat. 2009a. ‘The Arab Peace Initiative: An Assessment’. Middle East Policy 16 (1): 33–9.Google Scholar
Bahgat, Gawdat. 2009b. ‘Saudi Arabia and the Arab–Israeli Conflict in the Last Years of the Bush Presidency’. Israel Affairs 15 (2): 180–9.Google Scholar
Bakr, Amena. 2014. ‘Hamas Leader Says Gaza Only a “Milestone to Reaching Our Objective”’. Reuters, 28 August 2014. http://goo.gl/r61JDF.Google Scholar
Baldwin, David. 1971. ‘Thinking about Threats’. The Journal of Conflict Resolution 15 (1): 71–8.Google Scholar
Bank, Andre and Valbjørn, Morten. 2010. ‘Bringing the Arab Regional Level Back In ... – Jordan in the New Arab Cold War’. Middle East Critique 19 (3): 303–19.Google Scholar
Baraka, Taher. 2011. ‘The Political Memory: With Abdel Halim Khaddam [In Arabic]’. http://goo.gl/PnAEZh.Google Scholar
Baram, Amatzia. 1986. ‘Ideology and Power Politics in Syrian-Iraqi Relations 1968–1984’. In Syria under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks, edited by Ma’oz, Moshe and Yaniv, Avner, 125–39. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Barkin, J. Samuel. 2010. Realist Constructivism: Rethinking International Relations Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael. 1996. ‘Identity and Alliances in the Middle East’. In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, edited by Katzenstein, Peter, 400–47. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael. 1998. Dialogues in Arab Politics: Negotiations in Regional Order. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Barnett, Michael and Levy, Jack. 1991. ‘Domestic Sources of Alliances and Alignments: The Case of Egypt 1962–1973’. International Organization 45 (3): 369–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, Michael and Levy, Jack. 1992. ‘Alliance Formation, Domestic, Political Economy and Third World Security’. The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 14 (4): 1940.Google Scholar
Bar-Simon-Tov, Yaacov. 1983. Linkage Politics in the Middle East: Syria between Domestic and External Conflict 1961–1970. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
‘Bashar Al-Assad Speech in the Doha Summit’. 2009. www.youtube.com/watch?v=nltJoXWsx68&feature=youtube_gdata_player.Google Scholar
Bassedas, Pol Morillas. 2009. ‘Hezbollah’s Identities and Their Relevance for Cultural and Religious IR’. Working Paper. International Catalan Institute for Peace.Google Scholar
Batatu, Hanna. 1999. Syria’s Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Batrawy, Aya and Al-Shihri, Abdullah. 2014. ‘Saudi King Condemns Gaza War – But Not Israel’. The Times of Israel. 1 August 2014. http://goo.gl/L8uGSh.Google Scholar
BBC. 2009. ‘Wide Rifts on Show at Arab Summit’. 19 January 2009. http://goo.gl/EduCX8.Google Scholar
BBC Arabic. 2009. ‘Agwā’ ‘īgābiyya Tuḥīṭ al-Mubāthāt al-Sūriyya al-’Amrīkiyya [A Positive Atmosphere Surrounding the Syrian American Talks]’. 26 July 2009. www.bbc.co.uk/arabic/middleeast/2009/07/090726_aq_syriamitchell_tc2.shtml.Google Scholar
Berti, Benedetta and Paris, Jonathan. 2014. ‘Beyond Sectarianism: Geopolitics, Fragmentation, and the Syrian Civil War’. Strategic Assessment 16 (4): 2134.Google Scholar
Bilqīz, ‘Abd al-‘Ilah. 2006. Ḥizbullah Min Al-Taḥrīr ’Ilā Al-Rad‘, 1982–2006 [Hizbullah: From Liberation to Deterrence, 1982–2006]. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies.Google Scholar
Black, Ian. 2009a. ‘Saudis Blame Hamas amid Calls for Talks with Fatah’. The Guardian. 1 January 2009. www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/01/saudi-arabia-hamas-gaza.Google Scholar
Black, Ian. 2009b. ‘Gaza Split Prompts Arab Countries to Boycott Emergency Summit’. The Guardian, 15 January 2009, sec. World news. www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jan/15/gaza-egypt-saudi-qatar-summit.Google Scholar
Blyth, Mark. 2003. ‘Structures Do Not Come with an Instruction Sheet’. Perspectives on Politics 4 (1): 695706.Google Scholar
Boserup, Rasmus Alenius, Hazbun, Waleed, makdisi, Karim, Malmvig, Helle and Saade, Bashir, eds. 2017. ‘Hezbollah and Its “Takfiri” Enemy in Syria: Rethinking Relationships between States and Non-State Actors’. In New Conflict Dynamics: Between Regional Autonomy and Intervention in the Middle East and North Africa, 81–92. Copenhagen: DIIS – Danish Institute for International Studies/AUB – American University of Beirut.Google Scholar
Bowen, Wayne H 2008. The History of Saudi Arabia. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Brand, Laurie. 1994. Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance Making. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Brand, Laurie. 1999. ‘Middle Eastern Alliances: From Neorealism to Political Economy’. In Area Studies and Social Science: Strategies for Understanding Middle East Politics, edited by Tessler, Mark, Nachtwey, Jodi and Banda, Anna, 134–47. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Brawley, Mark R. 2009. ‘Neoclassical Realism and Strategic Calculations: Explaining Divergent British, French, and Soviet Strategies toward Germany between the World Wars (1919–1939)’. In Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy, edited by Lobell, Steven E., Ripsman, Norrin M. and Taliaferro, Jeffrey W., 7598. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brewer, Marilynn. 1991. ‘The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time’. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17 (5): 475–82.Google Scholar
Bronner, Ethan. 2008. ‘Israel Holds Peace Talks With Syria’. The New York Times, 22 May 2008, sec. International/Middle East. www.nytimes.com/2008/05/22/world/middleeast/22mideast.html.Google Scholar
Bronson, Rachel. 2000. ‘Syria: Hanging Together or Hanging Separately’. The Washington Quarterly 23 (4): 91105.Google Scholar
Brown, L. Carl. 1984. International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Buchta, Wilfried. 2002. ‘The Failed Pan-Islamic Program of the Islamic Republic: Views of the Liberal Reformers on the Religious “Semi Opposition”’. In Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics, edited by Keddie, Nikki R. and Matthee, Rudolph P., 281304. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry. 1991. People, State and Fear: An Agenda for International Security in the Post Cold War Era. 2nd edn. London: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry. 2004. From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry and Gonzalez-Pelaez, Ana, eds. 2009. International Society and the Middle East: English School Theory at the Regional Level. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Buzan, Barry, Wæver, Ole and de Wilde, Jaap. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Byman, Daniel. 2006. ‘Syria and Iran: What’s Behind the Enduring Alliance?’ 2006. www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2006/07/19middleeast-byman.Google Scholar
Campbell, David. 1992. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique. 1980. ‘On the Characterization of Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America’. In The New Authoritarianism in Latin America, edited by Collier, David, 3358. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Carmon, Yigal. 2009. ‘An Escalating Regional Cold War – Part 1: The 2009 Gaza War’. Gatestone Institute. 6 February 2009. www.gatestoneinstitute.org/303/an-escalating-regional-cold-war---part-1-the-2009-gaza-war.Google Scholar
Carter, Jimmy. 2009. We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land: A Plan That Will Work. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Cashman, Greg and Robinson, Leonard. 2007. An Introduction to the Causes of War: Patterns of Interstate Conflict from World War I to Iraq War. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
CBS News. 2012. ‘Iran Reportedly Admits Helping Gaza Militants Produce Long-Range Missiles’. CBS News. 21 November 2012. www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-reportedly-admits-helping-gaza-militants-produce-long-range-missiles/.Google Scholar
Chalala, B. Y. Elie. 1988. ‘Syria’s Support of Iran in the Gulf War: The Role of Structural Change and the Emergence of a Relatively Strong State’. Journal of Arab Affairs 7 (2): 107–20.Google Scholar
Chubin, Shahram. 2009. ‘Iran’s Power in Context’. Survival 51 (1): 165–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chubin, Shahram. 2014. ‘Is Iran a Military Threat?Survival 56 (2): 6588.Google Scholar
Chubin, Shahram and Tripp, Charles. 1988. Iran and Iraq at War. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Chubin, Shahram and Tripp, Charles. 1996. ‘Iran-Saudi Arabia Relations and Regional Order’. Adelphi Papers 36 (304): 1120.Google Scholar
Cigar, Norman L. 2016. Saudi Arabia and Nuclear Weapons: How Do Countries Think about the Bomb? UCLA Center for Middle East Development (CMED) Series 10. London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
CNN. 2017. ‘Arab League States Condemn Hezbollah as “Terrorist Organization”’, 19 November 2017. https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/19/middleeast/saudi-arabia-iran-arab-league/index.html.Google Scholar
Cohen, Raymond. 1978. ‘Threat Perception in International Crisis’. Political Science Quarterly 93 (1): 93107.Google Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 1995. ‘Fuzzy Frontiers of Identity: The British Case’. Social Identities 1 (1): 3562.Google Scholar
Cole, Juan. 2006. ‘A “Shiite Crescent”: The Regional Impact of the Iraq War’. Current History 105 (687): 20–6.Google Scholar
Cordesman, Anthony. 1994. Iran and Iraq: The Threat from the Northern Gulf. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Cordesman, Anthony. 2004. The Military Balance in the Middle East. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
Cordesman, Anthony. 2006a. ‘Iran’s Support of the Hezbollah in Lebanon’. Washington, DC. www.ecoi.net/file_upload/145646_en_060715_hezbollah.pdf.Google Scholar
Cordesman, Anthony. 2006b. ‘Preliminary “Lessons” of the Israeli-Hezbollah War’. Washington, DC. http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/060817_isr_hez_lessons.pdf.Google Scholar
Cordesman, Anthony. 2014. ‘The Gulf and US–Iranian Strategic Competition’. Washington, DC. http://csis.org/program/us-and-iranian-strategic-competition.Google Scholar
Cordesman, Anthony and Burke, Arleigh A.. 2008. ‘The Israel and Syrian Conventional Military Balance: An Overview’. Working Paper. Center for Strategic and International Studies.Google Scholar
Cordesman, Anthony and Obaid, Nawaf. 2005. National Security in Saudi Arabia: Threats, Responses and Challenges. London: Praeger Security International.Google Scholar
CounterPunch News Service. 2006. ‘The Nasrallah Interview’, August 2006. www.counterpunch.org/2006/08/17/the-nasrallah-interview/.Google Scholar
Cox, Robert and Sinclair, Timothy J.. 1996. ‘Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory’. In Approaches to World Order, 85123. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cronin, Stephanie. 2014. Armies and State-Building in the Modern Middle East: Politics, Nationalism and Military Reform. London: I. B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Currie, Mark. 2004. Difference. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Darwich, May. 2016. ‘The Ontological (In)Security of Similarity Wahhabism Versus Islamism in Saudi Foreign Policy’. Foreign Policy Analysis 12 (3): 469–88.Google Scholar
Darwich, May. 2018. ‘The Saudi Intervention in Yemen: Struggling for Status’. Insight Turkey 20 (2): 125–41.Google Scholar
David, Steven. 1991. Choosing Sides: Alignment and Realignment in the Third World. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Davis, Eric. 1991. ‘Theorizing Statecraft and Social Change in Arab Oil-Producing Countries’. In Statecraft in the Middle East: Oil, Historical Memory, and Popular Culture, edited by Davis, Eric and Gavrielides, Nicolas, 135. Gainesville, FL: The Florida International University Press.Google Scholar
Dawisha, Adeed. 1990. ‘Arab Regimes: Legitimacy and Foreign Policy’. In The Arab State, edited by Luciani, Giacomo, 284–99. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Dawisha, Adeed. 2003. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Drake, Bruce. 2013. ‘As It Fights in Syria, Hezbollah Seen Unfavorably in Region’. Pew Research Center (blog). 7 June 2013. www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/06/07/as-it-fights-in-syria-hezbollah-seen-unfavorably-in-region/.Google Scholar
Drysdale, Alasdair and Hinnebusch, Raymond. 1991. Syria and the Middle East Peace Process. New York: Council of Foreign Relations Press.Google Scholar
Dueck, Colin. 2005. ‘Realism, Culture and Grand Strategy: Explaining America’s Peculiar Path to World Power’. Security Studies 14 (2): 195231.Google Scholar
Eckstein, Harry. 1975. ‘Case Study and Theory in Political Science’. In Handbook of Political Science, edited by Greenstein, Fred and Polsby, Nelson W., 79138. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. 1996. ‘Defence and Security Policy of Syria in a Changing Regional’. International Relations 13 (1): 4967.Google Scholar
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. 2002. ‘Forward’. In Iran’s Rivalry with Saudi Arabia between the Gulf Wars, edited by Fürtig, Henner, iviii. London/Ithaca, NY: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
Ehteshami, Anoushiravan and Hinnebusch, Raymond. 1997. Syria and Iran: Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Eisenstadt, Michael. 1992. ‘Arming for Peace? Syria’s Elusive Quest for “Strategic Parity”’. 1992. www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/arming-for-peace-syrias-elusive-quest-for-strategic-parity.Google Scholar
El Husseini, Rola. 2010. ‘Hezbollah and the Axis of Refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria’. Third World Quarterly 31 (5): 803–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El-Hokayem, Emile. 2007. ‘Hizballah and Syria: Outgrowing the Proxy Relationship’. The Washington Quarterly 30 (2): 3552.Google Scholar
El-Khawas, Mohamed. 2011. ‘Obama and the Middle East’. In The Barack Obama Presidency: A Two Year Assessment, edited by Davis, John, 127–64. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Erlanger, Steven. 2009a. ‘Divisions Deep at Arab League Meeting’. The New York Times, 1 January 2009, sec. International/Middle East. www.nytimes.com/2009/01/01/world/middleeast/01arab.html.Google Scholar
Erlanger, Steven. 2009b. ‘Egyptians Blame Hamas, Yet Are Angry at Cairo as Well’. The New York Times, 2 January 2009. www.nytimes.com/2009/01/02/world/africa/02iht-egypt.4.19057164.html?pagewanted=all.Google Scholar
Esposito, John L. 1998. Islam and Politics. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Fattah, Nabil Abdul. 2006. ‘The War of Fatwas about Hezbollah’s Resistance’. Al-Ahram Strategic File, 2006. http://acpss.ahram.org.eg/eng/ahram/2004/7/5/SFIL12.HTM.Google Scholar
Fawcett, Louise. 2017. ‘States and Sovereignty in the Middle East: Myths and Realities’. International Affairs 93 (4): 789807.Google Scholar
Feaver, Peter, Hellman, Gunther, Schweller, Randall, Taliaferro, Jeffrey, Wohlforth, William, Legro, Jeffrey and Morascsik, Andrew. 2000. ‘Correspondence: Brother Can You Spare a Paradigm? (Or Was Anybody Ever a Realist?)’. International Security 5 (1): 165–93.Google Scholar
Feldman, Shai and Shapir, Yiftah, eds. 2001. The Middle East Military Balance 2000–2001. Tel-Aviv: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies.Google Scholar
Finnemore, Martha. 1996. National Interests in International Society. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Fishman, Robert M. 1990. ‘Rethinking State and Regime: Southern Europe’s Transition to Democracy’. World Politics 42 (3): 422–40.Google Scholar
Frankel, Rafael D. 2012. ‘Keeping Hamas and Hezbollah Out of a War with Iran’. The Washington Quarterly 35 (4): 5365.Google Scholar
Frisch, Hillel. 2002. ‘Fuzzy Nationalism: The Case of Jordan’. Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 8 (4): 86103.Google Scholar
Fuller, Graham E. 2007. ‘The Hizballah-Iran Connection: Model for Sunni Resistance’. The Washington Quarterly 30 (1): 139–50.Google Scholar
Fürtig, Henner. 2002. Iran’s Rivalry with Saudi Arabia between the Gulf Wars. London/Ithaca, NY: Ithaca Press.Google Scholar
Fürtig, Henner. 2007. ‘Conflict and Cooperation in the Persian Gulf: The Interregional Order and US Policy’. The Middle East Journal 61 (4): 627–40.Google Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory. 1990. Saudi–Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influences. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory. 1991. ‘Revolutionary Fevers and Regional Contagion: Domestic Structures and the “Export” of Revolution in the Middle East’. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 14 (3): 123.Google Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory. 1999. ‘Systemic Approaches to Middle East International Relations’. International Studies Review 1 (1): 1131.Google Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory. 2002. ‘Iraq’s Decision to Go to War, 1980 and 1990’. The Middle East Journal 56 (1): 4770.Google Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory. 2003. ‘Balancing What? Threat Perception and Alliance Choice in the Gulf’. Security Studies 13 (2): 273305.Google Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory. 2007. ‘Saudi Arabia: Iraq, Iran, the Regional Power Balance, and the Sectarian Question’. Strategic Insights 6 (2). https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/36704532.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory. 2009. The International Relations of the Persian Gulf. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory. 2011. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Regional Security Strategy’. In The International Relations of the Persian Gulf, edited by Kamrava, Mehran, 169–83. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory. 2014a. ‘Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War’. Analysis Paper 11. Doha: Brooking Doha Institute.Google Scholar
Gause, F. Gregory. 2014b. ‘Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War’. Analysis Paper 11. Doha: Brooking Doha Institute. www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2014/07/22%20beyond%20sectarianism%20cold%20war%20gause/English%20PDF.pdf.Google Scholar
George, Alexander. 1979. ‘Case Studies and Theory Development: The Method of Structured, Focused Comparison’. In Diplomacy: New Approaches in History, Theory, and Policy, edited by Lauren, Paul Gorden, 4368. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar
George, Alexander and Bennett, Andrew. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Gerring, John and Seawright, Jason. 2007. ‘Techniques for Choosing Cases’. In Case Study Research: Principles and Practices, 86150. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ghadry, Farid. 2009. ‘From Hama to Hamas: Syria’s Islamist Policies’. InFocus 3 (1). www.jewishpolicycenter.org/830/from-hama-to-hamas-syrias-islamist-policies.Google Scholar
Ghattas, Kim. 2017. ‘Palestine Is a Victim of the Iranian-Saudi War’. Foreign Policy (blog). 2017. https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/12/22/palestine-is-a-victim-of-the-iranian-saudi-war/.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1984. The Constitution of Society: Outline of Theory of Structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Giddens, Anthony. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Glaser, Charles and Kaufmann, Chaim. 1998. ‘What Is the Offense–Defense Balance and How Can We Measure It?International Security 22 (4): 4482.Google Scholar
Glenn, John. 2009. ‘Realism versus Strategic Culture: Competition and Collaboration?International Studies Review 11 (3): 523–51.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Jacob. 1986. ‘The Shi’i Minority in Saudi Arabia’. In Shi’ism and Social Protest, edited by Cole, Juan Ricardo and Keddie, Nikki R., 230–45. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Jacob. 1990. ‘Saudi Arabia and the Iranian Revolution: The Religious Dimension’. In The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World, edited by Menashiri, David, 155–70. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Goldstone, Jack A. 1993. Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Goodarzi, Jubin. 2006. Syria and Iran: Diplomatic Alliance and Power Politics in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Goodarzi, Jubin. 2013. ‘Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment’. Ortadogu Etutleri 4 (2): 3154.Google Scholar
Grebe, Jan. 2014. ‘The Global Militarization Index 2014’. Annual Report. Bonn: Bonn International Center for Conversation. http://gmi.bicc.de/index.php?page=gmi-new.Google Scholar
Haaertz, . 2006. ‘Palestinian FM: Iran Donated $120M to Hamas-Led Government’. Haaretz.Com. 6 November 2006. www.haaretz.com/news/palestinian-fm-iran-donated-120m-to-hamas-led-government-1.201713.Google Scholar
Haas, Mark L. 2003. ‘Ideology and Alliances: British and French External Balancing Decisions in the 1930s’. Security Studies 12 (4): 3479.Google Scholar
Haas, Mark L. 2012. The Clash of Ideologies: Middle Eastern Politics and American Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haklai, Oded. 2009. ‘Authoritarianism and Islamic Movements in the Middle East: Research and Theory-Building in the Twenty-First Century’. International Studies Review 11 (1): 2745.Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred. 2002. ‘The Politics of the Umma: States and Community in Islamic Movements’. Mediterranean Politics 7 (3): 2041.Google Scholar
Halliday, Fred. 2005. The Middle East in International Relations: Power, Politics and Ideology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hamid Al-Din, Abdullah. 2014. ‘Saudi National Identity [in Arabic]’. Al-Hayat, 22 September 2014. https://goo.gl/7QLEja.Google Scholar
Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar. 1993. ‘Lebanon’s Hizbullah: From Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation’. Third World Quarterly 14 (2): 321–37.Google Scholar
Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar. 2004. In the Path of Hizbullah. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Harel, Amos and Benn, Aluf. 2018. ‘No Longer a Secret: How Israel Destroyed Syria’s Nuclear Reactor’. Haaretz, 23 March 2018. www.haaretz.com/world-news/MAGAZINE-no-longer-a-secret-how-israel-destroyed-syria-s-nuclear-reactor-1.5914407.Google Scholar
Ḥasīb, Khayr al-Dīn. 2006. ‘Ḥawl Al-Ḥarb Al-’Isrā’īliyya ‘alā Lubnān: Waraqat Khalfiyya [On the Israeli War in Lebanon: Background Paper]’. In Al-Ḥarb Al-’Isrā’īliyya ‘alā Lubnān: Al-Tadā‘Iyyāt Al-Lubnāniyya Wa Al-‘Isrā’Īliyya , Ta’Thīrātihā Al-‘arabiyya Wa Al-‘Iqlīmiyya Wa Al-Dawliyya [The Israeli War in Lebanon: The Lebanese and Israeli Implication and Their Arab, Regional, and International E, 2648. Beirut: Center of Arab Unity Studies.Google Scholar
Haugbolle, Sune. 2016. ‘In Defense of Ideology: Notes on Experience and Revolution – Project on Middle East Political Science’. POMPES (blog). May 2016. https://pomeps.org/2016/05/31/in-defense-of-ideology-notes-on-experience-and-revolution/.Google Scholar
Hegghammer, Thomas. 2010. Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hegghammer, Thomas and Lacroix, Stephane. 2007. ‘Rejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia: The Story of Juhayman Al-’Utaybi Revisited’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 39 (1): 103–22.Google Scholar
Hellman, Gunther. 2003. ‘In Conclusion: Dialogue and Synthesis in Individual Scholarship and Collective Inquiry’. International Studies Review 5 (1): 147–50.Google Scholar
Herb, Michael. 1999. All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Herrmann, Richard K. 2013. ‘Perceptions and image theory in international relations’. In The Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, edited by Huddy, Leonie, Sears, David O. and Levy, Jack S., 334–63. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Herszenhorn, David M. 2012. ‘For Syria, Reliant on Russia for Weapons and Food, Old Bonds Run Deep’. The New York Times, 18 February 2012. www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/world/middleeast/for-russia-and-syria-bonds-are-old-and-deep.html.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 1996. ‘Does Syria Want Peace? Syrian Policy in the Syrian-Israeli Peace Negotiations’. Journal of Palestine Studies 26 (1): 4257.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2001. Syria: Revolution from Above. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2003a. The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2003b. ‘Identity in International Relations: Constructivism versus Materialism, and the Case of the Middle East’. The Review of International Affairs 3 (2): 358–62.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2005a. ‘Defying the Hegemon: Syria and the Iraq War’. In The Conference of the European Consortium on Political Research Conference.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2005b. ‘Explaining International Politics in the Middle East: The Struggle of Regional Identity and Systemic Structure’. In Analyzing Middle East Foreign Policies and the Relationship with Europe, edited by Nonneman, Gerd, 243–56. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2009. ‘Syrian Foreign Policy under Bashar Al-Asad’. Ortadoğu Etütleri 1 (1): 726.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2010a. ‘Syria under Bashar: Between Economic Reforms and Nationalist Realpolitik’. In Syria Foreign Policy and the United States from Bush to Obama, edited by Hinnebusch, Raymond, Kabalan, Marwan, Kodmani, Bassma and Lesch, David, 528. St Andrews: St Andrews Papers on Contemporary Syria.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2010b. ‘Toward a Historical Sociology of State Formation in the Middle East’. Middle East Critique 19 (3): 201–16.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2013. ‘The Politics of Identity in the Middle East International Relations’. In International Relations of the Middle East, edited by Fawcett, Louise, 148–66. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2014a. ‘The Foreign Policy of Syria’. In The Foreign Policies of Middle East States, edited by Hinnebusch, Raymond and Ehetshami, Anoushiravan, 2nd edn, 207–32. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2014b. ‘Syria–Iraq Relations: State Construction and Deconstruction and the MENA Region’. LSE Middle East Centre, no. 4 (October): 32.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond. 2015. The International Politics of the Middle East. 2nd edn. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Raymond and Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, eds. 2002. The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. London: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Yair. 1986. ‘The Odd Couple: Ba’thist Syria and Khomeini’s Iran’. In Syria under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks, edited by Yaniv, Avner and Ma’oz, Moshe, 105–24. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Hobden, Stephen and Hobson, John M.. 2002. Historical Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. 1995. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hollis, Martin and Smith, Steve. 1990. Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hopf, Ted. 2002. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policy, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald L. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hunter, Shireen. 1993. ‘Iran and Syria: From Hostility to Limited Alliance’. In Iran and the Arab World, edited by Amirahmadi, Hooshang and Entessar, Nader, 198216. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Huntington, Samuel. 1993. ‘The Clash of Civilizations?Foreign Affairs 72 (3): 2249.Google Scholar
Hussein, Abdulrhman. 2012. So History Doesn’t Forget: Alliances in the Foreign Policy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1979–1990. Bloomington, IN: Author House.Google Scholar
Huysmans, Jef. 1998. ‘Security! What Do You Mean?: From Concept to Thick Signifier’. European Journal of International Relations 4 (2): 226–55.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Fouad. 2006. The Shi’is of Saudi Arabia. London: Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Ikenberry, John. 2000. After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Inbar, Efraim. 2005. ‘The Resilience of Israeli–Turkish Relations’. Israel Affairs 11 (4): 591607. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537120500233664.Google Scholar
Islammemo, . 2009. ‘Mubāthāt Bayn Al-Senator Kerry Wa Al-Ra’īs Al-Sūrī [Talks between Senator Kerry and the Syrian President]’. 21 February 2009. http://islammemo.cc/akhbar/arab/2009/02/21/77528.html.Google Scholar
Ismail, Salwa. 2009. ‘Changing Social Structure, Shifting Alliances and Authoritarianism in Syria’. In Demystifying Syria, edited by Lawson, Fred, 1328. London: Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Jamus, Abdel Rehim Mahmoud. 2001. Al-Lijan Al-Sha’biyyah Li Musa’adat Mujahidi Filasteen Fi Al-Mamlakah Al-’Arabiyyah Al-Sa’udiyya [Popular Committee for the Mujahdin of Palestine in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]. Al-Riyadh: Darat Al-Malik Abdel Aziz.Google Scholar
Jensen, Michael Irving. 2008. The Political Ideology of Hamas: A Grassroots Perspective. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Jepperson, Ronald, Wendt, Alexander and Katzenstein, Peter J.. 1996. ‘Norms, Identity and Culture in National Security’. In The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, edited by Katzenstein, Peter J., 3375. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Jervis, Robert. 1976. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Job, Brian, ed. 1992. The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Jones, Toby Craig. 2007. ‘Saudi Arabia’s Not So New Anti-Shi’ism’. Middle East Report, no. 242: 29–32.Google Scholar
Jouejati, Murhaf. 2005. ‘Syrian Motives for Its WMD Programs and What to Do about Them’. The Middle East Journal 59 (1): 5261.Google Scholar
Kabalan, Marwan. 2010. ‘Syrian Foreign Policy between Domestic Needs and the External Environment’. In Syria Foreign Policy and the United States from Bush to Obama, edited by Hinnebusch, Raymond, Kabalan, Marwan, Kodmani, Bassma and Lesch, David, 2944. St Andrews: St Andrews Papers on Contemporary Syria.Google Scholar
Kam, Ephraim. 2004. ‘The Middle East in Transition: An Overview’. In The Middle East Strategic Balance, 2003–2004, edited by Feldman, Shai and Shapir, Yiftah, 536. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kamrava, Mehran. 2013. ‘Mediation and Saudi Foreign Policy’. Orbis 57 (1): 152–70.Google Scholar
Kandil, Hazem. 2008. ‘The Challenge of Restructuring: Syrian Foreign Policy’. In The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization, edited by Korany, Bahgat and Dessouki, Ali. E. Hillal, 421–55. Cairo: Cairo University Press.Google Scholar
Karawan, Ibrahim. 1994. ‘Sadat and the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Revisited’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 26 (2): 249–66.Google Scholar
Karawan, Ibrahim. 2002. ‘Identity and Foreign Policy: The Case of Egypt’. In Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, edited by Barnett, Michael and Telhami, Shibley, 155–68. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Karmon, Ely. 2008. ‘Iran–Syria– Hizbullah–Hamas: A Coalition against Nature: Why Does It Work?United Army War College, Proteus Monograph 1 (3). www.ict.org.il/UserFiles/karmon-iran-syria-hizbollah.pdf.Google Scholar
Kaye, Dalia Dassa and Wehrey, Frederic M.. 2007. ‘A Nuclear Iran: The Reactions of Neighbours’. Survival 49 (2): 111–28.Google Scholar
Kazziha, Walid. 1985. ‘The Impact of Palestine on Arab Politics’. The International Spectator 20 (2): 1119.Google Scholar
Kechichian, Joseph A. 1990. ‘Islamic Revivalism and Change in Saudi Arabia: Juhayman Al-’Utaybi’s “Letters” to the Saudi People’. The Muslim World 70 (1): 116.Google Scholar
Kedar, Mordechai. 2006. Asad in Search of Legitimacy: Message and Rhetoric in the Syrian Press under Hafiz and Bashar. Vol. 2006. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kedourie, Elie. 1992. Democracy and Arab Political Culture. Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy.Google Scholar
Kerr, Malcolm. 1971. The Arab Cold War: Gamal ’Abd Al-Nasir and His Rivals, 1958–1970. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khadduri, Majid. 1988. The Gulf War: The Origins and Implication of the Iraq-Iran Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khalidi, Ahmad and Agha, Hussein. 1991. ‘The Syrian Doctrine of Strategic Parity’. In The Middle East in Global Perspective, edited by Kipper, Judith and Saunders, Harold H., 186218. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Khalidi, Walid. 1978. ‘Thinking the Unthinkable: A Sovereign Palestinian State’. Foreign Affairs 56 (4): 695713.Google Scholar
Khan, M. A. Muqtedar. 2004. Jihad for Jerusalem: Identity and Strategy in International Relations. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Khashan, Hilal and Mousawi, Ibrahim. 2007. ‘Hizbullah’s Jihad Concept’. Journal of Religion and Society 9: 119.Google Scholar
Khomeini, Ayathollah. 1980. ‘Khomeini: “We Shall Confront the World with Our Ideology”’. MERIP Reports, no. 88: 22–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/3011306.Google Scholar
Khomeini, Ruhollah. 1981. Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini. Edited by Algar, H.. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press.Google Scholar
Khūrī, Yūsif. 1988. Al-Mashārī‘ Al-Waḥdawiyya Al-‘Arabiyya [Projects of Arab Unity]. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies.Google Scholar
Kienle, Eberhard. 1990. Ba’th versus Ba’th: The Conflict between Syria and Iraq 1968–1989. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Kienle, Eberhard. 1994. ‘Syria, the Kuwait War, and the New World Order’. In The Gulf War and the New World Order: International Relations of the Middle East, edited by Ismael, Tareq Y. and Ismael, Jacqueline S., 383–98. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Kienle, Eberhard. 1995. ‘Arab Unity Schemes Revisited: Interest, Identity, and Policy in Syria and Egypt’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 27 (1): 5371.Google Scholar
Kienle, Eberhard, Hopwood, Derek, Ishow, Habib and Koszinowski, Thomas. 1993. The Limits of Fertile Crescent Unity: Iraqi Policies towards Syria 1945–1991. Oxford/Reading, MA: St. Antony’s Middle East Monographs/Ithaca Press. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00996815.Google Scholar
Kinnvall, Catarina. 2004. ‘Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security’. Political Psychology 25 (5): 741–67.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, David D. 2014. ‘Arab Leaders, Viewing Hamas as Worse Than Israel, Stay Silent’. The New York Times, 30 July 2014. www.nytimes.com/2014/07/31/world/middleeast/fighting-political-islam-arab-states-find-themselves-allied-with-israel.html.Google Scholar
Kitchen, Nicholas. 2010. ‘Systemic Pressures and Domestic Ideas: A Neoclassical Realist Model of Grand Strategy Formation’. Review of International Studies 36 (1): 117–43.Google Scholar
Koehler, Kevin. 2018. ‘State and Regime Capacity in Authoritarian Elections: Egypt before the Arab Spring’. International Political Science Review 39(1): 97–113.Google Scholar
Korany, Bahgat and Dessouki, Ali. E.H, eds. 2008. The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization. Cairo: Cairo University Press.Google Scholar
Kostiner, Joseph. 1987. ‘Shi’i Unrest in the Gulf’. In Shi’ism, Resistance and Revolution, edited by Kramer, Martin, 172–88. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Kostiner, Joseph. 1990. ‘Transforming Dualities: Tribes and State Formation in Saudi Arabia’. In Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, edited by Khoury, Philip Shukry and Kostiner, Joseph, 226–51. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kostiner, Joseph. 2005. ‘Coping with Regional Challenges: A Case of Prince Abdullah’s Peace Initiative’. In Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs, edited by Aarts, Paul and Nonneman, Gerd, 352–71. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar
Kostiner, Joseph. 2009. ‘Saudi Arabia and the Arab–Israeli Peace Process: The Fluctuation of Regional Coordination’. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 36 (3): 417–29.Google Scholar
Kostiner, Joseph and Mueller, Chelsi. 2010. ‘Egyptian and Saudi Intervention in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (206-09): Local Powers’ Mediation Compared’. In International Intervention in Local Conflicts: Crisis Management and Conflict Resolution since the Cold War, edited by Rabi, Uzi, 202–21. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Kratochwil, Friedrich and Ruggie, Johan Gerard. 1986. ‘International Organization: A State of the Art on an Art of the State’. International Organization 40 (4): 753–75.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Thomas. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2nd edn. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
Langton, Christopher, ed. 2004. The Military Balance 2003/2004. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Larrabee, F. Stephen and Lesser, Ian O.. 2003. Turkish Foreign Policy in an Age of Uncertainty. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Lawson, Fred H. 1996. Why Syria Goes to War: Thirty Years of Confrontation. London/Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lawson, Fred H. 2007. ‘Syria’s Relations with Iran: Managing the Dilemmas of Alliance’. The Middle East Journal 61 (1): 2947.Google Scholar
Layne, Linda L. 1994. Home and Homeland: The Dialogics of Tribal and National Identities in Jordan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Legro, Jeffrey. 2005. Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order. London/Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lesch, David W. 2005. The New Lion of Damascus: Bashar Al-Asad and Modern Syria. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Levitt, Matthew. 2007. ‘Hezbollah Finances: Funding the Party of God’. In Terrorism Financing and State Responses: A Comparative Perspective, edited by Giraldo, Jeanne K. and Trinkunas, Harold A., 134–51. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Levitt, Matthew. 2008. Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, Jack. 2008. ‘Case Studies: Types, Designs, and Logics of Inference’. Conflict Management and Peace Science 25 (1): 118.Google Scholar
Laitin, David D. 1986. Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Change among the Yoruba. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Lippman, Thomas W. 2004. Inside the Mirage: America’s Fragile Partnership with Saudi Arabia. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Litvak, Meir. 1998. ‘The Islamization of the Palestinian‐Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas’. Middle Eastern Studies 34 (1): 148–63.Google Scholar
Lob, Eric. 2014. ‘Is Hezbollah Confronting a Crisis of Popular Legitimacy?’ 78. Middle East Brief. Crown Center for Middle East Studies, Brandeis University.Google Scholar
Long, David E. 1986. ‘Saudi Foreign Policy and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process: The Fahd (Arab) Peace Plan’. In The Middle East Peace Plan, edited by Beling, Willard, 5466. Kent: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Long, David E. 1990. ‘The Impact of the Iranian Revolution on the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf States’. In The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impact, edited by Esposito, John L.. Miami, FL: Florida International University Press.Google Scholar
Longva, Ahn Nga. 2000. ‘Citizenship in the Gulf States: Conceptualization and Practice’. In Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications, edited by Butenschøn, Nils A., David, Uris and Hassassian, Manuel, 179–97. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Lotfian, Saideh. 1997. ‘Taking Sides: Regional Powers and the War’. In Iranian Perspectives on the Iran–Iraq War, edited by Rajaee, Farhang, 1328. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Lupovici, Amir. 2012. ‘Ontological Dissonance, Clashing Identities, and Israel’s Unilateral Steps towards the Palestinians’. Review of International Studies 38 (04): 809–33.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. 1999. State Interests and Public Spheres: The International Politics of Jordan Identities. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. 2002. ‘Jordan’s Identity and Interests’. In Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, edited by Telhami, Shibley and Barnett, Michael, 2657. London/Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. 2006. Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera and Middle East Politics Today. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. 2010. ‘The Hollow Arab Core’. 2010. www.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/06/17/the_hollow_arab_core.Google Scholar
Lynch, Marc. 2013. ‘The War for the Arab World’. Foreign Policy (blog). 23 May 2013. http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/23/the-war-for-the-arab-world/.Google Scholar
Mabon, Simon. 2013. Saudi Arabia and Iran: Soft Power Rivalry in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
MacFarquhar, Neil. 2006. ‘Tide of Arab Opinion Turns to Support for Hezbollah’. The New York Times, 28 July 2006, sec. Middle East. www.nytimes.com/2006/07/28/world/middleeast/28arabs.html.Google Scholar
Mahmoud, Arwa. 2010. A Battle of Creed: Exploring the Religious Factor in Hizbullah’s 2006 Ground Engagements with Israel. Berlin: Lambert Academic Publishing.Google Scholar
Makinda, Samuel. 2000. ‘International Society and Eclecticism in International Relations Theory’. Conflict and Cooperation 35 (2): 205–16.Google Scholar
Makovsky, David. 2006. ‘Iran’s Hand in Lebanon’. San Diego Union-Tribune, July 2006. www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/irans-hand-in-lebanon.Google Scholar
Maltzahn, Nadia von. 2013. The Syria–Iran Axis: Cultural Diplomacy and International Relations in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Ma’oz, Moshe. 1988. Asad, the Sphinx of Damascus: A Political Biography. New York: Gove Weidenfled.Google Scholar
Ma’oz, Moshe. 2007a. ‘Syria’s Role in the Region Mediator, Peacemaker, or Aggressor?’ Report. A Century Foundation Report. New York: The Century Foundation.Google Scholar
Ma’oz, Moshe. 2007b. ‘The “Shi’i Crescent”: Myth and Reality’, Analysis Paper, no. 15.Google Scholar
Markham, James M. 1979. ‘Arafat, in Iran, Reports Khomeini Pledges Aid for Victory Over Israeli’. The New York Times, 19 February 1979, sec. Archives. www.nytimes.com/1979/02/19/archives/arafat-in-iran-reports-khomeini-pledges-aid-for-victory-over-israel.html.Google Scholar
Marschall, Christin. 1992. ‘Syria-Iran: A Strategic Alliance, 1979–1991’. Orient 33 (2): 433–46.Google Scholar
Marschall, Christin. 2003. Iran’s Persian Gulf Policy: From Khomeini to Khatami. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
McSweeney, Bill. 1999. Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mearsheimer, John. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Powers Politics. London, New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Menshari, David. 1990. ‘Khomeini’s Vision: Nationalism or World Order?’ In The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World, edited by Menshari, David, 4057. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Meyer, Christoph O and Strickmann, Eva. 2011. ‘Solidifying Constructivism: How Material and Ideational Factors Interact in European Defense’. Journal of Common Market Studies 49 (1): 6181.Google Scholar
Miller, R Reuben. 2000. ‘The Israeli-Syrian Negotiations’. Media, Culture & Society 11 (4): 117–39.Google Scholar
Milton-Edwards, Beverley. 2013. ‘Hamas and the Arab Spring: Strategic Shifts?Middle East Policy 20 (3): 6072.Google Scholar
Mitzen, Jennifer. 2006. ‘Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma’. European Journal of International Relations 12 (3): 341–70.Google Scholar
Mitzen, Jennifer and Larson, Kyle. 2017. ‘Ontological Security and Foreign Policy’. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moravscsik, Andrew. 2003. ‘Theory Synthesis in International Relations: Real Not Metaphysical’. International Studies Review 5 (1): 131–6.Google Scholar
Mouzahem, Haytham. 2013. ‘Saudi Wahhabi Sheikh Calls On Iraq’s Jihadists to Kill Shiites’. Al-Monitor. 28 April 2013. www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/04/wahhabi-sheikh-fatwa-iraq-kill-shiites-children-women.html.Google Scholar
Mufti, Malik. 1996. Sovereign Creations: Pan-Arabism and Political Order in Syria and Iraq. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mufti, Malik. 1998. ‘Daring and Caution in Turkish Foreign Policy’. The Middle East Journal 52 (1): 3250.Google Scholar
Mus‘ad, Nivīn. 2006. ‘Al-Tadā‘Iyyāt Al-’Iqlīmiyya: ‘Īrān [Regional Implications: Iran]’. In Al-Ḥarb Al-’Isrā’īliyya ‘alā Lubnān: Al-Tadā‘Iyyāt Al-Lubnāniyya Wa Al-‘Isrā’Īliyya , Ta’Thīrātihā Al-‘arabiyya Wa Al-‘Iqlīmiyya Wa Al-Dawliyya [The Israeli War in Lebanon: Lebanese and Israeli Implications and Their Arab, Regional, and International Effects], 297322. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies.Google Scholar
Myre, Greg. 2005. ‘Turkish Leader Visits Israel, Restoring Friendly Ties’. The New York Times, 2 May 2005, sec. Middle East. www.nytimes.com/2005/05/02/world/middleeast/turkish-leader-visits-israel-restoring-friendly-ties.html.Google Scholar
Nabers, Dirk. 2009. ‘Filling the Void of Meaning: Identity Construction in U.S. Foreign Policy After’. Foreign Policy Analysis 5 (2): 191214.Google Scholar
Nahas, Maridi. 1985. ‘State-Systems and Revolutionary Challenge: Nasser, Khomeini and the Middle East’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 17 (4): 507–27.Google Scholar
Nakash, Yitzhak. 2011. Reaching for Power: The Shi’a in the Modern Arab World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Nakhoul, Samia and Stott, Michael. 2012. ‘Hamas Says It Will Not Go to War for Iran’. Reuters, 10 May 2012. www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/10/us-palestinians-hamas-idUSBRE84917H20120510.Google Scholar
Napolitano, Valentina. 2013. ‘Hamas and the Syrian Uprising: A Difficult Choice’. Middle East Policy 20 (3): 7385.Google Scholar
Nasr, Vali. 2006. The Shia Revival: How Conflicts within Islam Will Shape the Future. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Nau, Henry. 2002. At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Nevo, Joseph. 1998. ‘Religion and National Identity in Saudi Arabia’. Middle Eastern Studies 34 (3): 3453.Google Scholar
Niblock, Tim. 2006. Saudi Arabia: Power, Legitimacy and Survival. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Noble, Paul. 2004. ‘Systemic Factors Do Matter, But...: Reflections on the Uses and Limitations of Systemic Analysis’. In Persistent Permeability?: Regionalism, Localism and Globalization, edited by Brynen, Rex and Salloukh, Bassel, 2964. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Nonneman, Gerd. 1986. Iraq, the Gulf States and the War: A Changing Relationship 1980–1986 and Beyond. London: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Nonneman, Gerd. 2004. ‘The Gulf States and the Iran-Iraq War: Pattern Shifts and Continuities’. In Iran, Iraq, and the Legacies of War, edited by Potter, Lawrence and Sick, Gary, 167–92. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Norton, Augustus. 1987. Amal and the Shia: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. 1st edn. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Norton, Augustus Richard. 1999. Hizballah of Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane Politics. New York: Council on Foreign Relations. www.cfr.org/religion/hizballah-lebanon-extremist-ideals-vs-mundane-politics-paper-muslim-politics-project/p8612.Google Scholar
Norton, Augustus Richard. 2007. Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
O’Brien, Don van Natta Jr and Timothy, L. 2003. ‘Flow of Saudis’ Cash to Hamas Is Scrutinized’. 17 September 2003. www.nytimes.com/2003/09/17/world/flow-of-saudis-cash-to-hamas-is-scrutinized.html.Google Scholar
Ochsenwald, William. 1981. ‘Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Revival’. International Journal of Middle East Studies 13 (3): 271–86.Google Scholar
Okruhlik, Gwenn. 2003. ‘Saudi Arabian-Iranian Relations: External Rapprochement and Internal Consolidation’. Middle East Policy 10 (2): 113–26.Google Scholar
Onuf, Nicholas. 1989. World of Our Own Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations. Columbia, SC: University of South California Press.Google Scholar
Owen, Roger. 2004. State, Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East. 3rd edn. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Owen, Roger. 2012. The Rise and Fall of Presidents for Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Perthes, Volker. 2001. ‘Syrian Regional Policy under Bashar Al-Asad: Realignment or Economic Rationalization’. Middle East Report 31 (220): 3641.Google Scholar
Perthes, Volker. 2004. ‘Syria under Bashar Al-Asad: Modernization and the Limit of Change’. Adelphi Papers 44 (366): 726.Google Scholar
Perthes, Volker. 2006. ‘The Syrian Solution’. Foreign Affairs 85 (6): 3340.Google Scholar
Phillips, Christopher. 2011. ‘Turkey’s Global Strategy: Turkey and Syria’. SR007. IDEAS Reports. London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar
Phillips, Christopher. 2012. Everyday Arab Identity: The Daily Reproduction of the Arab World. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pinto, Paulo G. 2011. ‘“Oh Syria, God Protects You”: Islam as Cultural Idiom under Bashar Al-Asad’. Middle East Critique 20 (2): 189205.Google Scholar
Pipes, Daniel. 1990. Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Piscatori, James. 1983. ‘Islamic Values and National Interest: The Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia’. In Islam in Foreign Policy, edited by Dawisha, Adeed, 3353. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Piven, Ben. 2012. ‘Map: US Bases Encircle Iran’. 2012. www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2012/04/2012417131242767298.html.Google Scholar
Pollock, David. 2009. ‘Arab Reaction to Gaza Conflict: Anger at Israel, but Scant Support for Hamas’. The Washington Institute. 9 January 2009. www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/arab-reaction-to-gaza-conflict-anger-at-israel-but-scant-support-for-hamas.Google Scholar
Qassem, Naim. 2005. Hizbullah: The Story from Within. London: Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Qassem, Naim. 2007. ‘Al-’Intiṣār Namūdhagan Tatbiqiyyan Lil-Murtakazāt Al-Sulūkiyya ‘Ind Hizbullah [Victory as an Applied Model of the Behavioural Pillars of Hizbullah]’. As-Safir Newspaper, 14 July 2007. http://assafir.com/Article/217/87892/AuthorArticle.Google Scholar
Qassir, Qassem. 2014. ‘Tansiq Maydani Bayn Hamas Wa Hezbollah [Ground Coordination between Hamas and Hezbollah]’. As-Safir Newspaper, 12 July 2014. http://assafir.com/article.aspx?articleid=360865.Google Scholar
Quandt, William. 1981a. ‘Reactions of the Arab Gulf States’. In The Iran–Iraq War: Issues of Conflict and Prospects for Settlement (Proceedings of a Seminar), edited by Dessouki, Ali E. H., 3946. Princeton, NJ: Center for International Studies/Woodrow Wilson School for Public and International Affairs.Google Scholar
Quandt, William. 1981b. Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy, Security and Oil. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institute.Google Scholar
Rabil, Robert G. 2006. Syria, the United States, and the War on Terror in the Middle East. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Rabil, Robert G. 2010. ‘The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’. In The Muslim Brotherhood: The Organization and Policies of a Global Islamist Movement (Middle East in Focus), 7388. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230106871_6.Google Scholar
Rajab, Iman Ahmad. 2010. Al-Niẓām Al-’Iqlīmī Al-‘Arabī Fī Marḥalat Mā Ba‘d Al-’Iḥtilāl Al-’Amrīkī Lil-‘Irāq [The Arab Regional System Following the American Invasion of Iraq]. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies.Google Scholar
Ramazani, Ruhollah. 1979. ‘Security in the Persian Gulf’. Foreign Affairs 57 (4): 821–35.Google Scholar
Ramazani, Ruhollah. 1986. Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in the Middle East. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Rasid Al-Ikhbariyya. 2006. ‘Akbar Shayykh Su‘udī Yaftī Ḍid Ḥizbullah [The Most Prominent Saudi Shayykh Issues a Fatwa against Hizbullah]’. Rasid Al-Ikhbariyya, 2006. www.rasid.com/?act=artc&id=12035.Google Scholar
Reuters. 2009. ‘Egypt’s Mubarak: Hamas Invited Israeli Offensive’. Reuters UK. 19 January 2009. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2009/01/19/us-arabs-summit-mubarak-sb-idUKTRE50I2W020090119.Google Scholar
Reuters. 2016. ‘Gulf Arab States Label Hezbollah a Terrorist Organization’. Reuters, 2 March 2016. www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-hezbollah/gulf-arab-states-designate-hezbollah-a-terrorist-organization-statement-idUSKCN0W40XF.Google Scholar
Riedel, Bruce. 2014. ‘Saudi Arabia and the Third Gaza War – Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East’. Al-Monitor. 6 August 2014. www.al-monitor.com/pulseen/originals/2014/08/saudi-arabia-gaza-war-egypt-quiet.html.Google Scholar
Rifai, Ola. 2014. ‘The Shifting Balance of Identity Politics after the Syrian Uprising’. OpenDemocracy. 28 April 2014. www.opendemocracy.net/arab-awakening/ola-rifai/shifting-balance-of-identity-politics-after-syrian-uprising.Google Scholar
Rinnawi, Khalid. 2006. Instant Nationalism: McArabism, Al-Jazeera and Translational Media in the Arab World. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Ripsman, Norrin M., Taliaferro, Jeffrey W. and Lobell, Steven E.. 2016. Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Risse, Thomas, Engelmann-Martin, D., Knopf, H. J. and Roscher, K.. 1999. ‘To Euro or Not to Euro? The EMU and Identity Politics in the European Union’. European Journal of International Relations 5 (2): 147–87.Google Scholar
Rousseau, David. 2006. Identifying Threats and Threatening Identities: The Social Construction of Realism and Liberalism. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rousseau, David and Rocio, Garcia-Retamero. 2007. ‘Identity, Power and, Threat Perception: A Cross-National Experimental Study’. Journal of Conflict Resolution 51 (5): 744–71.Google Scholar
Roy, Olivier. 2007. The Politics of Chaos in the Middle East. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar
Rubin, Barry. 2000. ‘Understanding Syrian Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Foreign Minister Faruq Al-Shara’s Explanation’. Middle East Review of International Affairs 4 (2): 1437.Google Scholar
Rubin, Barry. 2007. The Truth about Syria. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Rubin, Lawrence. 2014. Islam in the Balance: Ideational Threats in Arab Politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rumelili, Bahar. 2015. ‘Identity and Desecuritisation: The Pitfalls of Conflating Ontological and Physical Security’. Journal of International Relations and Development 18 (1): 5274.Google Scholar
Saad-Gorayeb, Amal. 2002. Hizbu’llah: Politics and Religion. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Saad-Gorayeb, Amal. 2007. ‘Questioning the Shia Crescent’. April 2007. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2007/841/op122.htm.Google Scholar
Sadiki, Larbi. 2014. ‘Huntington in the Middle East: There Is an Escalating Clash within the Abode of Islam’. 16 August 2014. www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/08/huntington-middle-east-2014812112219121218.html.Google Scholar
Sadjadpour, Karim. 2009. ‘Iran Supports Hamas, but Hamas Is No Iranian “Puppet”’. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 8 January 2009. http://carnegieendowment.org/2009/01/08/iran-supports-hamas-but-hamas-is-no-iranian-puppet/3jq1.Google Scholar
Sadowski, Yahya. 2002. ‘The Evolution of Political Identity in Syria’. In Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, edited by Barnett, Michael and Levy, Jack, 137–54. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Safran, Nadav. 1988. Saudi Arabia: The Ceasless Quest for Security. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Saleh, Alam and Kraetzschmar, Hendrik. 2015. ‘Politicized Identities, Securitized Politics: Sunni-Shi’a Politics in Egypt’. The Middle East Journal 69 (4): 545–62.Google Scholar
Salem, Paul. 1994. Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Salloukh, Bassel. 2000. ‘Organizing Politics in the Arab World: State-Society Relations and Foreign Policy Choices in Jordan and Syria’. PhD Dissertation, Montreal: McGill University.Google Scholar
Salloukh, Bassel. 2004. ‘Regime Autonomy and Regional Foreign Policy Choices in the Middle East: A Theoretical Explanation’. In Persistent Permeability?: Regionalism, Localism and Globalization, edited by Brynen, Rex and Salloukh, Bassel, 81104. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Salloukh, Bassel. 2009. ‘Demystifying Syrian Foreign Policy under Bashar Al-Asad’. In Demystifying Syria, edited by Lawson, Fred, 159–79. London: Saqi Books.Google Scholar
Samore, Gary. 1983a. ‘Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953–1982)’. PhD Dissertation. Boston, MA: Harvard University.Google Scholar
Samore, Gary. 1983b. ‘Royal Family Politics in Saudi Arabia (1953–1982)’. Harvard University.Google Scholar
Saudi Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2016. ‘Kingdom Stance on Palestinian Issue’. 16 February 2016. www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/KingdomForeignPolicy/Pages/PalestineCause25461.aspx.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Carl. 1922. Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. Translated by Schawbe, George. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schweller, Randall. 1994. ‘Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing the Revisionist State Back In’. International Security 19 (1): 72107.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick. 1986. The Struggle for Syria: A Study in Post-War Arab Politics, 1945–1958. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick. 1989. Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick. 1992. ‘La Syrie et Le Processus de Paix’. Politique Étrangère 57 (4): 785–96.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick. 2003. ‘Reflections on Why the United States and Israel Are Threatening Syria’. Daily Star, April 2003. www.dailystar.com.lb/Opinion/Commentary/2003/Apr-18/103111-reflections-on-why-the-united-states-and-israel-are-threatening-syria.ashx#axzz3561OdkTO.Google Scholar
Seale, Patrick. 2009. ‘Rewards of Syrian Diplomacy’. 2 July 2009. http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/rewards-of-syrian-diplomacy-1.499744.Google Scholar
Segal, Daniel. 1988. ‘The Iran-Iraq War: A Military Analysis’. Foreign Affairs 66 (5): 946–63.Google Scholar
Sela, Avraham. 1998. The Decline of the Arab–Israeli Conflict: Middle East Politics and the Quest for Regional Order. New York: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Selden, Zachary and Strome, Stuart. 2016. ‘Competing Identities and Security Interests in the Indo–US Relationship’. Foreign Policy Analysis, 4 May 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw029.Google Scholar
Serr, Marcel. 2018. ‘North Korea Built a Nuclear Reactor for Syria (And Israel Destroyed It)’. The National Interest. January 2018. http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/north-korea-built-nuclear-reactor-syria-israel-destroyed-it-23922.Google Scholar
Shama, Nael. 2013. Egyptian Foreign Policy from Mubarak to Morsi: Against the National Interest. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sherwood, Harriet. 2012. ‘Hamas Rules out Military Support for Iran in Any War with Israel’. The Guardian, 6 March 2012, sec. World news. www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/06/hamas-no-military-aid-for-iran.Google Scholar
Shoham, Dany. 2002. ‘Guile, Gas and Germs: Syria’s Ultimate Weapons’. Middle East Quarterly 9 (3): 5361.Google Scholar
Sil, Rudra. 2000. ‘The Foundations of Eclecticism: The Epistemological Status of Agency, Culture, and Structure in Social Theory’. Journal of Theoretical Politics 12 (3): 353–87.Google Scholar
Sil, Rudra and Katzenstein, Peter. 2010. Beyond Paradigms: Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics. New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Sil, Rudra and Katzenstein, Peter. 2012. ‘Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics: Reconfiguring Problems and Mechanisms across Research Traditions’. Perspectives on Politics 8 (2): 411–31.Google Scholar
Simon, Steven and Stevenson, Jonathan. 2004. ‘The Road to Damascus’. Foreign Affairs 83 (3): 110–18.Google Scholar
Sindi, Abdullah. 1986. ‘King Faisal and Pan-Islamism’. In King Faisal and the Modernization of Saudi Arabia, edited by Beling, Willard A., 184201. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
SIPRI. 2016. ‘SIPRI Military Expenditure Database’. 2016. www.sipri.org/databases/milex.Google Scholar
Sirriyeh, Hussein. 1985. ‘Development of the Iraqi–Iranian Dispute, 1847–1975’. Journal of Contemporary History 20 (3): 483–92.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sørensen, Georg. 2008. ‘The Case for Combining Material Forces and Ideas in the Study of IR’. European Journal of International Relations 14 (1): 532.Google Scholar
Sottimano, Aurora. 2016. ‘Building Authoritarian “Legitimacy”: Domestic Compliance and International Standing of Bashar Al-Asad’s Syria’. Global Discourse 6 (3): 450–66.Google Scholar
Stanely, Bruce. 1990. ‘Drawing from the Well: Syria in the Persian Gulf’. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 14 (2): 4564.Google Scholar
Steele, Brent. 2005. ‘Ontological Security and the Power of Self-Identity: British Neutrality and the American Civil War’. Review of International Studies 31 (3): 519–40.Google Scholar
Steele, Brent. 2008. Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stein, Ewan. 2017. ‘Ideological Codependency and Regional Order: Iran, Syria, and the Axis of Refusal’. PS: Political Science and Politics 50 (3): 676–80.Google Scholar
Stein, Janice Gross. 2013. ‘Threat Perception in International Relations’. In Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, edited by Huddy, Leonie, Sears, David and Levy, Jack, 2nd edn, 365–94. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Steinberg, Guido. 2005. ‘The Wahhabi Ulama and the Saudi State: 1975 to Present’. In Saudi Arabia in the Balance: Political Economy, Society, Foreign Affairs, edited by Aarts, Paul and Nonneman, Gerd, 1134. London: Hurst & Company.Google Scholar
Stenslie, Stig. 2011. Regime Stability in Saudi Arabia: The Challenge of Succession. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Stephan, Alfred. 1986. ‘Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations’. In Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, edited by O’Donnell, Guillermo, Schmitter, Philippe C. and Whitehead, Laurence, 6484. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Stern, Moran and Ross, Dennis. 2013. ‘The Role of Syria in Israeli-Turkish Relations’. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 14 (2): 115–28.Google Scholar
Stratfor. 2015. ‘Saudi Arabia and Hamas: A Pragmatic Partnership’. Stratfor. 2015. https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/saudi-arabia-and-hamas-pragmatic-partnership.Google Scholar
Sunayama, Sonoko. 2007. Syria and Saudi Arabia: Collaboration and Conflict in the Oil Era. London, New York: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Susser, Asher. 2007. ‘Iraq, Lebanon and Gaza: Middle Eastern Trends’. Tel Aviv Notes, 22 July 2007.Google Scholar
Szorm, Charlie. 2009. ‘Iran-Hamas Relationship in 2009’. 27 March 2009. www.irantracker.org/military-activities/iran-hamas-relationship-2008.Google Scholar
Takeyh, Ray. 2009. Guardians of the Revolution: Iran and the World in the Age of the Ayatollahs. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Talhamy, Yvette. 2009. ‘The Syrian Muslim Brothers and the Syrian-Iranian Relationship’. The Middle East Journal 63 (4): 561–80.Google Scholar
Taylor, Alan. 1982. The Arab Balance of Power. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, Joshua. 2009. The Arab Peace Initiative: A Primer and Future Prospects. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. http://jcpa.org/text/Arab-Peace-Initiative.pdf.Google Scholar
Telhami, Shibley. 1999. ‘Power, Legitimacy, and Peace-Making in Arab Coalitions: The New Arabism’. In Ethnic Conflict and International Politics in the Middle East, edited by Binder, Leonard, 4360. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar
Telhami, Shibley. 2007. ‘Zogby International 2006 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey Global Perspectives’.Google Scholar
Telhami, Shibley and Barnett, Michael, eds. 2002a. Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Telhami, Shibley and Barnett, Michael, 2002b. ‘Introduction: Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East’. In Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East, 125. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Teti, Andrea. 2007. ‘Bridging the Gap: IR, Middle East Studies and the Disciplinary Politics of the Area Studies Controversy’. European Journal of International Relations 13 (1): 117–45.Google Scholar
The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). 1979. ‘The Middle East and the Mediterranean’. The Military Balance 79 (1): 3647.Google Scholar
The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). 1980. ‘Middle East and North Africa’. The Military Balance 80 (1): 3950.Google Scholar
The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). 2003. ‘Middle East and North Africa’. The Military Balance 103 (1): 96125.Google Scholar
The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). 2006. ‘Middle East and North Africa’. The Military Balance 106 (1): 165216.Google Scholar
Thompson, Mark. 2014. Saudi Arabia and the Path to Political Change: National Dialogue and Civil Society. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Trofimov, Yaroslav. 2008. The Siege of Mecca: The Forgotten Uprising in Islam’s Holiest Shrine. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Tully, James. 1993. An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates. 2013. ‘The Gulf States and the Iran-Iraq War: Cooperation and Confusion’. In The Iran–Iraq War: New International Perspectives, edited by Ashton, Nigel and Gibson, Bryan, 109–24. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Urquhart, Conal. 2007. ‘Iran Replaces EU as Top Palestinian Donor’. The Guardian, 15 January 2007, sec. World news. www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/15/israel.iran.Google Scholar
Uzer, Umut. 2013. ‘Turkish–Israeli Relations: Their Rise and Fall’. Middle East Policy 20 (1): 97110. https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12007.Google Scholar
Valbjørn, Morten. 2004. ‘Toward a “Mesopotamian Turn”: Disciplinarity and the Study of the International Relations of the Middle East’. Journal of Mediterranean Studies 1 (2): 4775.Google Scholar
Valbjørn, Morten. 2009. ‘Arab Nationalism(s) in Transformation: From Arab Interstate Societies to an Arab-Islamic World Society’. In International Society and the Middle East: English School Theory at the Regional Level, edited by Buzan, Barry and Gonzalez-Pelaez, Ana, 140–69. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Valbjørn, Morten. 2015. ‘International Relations Theory and the New Middle East: Three Levels of a Debate’. In Project on Middle East Political Science, 74–9. POMEPS Studies 16. http://pomeps.org/2015/08/25/international-relations-theory-and-the-new-middle-east-three-clusters-of-a-debate/.Google Scholar
Valbjørn, Morten and Bank, André. 2007. ‘Signs of a New Arab Cold War’. Middle East Report (242): 6–11.Google Scholar
Valbjørn, Morten and Bank, Andre. 2012. ‘The New Arab Cold War: Rediscovering the Arab Dimension of Middle East Regional Politics’. Review of International Studies 38 (1): 324.Google Scholar
Van Dam, NiKolaos. 1996. The Struggle for Power in Syria: Politics and Society under Asad and the Ba’th Party. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Van Evera, Stephen. 1997. Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science. London/Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Waever, Ole. 1995. ‘Securitization and Desecuritzation’. In On Security, edited by Lipschutz, Ronnie, 4686. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Walt, Stephen. 1985. ‘Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power’. International Security 9 (4): 343. https://doi.org/10.2307/2538540.Google Scholar
Walt, Stephen. 1987. The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Walt, Stephen. 1996. Revolution and War. London/Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Walt, Stephen. 1998. ‘International Relations: One World, Many Theories’. Foreign Policy (110): 29–46.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth. 1979. Theory of International Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.Google Scholar
Waltz, Kenneth. 1986. ‘Reflections on Theory of International Politics: A Response to My Critics’. In Neorealism and Its Critics, edited by Keohane, Robert O., 322–45. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Waterbury, John. 1983. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wehrey, Frederic. 2011. ‘Uprisings Jolt the Saudi Iranian Rivalry’. Current History 110 (740): 352–7.Google Scholar
Wehrey, Frederic. 2013. Sectarian Politics in the Gulf: From the Iraq War to the Arab Uprisings. New York: Columbia University Press. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZmSsAgAAQBAJ&pgis=1.Google Scholar
Wehrey, Frederic, Karasik, Theodore W., Nader, Alireza, Ghez, Jeremy, Hansell, Lydia and Guffey, Robert A.. 2009. Saudi Iranian Relations since the Fall of Saddam: Rivalry, Cooperation, and Implications for U.S. Policy. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Wehrey, Frederic M. 2012. ‘What’s Behind Saudi Arabia’s Nuclear Anxiety?’ 15. CERI Strategy Papers. Paris: SciencePo. www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/n15a_17122012.pdf.Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 1992. ‘Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics’. International Organization 46 (2): 391425.Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
White House. 2006. ‘White House Statement on Hizballah Kidnapping of Two Israeli Soldiers’. July 2006. www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1664553/posts.Google Scholar
Wikas, Seth. 2006. ‘The Damascus-Hizballah Axis: Bashar Al-Asad’s Vision of a New Middle East’. Policy Watch. http://goo.gl/REgzUs.Google Scholar
Willacy, Mark. 2006. ‘Hamas Will Accept Funding from Iran: Meshaal’. Lateline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2006/s1589194.htm.Google Scholar
Wilson, Peter and Graham, Douglas. 1994. Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm. New York: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Wivel, Anders. 2005. ‘Explaining Why State X Made a Certain Move Last Tuesday: The Promise and Limitations of Realist Foreign Policy Analysis’. Journal of International Relations and Development 8 (4): 355–80.Google Scholar
Wohlforth, William. 1993. The Elusive Balance: Power and Perceptions during the Cold War. London/Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Woods, Kevin M., Palkki, David D. and Stout, Mark E.. 2011. The Saddam Tapes: The Inner Workings of a Tyrant’s Regime, 1978–2001. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yamani, Mai. 2008. ‘The Two Faces of Saudi Arabia’. Survival 50 (1): 143–56.Google Scholar
Young, Crawford. 1979. The Politics of Cultural Pluralism. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
York, Valerie. 1988. Domestic Politics and Regional Security: Jordan, Syria and Israel. The End of an Era? Aldershot: Gower.Google Scholar
Zādah, ‘Alī Nūrī. 2006. ‘Ḍābiṭ ’Īrānī: “Ḥizb ‘Allah” Ladayyhi Wiḥdat Cumāndūz Baḥariyah [An Iranian Officer: Hizbullah Has a Maritime Commandos Unit]’. Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, July 2006.Google Scholar
Zarakol, Ayse. 2010. ‘Ontological (In)Security and State Denial of Historical Crimes: Turkey and Japan’. International Relations 24 (1): 323.Google Scholar
Zartman, I. William. 2017. ‘States, Boundaries and Sovereignty in the Middle East: Unsteady but Unchanging’. International Affairs 93 (4): 937–48.Google Scholar
Zerden, Alex Benjamin. 2000. ‘Syrian Foreign Policy toward Iran: A Strategic Relationship or Tactical Convergence?NIMEP Insights 3 (1): 1729.Google Scholar
Ziadeh, Radwan.2011. Power and Policy in Syria: Intelligence Services, Foreign Relations and Democracy in the Modern Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Ziadeh, Radwan.2019. Syria’s Role in a Changing Middle East: The Syrian-Israeli Peace Talks. London: I.B. Tauris.Google Scholar
Zisser, Eyal. 2004. ‘Syria and the Question of WMD’. Middle East Review of International Affairs 8 (3): 19.Google Scholar
Zisser, Eyal. 2006. ‘What Does the Future Hold for Syria?Middle East Review of International Affairs 10 (2): 126. http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2006/issue2/jv10no2a6.html.Google Scholar
Zisser, Eyal. 2009a. ‘Nasrallah’s Defeat in the 2006 War’. Middle East Quarterly, January 2009. www.meforum.org/2054/nasrallahs-defeat-in-the-2006-war.Google Scholar
Zisser, Eyal. 2009b. ‘Syria’s Diplomatic Comeback: What Next?Mediterranean Politics 14 (1): 107–13.Google Scholar
Zubaida, Sami. 2014. ‘Sectarian Dimensions’. The Middle East Journal 68 (2): 318–22.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Bibliography
  • May Darwich, University of Birmingham
  • Book: Threats and Alliances in the Middle East
  • Online publication: 09 September 2019
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108656689.008
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Bibliography
  • May Darwich, University of Birmingham
  • Book: Threats and Alliances in the Middle East
  • Online publication: 09 September 2019
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108656689.008
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Bibliography
  • May Darwich, University of Birmingham
  • Book: Threats and Alliances in the Middle East
  • Online publication: 09 September 2019
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108656689.008
Available formats
×