Assisted Reproductive Procedures

Section 2 - Assisted Reproductive Procedures

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2021

Edited by

Eliezer Girsh

Show author details

Eliezer Girsh: Affiliation:
Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon

Book contents

Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Type: Chapter
Information: A Textbook of Clinical Embryology , pp. 71 - 193

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108881760 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Pandya, G, Cohen, MR. The effect of cis-isomer of clomiphene citrate (cis-clomiphene) on cervical mucus and vaginal cytology. J. Reprod. Med. 1972; 8:133–138.Google Scholar

Kerin, JF, Liu, JH, Phillipou, G, Yen, SS. Evidence for a hypothalamic site of action of clomiphene citrate in women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1985; 61:265–268.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kelly, JL, Adashi, EY. Ovulation induction. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am. 1987; 14:831–864.Google Scholar

Palomba, S. Aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2015; 100:1742–1747.Google Scholar

Deary, AJ, Seaton, JE, Prentice, A, et al. Single versus double insemination: a retrospective audit of pregnancy rates with two treatment protocols in donor insemination. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:1494–1496.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

van Rijswijk, J, Caanen, MR, Mijatovic, V, et al. Immobilization or mobilization after IUI: an RCT. Hum. Reprod. 2017; 32:2218–2224.Google Scholar

Kim, A, Young Lee, J, Il Ji, Y, et al. Do endometrial movements affect the achievement of pregnancy during intrauterine insemination? Int. J. Fertil. Steril. 2015; 8:339–408.Google Scholar

Akino, N, Isono, W, Wada-Hiraike, O. Predicting suitable timing for artificial reproductive technology treatment in aged infertile women. Reprod. Med. Biol. 2016; 15:253–259.Google Scholar

Cantineau, AE, Heineman, MJ, Cohlen, BJ. Single versus double intrauterine insemination in stimulated cycles for subfertile couples: a systematic review based on a Cochrane review. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18:941–946.Google Scholar

Abou-Setta, AM, Mansour, RT, Al-Inany, HG, et al. Intrauterine insemination catheters for assisted reproduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum. Reprod. 2006; 21:1961–1967.Google Scholar

Guzick, DS, Carson, SA, Coutifaris, C, et al. Efficacy of superovulation and intrauterine insemination in the treatment of infertility. National Cooperative Reproductive Medicine Network. N. Engl. J. Med. 1999; 340:177–183.Google Scholar

Collins, J. Stimulated intra-uterine insemination is not a natural choice for the treatment of unexplained subfertility. Current best evidence for the advanced treatment of unexplained subfertility. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18:907–912.Google Scholar

Cèdrin-Durnerin, I, Bständig, B, Parneix, I, et al. Effects of oral contraceptive, synthetic progestogen or natural estrogen pre-treatments on the hormonal profile and the antral follicle cohort before GnRH antagonist protocol. Hum. Reprod. 2007; 22:109–116.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

La Marca, A, Sunkara, SK. Individualization of controlled ovarian stimulation in IVF using ovarian reserve markers: from theory to practice. Hum. Reprod. Update 2014; 20:124–140.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Moraloğlu, Ö, Tonguc, EA, Özel, M, et al. The effects of peak and mid-luteal estradiol levels on in vitro fertilization outcome. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2012; 285:857–862.Google Scholar

Andersen, CY, Westergaard, LG, Sinosich, MJ, Byskov, AG. Human preovulatory follicular fluid: inhibin and free steroids related to optimal follicular maturation in ovarian stimulation regimes and possible function in ovulation. Hum. Reprod. 1992; 7:765–769.Google Scholar

Ventura-Juncá, P, Irarrázaval, I, Rolle, AJ, et al. In vitro fertilization (IVF) in mammals: epigenetic and developmental alterations. Scientific and bioethical implications for IVF in humans. Biol. Res. 2015; 48:68.Google Scholar

Jiang, Z, Wang, Y, Lin, J, et al. Genetic and epigenetic risks of assisted reproduction. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2017; 44:90–104.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Macklon, NS, Stouffer, RL, Giudice, LC, Fauser, BC. The science behind 25 years of ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Endocr. Rev. 2006; 27:170–207.Google Scholar

Gonen, Y, Balakier, H, Powell, W, Casper, RF. Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist to trigger follicular maturation for in vitro fertilization. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1990; 71:918–922.Google Scholar

Albano, C, Smitz, J, Camus, M, et al. Comparison of different doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist cetrorelix during controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Fertil. Steril. 1997; 67:917–922.Google Scholar

Tarlatzis, B, Fauser, B, Kilibianakis, E, Diedrich, K, Devroey, P. GnRH antagonists in ovarian stimulation for IVF. Hum. Reprod. Update 2006;12:333–340.Google Scholar

Lyttle Schumacher, MB, Mersereau, JE, Steiner, AZ. Cycle day, estrogen level, and lead follicle size: analysis of 27,790 in vitro fertilization cycles to determine optimal start criteria for gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist. Fertil. Steril. 2018; 109:633–637.Google Scholar

Blunt, SM, Butt, WR. Pulsatile GnRH therapy for the induction of ovulation in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. (Copenh.) 1988; 288:58–65.Google Scholar

Nargund, G, Hutchison, L, Scaramuzzi, R, Campbell, S. Low-dose HCG is useful in preventing OHSS in high-risk women without adversely affecting the outcome of IVF cycles. RBM Online 2007; 14:682–685.Google Scholar

Wang, W, Zhang, X-H, Wang, W-H, et al. The time interval between hCG priming and oocyte retrieval in ART program: a meta-analysis. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2011; 28:901–910.Google Scholar

Bosch, E, Labarta, E, Kolibianakis, E, Roen, M, Meldrum, D. Regimen of ovarian stimulation affects oocyte quality and therefore embryo quality. Fertil. Steril. 2016; 105:560–570.Google Scholar

Itskovitz-Eldor, J, Kol, S, Mannaerts, B. Use of a single bolus of GnRH agonist triptorelin to trigger ovulation after GnRH antagonist ganirelix treatment in women undergoing ovarian stimulation for assisted reproduction, with special reference to the prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: preliminary report: short communication. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:1965–1968.Google Scholar

Kolibianakis, EM, Schultze-Mosgau, A, Schroer, A, et al. A lower ongoing pregnancy rate can be expected when GnRH agonist is used for triggering final oocyte maturation instead of HCG in patients undergoing IVF with GnRH antagonists. Hum. Reprod. 2005; 20:2887–2892.Google Scholar

Choi, JH, Gilks, CB, Auersperg, N, Leung, PC. Immunolocalization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-I, GnRH-II, and type I GnRH receptor during follicular development in the human ovary. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006; 91:4562–4570.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Laprise, SL. Implications of epigenetics and genomic imprinting in assisted reproductive technologies. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2009; 76:1006–1018.Google Scholar

Rubio, C, Mercader, A, Alamá, P, et al. Prospective cohort study in high responder oocyte donors using two hormonal stimulation protocols: impact on embryo aneuploidy and development. Hum. Reprod. 2010; 25:2290–2297.Google Scholar

van der Gaast, MH, Eijkemans, MJ, van der Net, JB, et al. Optimum number of oocytes for a successful first IVF treatment cycle. RBM Online 2006; 13:476–480.Google Scholar

Steward, RG, Lan, L, Shah, AA, et al. Oocyte number as a predictor for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and live birth: an analysis of 256,381 in vitro fertilization cycles. Fertil. Steril. 2014; 101:967–973.Google Scholar

Vermey, BG, Chua, SJ, Zafarmand, MH, et al. Is there an association between oocyte number and embryo quality? A systematic review and meta-analysis. RBM Online 2019; 39:751–763.Google Scholar

Haaf, T, Lambrecht, A, Grossmann, B, et al. A high oocyte yield for intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment is associated with an increased chromosome error rate. Fertil. Steril. 2009; 91:733–738.Google Scholar

ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Health and fertility in World Health Organization group 2 anovulatory women. Hum. Reprod. Update 2012; 18:586–599.CrossRef Google Scholar

Homburg, R, Ray, A, Bhide, P, et al. The relationship of serum anti-Mullerian hormone with polycystic ovarian morphology and polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Hum. Reprod. 2013; 28:1077–1083.Google Scholar

Dumesic, DA, Padmanabhan, V, Abbott, DH. Polycystic ovary syndrome and oocyte developmental competence. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv. 2008; 63:39–48.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wood, JR, Dumesic, DA, Abbott, DH, Strauss, JF 3rd. Molecular abnormalities in oocytes from women with polycystic ovary syndrome revealed by microarray analysis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007; 92:705–713.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Amato, G, Conte, M, Mazziotti, G, et al. Serum and follicular fluid cytokines in polycystic ovary syndrome during stimulated cycles. Obstet. Gynecol. 2003; 101:1177–1182.Google Scholar PubMed

Gallinelli, A, Ciaccio, I, Giannella, L, et al. Correlations between concentrations of interleukin-12 and interleukin-13 and lymphocyte subsets in the follicular fluid of women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 2003; 79:1365–1372.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wu, CH, Winkel, CA. The effect of therapy initiation day on clomiphene citrate therapy. Fertil. Steril. 1989; 52:564–568.Google Scholar

Dickey, RP, Taylor, SN, Lu, PY, et al. Effect of diagnosis, age, sperm quality, and number of preovulatory follicles on the outcome of multiple cycles of clomiphene citrate-intrauterine insemination. Fertil. Steril. 2002; 78:1088–1095.Google Scholar

Veltman-Verhulst, SM, Fauser, BC, Eijkemans, MJ. High singleton live birth rate confirmed after ovulation induction in women with anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome: validation of a prediction model for clinical practice. Fertil. Steril. 2012; 98:761–768.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mathur, R, Alexander, CJ, Yano, J, Trivax, B, Azziz, R. Use of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2008; 199:596–609.Google Scholar

Sinawat, S, Buppasiri, P, Lumbiganon, P, Pattanittum, P. Long versus short course treatment with metformin and clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in women with PCOS. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012; 10:CD006226. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006226.pub3.Google Scholar

Gleicher, N, Barad, DH. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation in diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2011; 9:67, doi:10.1186/1477-7827-9-67.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Narkwichean, A, Maalouf, W, Campbell, BK, Jayaprakasan, K. Efficacy of dehydroepiandrosterone to improve ovarian response in women with diminished ovarian reserve: a meta-analysis. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2013; 11:44, doi:10.1186/1477-7827-11-44.Google Scholar

Yeung, T, Chai, J, Li, R, et al. A double-blind randomised trial on the effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on ovarian reserve markers, ovarian response and number of oocyte in anticipated normal ovarian responders. BJOG 2016; 123:1097–1105.Google Scholar

Gómez, R, Soares, SR, Busso, C, et al. Physiology and pathology of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Sem. Reprod. Med. 2010; 28:448–457.Google Scholar

Kasum, M, Danolic, D, Oreskovic, S, et al. Thrombosis following ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2014; 30:764–768.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Prevention and treatment of moderate and severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 2016; 106:1634–1647.Google Scholar

References

Jabbour, HN, Kelly, RW, Fraser, HM, Critchley, HO. Endocrine regulation of menstruation. Endocr. Rev. 2006; 27:17–46.Google Scholar

Garcia, J, Jones, GS, Acosta, AA, Wright, GL. Corpus luteum fuction after follicle aspiration for oocyte retrieval. Fertil. Steril. 1981; 36:565–572.Google Scholar

Fatemi, HM, Popovic-Todorovic, B, Papanikolaou, E, Donoso, P, Devroey, P. An update of luteal phase support in stimulated IVF cycles. Hum. Reprod. Update 2007; 13:581–590.Google Scholar

O’Neill, C, Ferrier, AJ, Vaughan, J, Sinosich, MJ, Saunders, DM. Causes of implantation failure after in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Lancet 1985; 2:615.Google Scholar

The ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. Anovulatory infertility. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10:1549–1553.CrossRef Google Scholar

Duncan, WC. A guide to understanding polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). J. Fam. Plann. Reprod. Health Care 2014; 40:217–225.Google Scholar

Mackens, S, Santos-Ribeiro, S, van de Vijver, A, et al. Frozen embryo transfer: a review on the optimal endometrial preparation and timing. Hum. Reprod. 2017; 32:2234–2242.Google Scholar

Kutlusoy, F, Guler, I, Erdem, M, et al. Luteal phase support with estrogen in addition to progesterone increases pregnancy rates in in-vitro fertilization cycles with poor response to gonadotropins. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2014; 30:363–366.Google Scholar

Ho, CH, Chen, SU, Peng, FS, Chang, CY, Yang, YS. Luteal support for IVF/ICSI cycles with Crinone 8% (90 mg) twice daily results in higher pregnancy rates than with intramuscular progesterone. J. Chin. Med. Assoc. 2008; 71:386–391.Google Scholar

Barbosa, MW, Silva, LR, Navarro, PA, et al. Dydrogesterone vs progesterone for luteal-phase support: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2016; 48:161–170.Google Scholar

Saccone, G, Khalifeh, A, Elimian, A, et al. Vaginal progesterone vs intramuscular 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate for prevention of recurrent spontaneous preterm birth in singleton gestations: systematic review and meta-analysis randomized controlled trials. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2017; 49:315–321.Google Scholar

Child, T, Leonard, SA, Evans, JS, Lass, A. Systematic review of the clinical efficacy of vaginal progesterone for luteal phase support in assisted reproductive technology cycles. RBM Online 2018; 36:630–645.Google Scholar

Tournaye, H, Sukhikh, G, Kuhler, E, Griesinger, G. A phase III randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy, safety and tolerability of oral dydrogesterone versus micronized vaginal progesterone for luteal support in in vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 2017; 32:1019–1027.Google Scholar

Baker, V, Jones, C, Doody, K, et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy and safety of aqueous subcutaneous progesterone with vaginal progesterone for luteal phase support of in vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 2014; 29:2210–2220.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kleinstein, J. Efficacy and tolerability of vaginal progesterone capsules (Utrogest 200) compared with progesterone gel (Crinone 8%) for luteal phase support during assisted reproduction. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 83:1641–1649.Google Scholar

Penzias, A. Luteal phase support. Fertil. Steril. 2002; 77:318–323.Google Scholar

van der Linden, M, Buckingham, K, Farquhar, C, Kremer, JA, Metwally, M. Luteal phase support for assisted reproduction cycles. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015; CD009154. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009154.Google Scholar

Hutchison, JS, Zeleznik, AJ. The corpus luteum of the primate menstrual cycle is capable of recovering from a transient withdrawal of pituitary gonadotropin support. Endocrinology 1985; 117:1043–1049.Google Scholar

Liu, X, Mu, H, Shi, Q, Xiao, X, Qi, H. The optimal duration of progesterone supplementation in pregnant women after IVF/ICSI: a meta-analysis. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2012; 10:107–115.Google Scholar

Thomsen, LH, Kesmodel, US, Erb, K, et al. The impact of luteal serum progesterone levels on live birth rates-a prospective study of 602 IVF/ICSI cycles. Hum. Reprod. 2018; 33:1506–1516. doi:10.1093/humrep/dey226.Google Scholar

Silver, RI. Endocrine abnormalities in boys with hypospadias. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2004; 545:45–72.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Vaisbuch, E, de Ziegler, D, Leong, M, Weissman, A, Shoham, Z. Luteal-phase support in assisted reproduction treatment: real-life practices reported worldwide by an updated website-based survey. RBM Online 2014; 28:330–335.Google Scholar

References

Lopata, A, Johnston, WIH, Leeton, J, et al. Collection of human oocytes by laparotomy and laparoscopy. Fertil. Steril. 1974; 25:1030–1038.Google Scholar

Wood, C, Leeton, J, Talbot, M, Trounson, AO. Technique for collecting mature human oocytes for in-vitro fertilization. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1981; 88:756–760.Google Scholar

Renou, P, Trounson, A, Wood, C, Leeton, JF. The collection of human oocytes for in-vitro fertilization. An instrument for maximizing oocyte recovery rate. Fertil. Steril. 1981; 35:409–412.Google Scholar

Dellenbach, P, Nisand, I, Moreau, L, et al. Transvaginal, sonographically controlled ovarian follicle puncture for egg retrieval. Lancet 1984; 1:1467.Google Scholar

Dellenbach, P, Nisand, I, Moreau, L, et al. Transvaginal sonographically controlled ovarian follicle puncture for egg retrieval. Fertil. Steril. 1985; 44:656–662.Google Scholar

Grimbizis, GF, Di Spiezio Sardo, A, Saravelos, SH, et al. The Thessaloniki ESHRE/ESGE consensus on diagnosis of female genital anomalies. Hum. Reprod. 2016; 31:2–7.Google Scholar

Stelling, JR, Chapman, ET, Frankfurter, D, et al. Subcutaneous versus intramuscular administration of human chorionic gonadotropin during an in vitro fertilization cycle. Fertil. Steril. 2003; 79:881–885.Google Scholar

Weiss, A, Neril, R, Geslevich, J, et al. Lag time from ovulation trigger to oocyte aspiration and oocyte maturity in assisted reproductive technology cycles: a retrospective study. Fertil. Steril. 2014; 102:419–423.Google Scholar

Matorras, R, Aparicio, V, Corcostegui, B, et al. Failure of intrauterine insemination as rescue treatment in low responders with adequate HCG timing with no oocytes retrieved. RBM Online 2014; 29:634–639.Google Scholar

Hershlag, A, Feng, HL, Scholl, GS. Betadine (povidone-iodine) is toxic to murine embryogenesis. Fertil. Steril. 2003; 79:1249–1250.Google Scholar

Jeffcoate, N. Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies. In: Kumar, P, Malhotra, N, eds., Jeffcoate’s Principles of Gynaecology. New Delhi: Jaypee. 2008; 721–723.Google Scholar

Bennett, SJ, Waterstone, JJ, Cheng, WC, Parsons, J. Complications of transvaginal ultrasound-directed follicle aspiration: a review of 2670 consecutive procedures. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1993; 10:72–77.Google Scholar

Mansour, RT, Aboulghar, MA, Serour, GI. Study of the optimum time for human chorionic gonadotropin-ovum pickup interval in in vitro fertilization. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1994; 11:478–481.Google Scholar

Nargund, G, Reid, F, Parsons, J. Human chorionic gonadotropin-to-oocyte collection interval in a superovulation IVF program. A prospective study. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2001; 18:87–90.Google Scholar

Raziel, A, Schachter, M, Strassburger, D, et al. In vivo maturation of oocytes by extending the interval between human chorionic gonadotropin administration and oocyte retrieval. Fertil. Steril. 2006; 86:583–587.Google Scholar

Jamieson, ME, Fleming, R, Kader, S, et al. In vivo and in vitro maturation of human oocytes: effects on embryo development and polyspermic fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 1991; 56:93–97.Google Scholar

Garor, R, Shufaro, Y, Kotler, N, et al. Prolonging oocyte in vitro culture and handling time does not compensate for a shorter interval from human chorionic gonadotropin administration to oocyte pickup. Fertil. Steril. 2015; 103:72–75.Google Scholar

Fisch, B, Kaplan-Kraicer, R, Amit, S, Ovadia, J, Tadir, Y. The effect of preinsemination interval upon fertilization of human oocytes in vitro. Hum. Reprod. 1989; 4:495–496.Google Scholar

Bokal, EV, Vrtovec, HM, Virant Klun, I, Verdenik, I. Prolonged HCG action affects angiogenic substances and improves follicular maturation, oocyte quality and fertilization competence in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 2005; 20:1562–1568.Google Scholar

Fauque, P, Guibert, J, Jouannet, P, Patrat, C. Successful delivery after the transfer of embryos obtained from a cohort of incompletely in vivo matured oocytes at retrieval time. Fertil. Steril. 2008; 89:991.e1–991.e4.Google Scholar

Van de Velde, H, De Vos, A, Joris, H, Nagy, ZP, Van Steirteghem, AC. Effect of timing of oocyte denudation and micro-injection on survival, fertilization and embryo quality after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:3160–3164.Google Scholar

Dozortsev, D, Nagy, P, Abdelmassih, S, et al. The optimal time for intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the human is from 37 to 41 hours after administration of human chorionic gonadotropin. Fertil. Steril. 2004; 82:1492–1496.Google Scholar

Isiklar, A, Mercan, R, Balaban, B, et al. Impact of oocyte pre-incubation time on fertilization, embryo quality and pregnancy rate after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. RBM Online 2004; 8:682–686.Google Scholar

Stevenson, T, Lashen, H. Empty follicle syndrome: the reality of a controversial syndrome, a systematic review. Fertil. Steril. 2008; 90:691–698.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Awonuga, A, Govindbhai, J, Zierke, S, Schnauffer, K. Continuing the debate on empty follicle syndrome: can it be associated with normal bioavailability of β-human chorionic gonadotrophin on the day of oocyte recovery? Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:1281–1284.Google Scholar

van Heusden, AM, van Santbrink, EJ, de Jong, D. The empty follicle syndrome is dead. Fertil. Steril. 2008; 89:746.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bustillo, M. Unsuccessful oocyte retrieval: technical artifact or genuine empty follicle syndrome? RBM Online 2004; 8:59–67.Google Scholar

Tsuiki, A, Rose, BI, Hung, TT. Steroid profiles of follicular fluids from a patient with the empty follicle syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 1988; 49:104–107.Google Scholar

Eppig, JJ. Oocyte control of ovarian follicular development and function in mammals. Reproduction 2001; 122:829–838.Google Scholar

Feuerstein, P, Cadoret, V, Dalbies-Tran, R, et al. Gene expression in human cumulus cells: one approach to oocyte competence. Hum. Reprod. 2007; 22:3069–3077.Google Scholar

Hamel, M, Dufort, I, Robert, C, et al. Identification of differentially expressed markers in human follicular cells associated with competent oocytes. Hum. Reprod. 2008; 23:1118–1127.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Adriaenssens, T, Wathlet, S, Segers, I, et al. Cumulus cell gene expression is associated with oocyte developmental quality and influenced by patient and treatment characteristics. Hum. Reprod. 2010; 25:1259–1270.Google Scholar

Assidi, M, Montag, M, van der Ven, K, Sirard, MA. Biomarkers of human oocyte developmental competence expressed in cumulus cells before ICSI: a preliminary study. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2011; 28:173–188.Google Scholar

Granot, I, Dekel, N. Cell-to-cell communication in the ovarian follicle: developmental and hormonal regulation of the expression of connexin-43. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:85–97.Google Scholar

Onalan, G, Pabuccu, R, Onalan, R, Ceylaner, S, Selam, B. Empty follicle syndrome in two sisters with three cycles: case report. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18:1864–1867.Google Scholar

Yariz, KO, Walsh, T, Uzak, A, et al. Inherited mutation of the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) in empty follicle syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 2011; 96:E125–E130.Google Scholar

Girsh, E, Makovski Lev-Tov, E, Umansky, N, et al. Empty follicle syndrome-oocyte could be retrieved in consecutive cycle. JFIV Reprod. Med. Genet. 2016; 4:4. doi:10.4172/2375-4508.1000193.Google Scholar

Dai, C, Chen, Y, Hu, L, et al. ZP1 mutations are associated with empty follicle syndrome: evidence for the existence of an intact oocyte and a zona pellucida in follicles up to the early antral stage. A case report. Hum. Reprod. 2019; 34:2201–2207. doi:10.1093/humrep/dez174.Google Scholar

References

Bjorndahl, L, Mortimer, D, Barratt, CLR, et al. Sperm preparation. In: A Practical Guide to Basic Laboratory Andrology, 1st ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2010; 167–187.Google Scholar

Levitas, E, Lunenfeld, E, Weiss, N, et al. Relationship between the duration of sexual abstinence and semen quality: analysis of 9,489 semen samples. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 83:1680–1683.Google Scholar

Pons, I, Cercas, R, Villas, C, Braña, C, Fernández-Shaw, S. One abstinence day decreases sperm DNA fragmentation in 90 % of selected patients J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2013; 30:1211–1218.Google Scholar

Bahadur, G, Almossawia, O, Zeirideen Zaid, R, et al. Semen characteristics in consecutive ejaculates with short abstinence in subfertile males. RBM Online 2016; 32:323–328.Google Scholar

Henkel, RR, Schill, WB. Sperm preparation for ART. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2003; 108:1–22.Google Scholar

Makker, K, Agarwal, A, Sharma, R. Oxidative stress and male infertility. Indian J. Med. Res. 2009; 129:357–367.Google Scholar

Oshio, S, Kaneko, S, Iizuka, R, Mohri, H. Effects of gradient centrifugation on human sperm. Arch. Androl. 1987; 19:85–93.Google Scholar

Bourne, H, Edgar, DH, Baker, HWG. Sperm preparation techniques. In: Gardner, DK, Weissman, A, Howles, CM, Shoham, Z, eds., Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques: Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives, 2nd ed. USA: Informa Healthcare. 2004; 79–91.Google Scholar

Sakkas, D, Manicardi, GC, Tomlinson, M, et al. The use of two density gradient centrifugation techniques and the swim-up method to separate spermatozoa with chromatin and nuclear DNA anomalies. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:1112–1116.Google Scholar

Allamaneni, SS, Agarwal, A, Rama, S, Ranganathan, P, Sharma, RK. Comparative study on density gradients and swim-up preparation techniques utilizing neat and cryopreserved spermatozoa. Asian J. Androl. 2005; 7:86–92.Google Scholar

May-Panloup, P, Chrétien, MF, Savagner, F, et al. Increased sperm mitochondrial DNA content in male infertility. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18:550–556.Google Scholar

Jackson, RE, Bormann, CL, Hassun, PA, et al. Effects of semen storage and separation techniques on sperm DNA fragmentation. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 94:2626–2630.Google Scholar

Menkveld, R, Stander, FS, Kotze, TJ, Kruger, TF, van Zyl, JA. The evaluation of morphological characteristics of human spermatozoa according to stricter criteria. Hum. Reprod. 1990; 5:586–592.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bonde, JP, Ernst, E, Jensen, TK, et al. Relation between semen quality and fertility: a population-based study of 430 first-pregnancy planners. Lancet 1998; 352:1172–1177.Google Scholar

Kruger, TF, Menkveld, R, Stander, FS, et al. Sperm morphologic features as a prognostic factor in in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 1986; 46:1118–1123.Google Scholar

Jacobs, M, Stolwijk, AM, Wetzels, AM. The effect of insemination/injection time on the results of IVF and ICSI. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 16:1708–1713.Google Scholar

Naji, O, Moska, N, Dajani, Y, et al. Early oocyte denudation does not compromise ICSI cycle outcome: a large retrospective cohort study. RBM Online 2018; 37:18–24.Google Scholar

de Moura, BR, Gurgel, MC, Machado, SP, et al. Low concentration of hyaluronidase for oocyte denudation can improve fertilization rates and embryo quality. JBRA Assist. Reprod. 2017; 21: 27–30.Google Scholar

Rienzi, L, Ubaldi, F. Oocyte retrieval and selection. In: Gardner, DK, Weissman, A, Howles, CM, Shoham, Z, eds., Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives, 3rd ed. London: Informa Healthcare, 2009; 5–101.Google Scholar

Rienzi, L, Vajta, G, Ubaldi, F. Predictive value of oocyte morphology in human IVF: a systematic review of the literature. Hum. Reprod. Update 2011; 17:34–45.Google Scholar

Lazzaroni-Tealdi, E, Barad, DH, Yu, Y, et al. Oocyte scoring system with better predictability of clinical IVF pregnancies than currently practiced embryo quality assessment. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0143632.CrossRef Google Scholar

Kilani, S, Cooke, S, Chapman, M. Time course of meiotic spindle development in MII oocytes. Zygote 2011; 19:55–62.Google Scholar

Alvarez, C, García-Garrido, C, Taronger, R, González de Merlo, G. In vitro maturation, fertilization, embryo development & clinical outcome of human metaphase-I oocytes retrieved from stimulated intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Indian J. Med. Res. 2013; 137:331–338.Google Scholar

Hyun, C-S, Cha, J-H, Son, W-Y, et al. Optimal ICSI timing after the first polar body extrusion in in vitro matured human oocytes. Hum. Reprod. 2007; 22:1991–1995.Google Scholar

Ebner, T, Moser, M, Sommergruber, M, Shebl, O, Tews, G. Incomplete denudation of oocytes prior to ICSI enhances embryo quality and blastocyst development. Hum. Reprod. 2006; 21:2972–2977.Google Scholar

Parikh, FR, Nadkarni, SG, Naik, NJ, Naik, DJ, Uttamchandani, SA. Cumulus coculture and cumulus-aided embryo transfer increases pregnancy rates in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 2006; 86:839–847.Google Scholar

Cohen, MR. Intrauterine insemination. Int. J. Fertil. 1962; 7:235–240.Google Scholar

Sakhel, K, Schwarck, S, Ashraf, M, Abuzeid, M. Semen parameters as determinants of success in 1662 cycles of intrauterine insemination after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 84:248–249.Google Scholar

Papillon-Smith, J, Baker, SE, Agbo, C, Dahan, MH. Pregnancy rates with intrauterine insemination: comparing 1999 and 2010 World Health Organization semen analysis norms. RBM Online 2015; 30:392–400.Google Scholar

Marshburn, PB, Alanis, M, Matthews, ML, et al. A short period of ejaculatory abstinence before intrauterine insemination is associated with higher pregnancy rates. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 93:286–288.Google Scholar

Merviel, P, Heraud, MH, Grenier, N, et al. Predictive factors for pregnancy after intrauterine insemination (IUI): an analysis of 1038 cycles and a review of the literature. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 93:79–88.CrossRef Google Scholar

Zhang, E, Tao, X, Xing, W, Cai, L, Zhang, B. Effect of sperm count on success of intrauterine insemination in couples diagnosed with male factor infertility. Mater Sociomed 2014; 26:321–323.Google Scholar

Jurema, MW, Vieira, AD, Bankowski, B, et al. Effect of ejaculatory abstinence period on the pregnancy rate after intrauterine insemination. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 84:678–681.Google Scholar

Speyer, BE, Abramov, B, Saab, W, et al. Factors influencing the outcome of intrauterine insemination (IUI): age, clinical variables and significant thresholds. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2013; 33:697–700.Google Scholar

van Noord-Zaadstra, BM, Looman, CW, Alsbach, H, et al. Delaying childbearing: effect of age on fecundity and outcome of pregnancy. BMJ 1991; 302:1361–1365.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Goldman, MB, Thornton, KL, Ryley, D, et al. A randomized clinical trial to determine optimal infertility treatment in older couples: the Forty and Over Treatment Trial (FORT-T). Fertil. Steril. 2014; 101:1574–1581.Google Scholar

Tomlinson, MJ, Amissah-Arthur, JB, Thompson, KA, Kasraie, JL, Bentick, B. Prognostic indicators for intrauterine insemination (IUI): statistical model for IUI success. Hum. Reprod. 1996; 11:1892–1896.Google Scholar

Honda, T, Tsutsumi, M, Komoda, F, Tatsumi, K. Acceptable pregnancy rate of unstimulated intrauterine insemination: a retrospective analysis of 17,830 cycles. Reprod. Med. Biol. 2015; 14: 27–32.Google Scholar

Tonguc, E, Var, T, Onalan, G, et al. Comparison of the effectiveness of single versus double intrauterine insemination with three different timing regimens. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 94:1267–1270.Google Scholar

Khalifa, Y, Redgment, CJ, Tsirigotis, M, Grudzinskas, JG, Craft, IL. The value of single versus repeated insemination in intra-uterine donor insemination cycles. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10:153–154.Google Scholar

Trounson, AO. The choice of the most appropriate fertilization technique for human male factor infertility. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1994; 6:37–43.Google Scholar

Fiorentino, A, Magli, MC, Fortini, D, et al. Sperm:oocyte ratios in an in vitro fertilization (IVF) program. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1994; 2:97–103.Google Scholar

Ron-el, R, Nachum, H, Herman, A, et al. Delayed fertilization and poor embryonic development associated with impaired semen quality. Fertil. Steril. 1991; 55:338–344.Google Scholar

Gianaroli, L, Tosti, E, Magli, MC, et al. Fertilization current in the human oocyte. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 1994; 3:209–214.Google Scholar

Bedford, JM, Kim, HH. Cumulus oophorus as a sperm sequestering device in vivo. J. Exp. Zool. 1993; 265:321–328.Google Scholar

Gianaroli, L, Fiorentino, A, Magli, MC, Ferraretti, AP, Montanaro, N. Prolonged sperm-oocyte exposure and high sperm concentration affect human embryo viability and pregnancy rate. Hum. Reprod. 1996; 11:2507–2511.Google Scholar

Malter, HE, Cohen, J. Partial zona dissection of the human oocyte: a nontraumatic method using micromanipulation to assist zona pellucida penetration. Fertil. Steril. 1989; 51:139–148.Google Scholar

Laws-King, A, Trounson, A, Sathananthan, AH, Kola, I. Fertilisation of human oocytes by micro-injection of a single spermatozoon under the zona pellucida. Fertil. Steril. 1987; 48:637–642.Google Scholar

Ng, SC, Bongso, A, Ratnam, SS. Microinjection of human oocytes: a technique for severe oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 1991; 56:1117–1123.Google Scholar

Sakkas, D, Gianaroli, L, Diotallevi, L, et al. IVF treatment of moderate male factor infertility: a comparison of mini-Percoll, partial zona dissection and sub-zonal sperm insertion techniques. Hum. Reprod. 1993; 8:587–591.Google Scholar

Levran, D, Bider, D, Yonesh, M, et al. A randomized study of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) versus subzonal insemination (SUZI) for the management of severe male factor infertility. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1995; 12:319–321.Google Scholar

Palermo, G, Joris, H, Devroey, P, Van Steirteghem, AC. Pregnancies after intra-cytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet 1992; 340:17–18.Google Scholar

Boulet, SL, Mehta, A, Kissin, DM, et al. Trends in use of and reproductive outcomes associated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. JAMA 2015; 313:255–263.Google Scholar

Wang, J, Sauer, MV. In vitro fertilization (IVF): a review of 3 decades of clinical innovation and technological advancement. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag. 2006; 2:355–364.Google Scholar

Tsai, MY, Huang, FJ, Kung, FT, et al. Influence of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J. Reprod. Med. 2000; 45:115–120.Google Scholar

Dozortsev, D, Rybouchkin, A, De Sutter, P, Dhont, M. Sperm plasma membrane damage prior to intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a necessary condition for sperm nucleus decondensation. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10:2960–2964.Google Scholar

Rienzi, L, Ubaldi, F, Martinez, F, et al. Relationship between meiotic spindle location with regard to the polar body position and oocyte developmental potential after ICSI. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18:1289–1293.Google Scholar

Palermo, GD. ICSI: technical aspects. In: Gardner, DK, Weissman, A, Howles, CM, Shoham, Z, eds., Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques: Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 2001; 147–157.Google Scholar

Sousa, M, Tesarik, J. Ultrastructural analysis of fertilization failure after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 1994; 9:2374–2380.Google Scholar

Flaherty, SP, Payne, D, Swann, NJ, Mattews, CD. Aetiology of failed and abnormal fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10:2623–2629.Google Scholar

Ebner, T, Moser, M, Sommergruber, M. Jesacher, K, Tews, G. Complete oocyte activation failure after ICSI can be overcome by a modified injection technique. Hum. Reprod. 2004; 19:1837–1841.Google Scholar

Bosco, L, Ruvolo, G, Morici, G, et al. Apoptosis in human unfertilized oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 84:1417–1423.Google Scholar

Bárcena, P, Obradors, A, Vernaeve, V, Vassena, R. Should we worry about the clock? Relationship between time to ICSI and reproductive outcomes in cycles with fresh and vitrified oocytes. Hum. Reprod. 2016; 31:1182–1191.Google Scholar

Reynier, P, May-Panloup, P, Chretien, MF, et al. Mitochondrial DNA content affects the fertilizability of human oocytes. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 7:425–429.Google Scholar

Celik-Ozenci, C, Jakab, A, Kovacs, T, et al. Sperm selection for ICSI: shape properties do not predict the absence or presence of numerical chromosomal aberrations. Hum. Reprod. 2004; 19:2052–2059.Google Scholar

Viville, S, Mollard, R, Bach, ML, et al. Do morphological anomalies reflect chromosomal aneuploidies?: case report. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:2563–2566.Google Scholar

Zeyneloglu, HB, Baltaci, V, Duran, HE, Erdemli, E, Batioglu, S. Achievement of pregnancy in globozoospermia with Y chromosome microdeletion after ICSI. Hum. Reprod. 2002; 17:1833–1836.Google Scholar

Stalf, T, Sánchez, R, Köhn, FM, et al. Pregnancy and birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection with spermatozoa from a patient with tail stump syndrome. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10:2112–2114.Google Scholar

Okada, H, Fujioka, H, Tatsumi, N, et al. Assisted reproduction for infertile patients with 9 + 0 immotile spermatozoa associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:110–113.Google Scholar

Tesarik, J, Rolet, F, Brami, C, et al. Spermatid injection into human oocytes. II. Clinical application in the treatment of infertility due to non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod. 1996; 11:780–783.Google Scholar

Terriou, P, Hans, E, Giorgetti, C, et al. Pentoxifylline initiates motility in spontaneously immotile epididymal and testicular spermatozoa and allows normal fertilization, pregnancy, and birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2000; 17:194–199.Google Scholar

Aktan, TM, Montag, M, Duman, S, et al. Use of a laser to detect viable but immotile spermatozoa. Andrologia 2004; 36:366–369.Google Scholar

Said, TM, Agarwal, A, Grunewald, S, et al. Evaluation of sperm recovery following annexin V magnetic-activated cell sorting separation. RBM Online 2006;13:336–339.Google Scholar

Bartoov, B, Berkovitz, A, Eltes, F, et al. Real-time fine morphology of motile human sperm cells is associated with IVF–ICSI outcome. J. Androl. 2002; 23:1–8.Google Scholar

Parmegiani, L, Cognigni, GE, Bernardi, S, et al. “Physiologic ICSI”: hyaluronic acid (HA) favors selection of spermatozoa without DNA fragmentation and with normal nucleus, resulting in improvement of embryo quality. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 93:598–604.Google Scholar

Huszar, G, Ozkavukcu, S, Jakab, A, et al. Hyaluronic acid binding ability of human sperm reflects cellular maturity and fertilizing potential: selection of sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2003; 18:260–267.Google Scholar

Yagci, A, Murk, W, Stronk, J, Huszar, G. Spermatozoa bound to solid state hyaluronic acid show chromatin structure with high DNA chain integrity: an acridine orange fluorescence study. J. Androl. 2010; 31:566–572.Google Scholar

Chiou Fen, C, Ni Lee, S, Nee Lim, M, Ling Yu, S. Relationship between sperm hyaluronan-binding assay (HBA) scores on embryo development, fertilisation, and pregnancy rate in patients undergoing intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Proc. Singapore Healthc. 2013; 22:120–124.Google Scholar

Morozumi, K, Shikano, T, Miyazaki, S, Yanagimachi, R. Simultaneous removal of sperm plasma membrane and acrosome before intracytoplasmic sperm injection improves oocyte activation/embryonic development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006; 103:17661–17666.Google Scholar

Ramalho-Santos, J, Sutovsky, P, Simerly, C, et al. ICSI choreography: fate of sperm structures after monospermic rhesus ICSI and first cell cycle implications. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:2610–2620.Google Scholar

Rawe, VY, Olmedo, SB, Nodar, FN, et al. Cytoskeletal organization defects and abortive activation in human oocytes after IVF and ICSI failure. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 6:510–516.Google Scholar

Murase, Y, Araki, Y, Mizuno, S, et al. Pregnancy following chemical activation of oocytes in a couple with repeated failure of fertilization using ICSI: case report. Hum. Reprod. 2004; 19:1604–1607.Google Scholar

Borges, E Jr, de Almeida Ferreira Braga, DP, de Sousa Bonetti, TC, Iaconelli, A Jr, Franco, JG Jr. Artificial oocyte activation using calcium ionophore in ICSI cycles with spermatozoa from different sources. RBM Online 2009; 18:45–52.Google Scholar

Schmiady, H, Schulze, W, Scheiber, I, Pfüller, B. High rate of premature chromosome condensation in human oocytes following microinjection with round-headed sperm: case report. Hum. Reprod. 2005; 20:1319–1323.Google Scholar

Wald, M, Ross, LS, Prins, GS, et al. Analysis of outcomes of cryopreserved surgically retrieved sperm for IVF/ICSI. J. Androl. 2006; 27:60–65.Google Scholar

Chapter 5: Sperm Preparation Techniques. In: Cooper, TG, Aitken, J, Auger, J, et al., eds., World Health Organization Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, 5th ed. Switzerland: WHO Press. 2010; 161–168.Google Scholar

Brackett, NL, Kafetsoulis, A, Ibrahim, E, Aballa, TC, Lynne, CM. Application of 2 vibrators salvages ejaculatory failures to 1 vibrator during penile vibratory stimulation in men with spinal cord injuries. J. Urol. 2007; 177:660–663.Google Scholar

Saito, K, Kinoshita, Y, Hosaka, M. Direct and indirect effects of electrical stimulation on the motility of human sperm. Int. J. Urol. 1999; 6:196–199.Google Scholar

Brackett, NL, Padron, OF, Lynne, CM. Semen quality of spinal cord injured men is better when obtained by vibratory stimulation versus electroejaculation. J. Urol. 1997; 157:151–157.Google Scholar

Hewitson, L, Simerly, C, Schatten, G. Cytoskeletal aspects of assisted fertilization. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2000;18:151–159.Google Scholar

Hewitson, L, Dominko, T, Takahashi, D, et al. Unique checkpoints during the first cell cycle of fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection in rhesus monkeys. Nat. Med. 1999; 5:431–433.Google Scholar

Silber, SJ, Alagappan, R, Brown, LG, Page, DC. Y chromosome deletions in azoospermic and severely oligozoospermic men undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection after testicular sperm extraction. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:3332–3337.Google Scholar

Page, DC, Silber, S, Brown, LG. Men with infertility caused by AZFc deletion can produce sons by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, but are likely to transmit the deletion and infertility. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:1722–1726.Google Scholar

Tournaye, H, Devroey, P, Camus, M, et al. Comparision of in-vitro fertilization in male and tubal infertility: a 3 year survey. Hum. Reprod. 1992; 7:218–222.Google Scholar

Devroey, P. Clinical application of new micromanipulative technologies to treat the male. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:112–122.Google Scholar

Afzelius, BA, Eliasson, R. Male and female infertility problems in the immotile-cilia syndrome. Eur. J. Respir. Dis. Suppl. 1983; 127:144–147.Google Scholar

Liu, J, Nagy, Z, Joris, H, et al. Analysis of 76 total fertilization failure cycles out of 2732 intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10:2630–2636.Google Scholar

Gul, U, Turunc, T, Haydardedeoglu, B, et al. Sperm retrieval and live birth rates in presumed Sertoli-cell-only syndrome in testis biopsy: a single centre experience. Andrology 2013; 1:47–51.Google Scholar

Oates, RD, Amos, JA. The genetic basis of congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens and cystic fibrosis. J. Androl. 1994; 15:1–8.Google Scholar

Jarvi, K, Zielenski, J, Wilschanski, M, et al. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and obstructive azoospermia. Lancet 1995; 345:1578.Google Scholar

Antinori, S, Versaci, C, Dani, G, et al. Fertilization with human testicular spermatids: four successful pregnancies. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:286–291.Google Scholar

Araki, Y, Motoyama, M, Yoshida, A, et al. Intracytoplasmic injection with late spermatids: a successful procedure in achieving childbirth for couples in which the male partner suffers from azoospermia due to deficient spermatogenesis. Fertil. Steril. 1997; 67:559–561.Google Scholar

Hansen, M, Kurinczuk, JJ, Bower, C, Webb, S. The risk of major birth defects after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in vitro fertilization. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002; 10:725–730.Google Scholar

Silber, S, Escudero, T, Lenahan, K, et al. Chromosomal abnormalities in embryos derived from testicular sperm extraction. Fertil. Steril. 2003; 79:30–38.Google Scholar

Doornbos, ME, Maas, SM, McDonnell, J, Vermeiden, JP, Hennekam, RC. Infertility, assisted reproduction technologies and imprinting disturbances. Hum. Reprod. 2007; 22:2476–2480.Google Scholar

Van Steirteghem, A, Bonduelle, M, Devroey, P, Liebaers, I. Follow-up of children born after ICSI. Hum. Reprod. Update 2002; 8:111–116.Google Scholar

Palermo, GD, Colombero, LT, Schattman, GL, Davis, OK, Rosenwaks, Z. Evolution of pregnancies and initial follow-up of newborns delivered after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. JAMA 1996; 276:1983–1987.Google Scholar

Bowen, JR, Gibson, FL, Leslie, GI, Saunders, DM. Medical and developmental outcome at 1 year for children conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Lancet 1998; 351:1529–1534.Google Scholar

Bondulle, M, Joris, H, Hofmans, K, Liebaers, I, Van Steirteghem, A. Mental development of 201 ICSI children at 2 years of age. Lancet 1998; 351:1553.Google Scholar

Sutcliffe, AG, Taylor, B, Li, J, et al. Children born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection: population control study. BMJ 1999; 318:704–705.Google Scholar

Winter, C, Van Acker, F, Bonduelle, M, Desmyttere, S, Nekkebroeck, J. Psychosocial development of full term singletons, born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) at preschool age and family functioning: a prospective case-controlled study and multi-informant approach. Hum. Reprod. 2015; 3:1122–1136.Google Scholar

DeBaun, MR, Niemitz, EL, Feinberg, AP. Association of in vitro fertilization with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome and epigenetic alterations of LIT1 and H19. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003; 72:156–160.Google Scholar

References

Brinster, RL. A method for in vitro cultivation of mouse ova from two-cell to blastocyst. Exp. Cell Res. 1963; 32:205–208.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gott, AL, Hardy, K, Winston, RM, Leese, HJ. Non-invasive measurement of pyruvate and glucose uptake and lactate production by single human preimplantation embryos. Hum. Reprod. 1990; 5:104–108.Google Scholar

Hardarson, T, Bungum, M, Conaghan, J, et al. Noninferiority, randomized, controlled trial comparing embryo development using media developed for sequential or undisturbed culture in a time-lapse setup. Fertil. Steril. 2015; 104:1452–1459.Google Scholar

Machtinger, R, Racowsky, C. Culture systems: single step. Methods Mol. Biol. 2012; 912:199–209.Google Scholar

McKiernan, SH, Bavister, BD. Environmental variables influencing in vitro development of hamster 2-cell embryos to the blastocyst stage. Biol. Reprod. 1990; 43:404–413.Google Scholar

Gardner, DK, Lane, M. Culture and selection of viable blastocysts: a feasible proposition for human IVF? Hum. Reprod. Update 1997; 3:367–382.Google Scholar

Borland, RM, Biggers, JD, Lechene, CP, Taymor, ML. Elemental composition of fluid in the human Fallopian tube. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1980; 58:479–482.Google Scholar

Kleijkers, SH, van Montfoort, AP, Bekers, O, et al. Ammonium accumulation in commercially available embryo culture media and protein supplements during storage at 2–8°C and during incubation at 37°C. Hum. Reprod. 2016; 31:1192–1199.Google Scholar

Dunglison, GF, Barlow, DH, Sargent, IL. Leukaemia inhibitory factor significantly enhances the blastocyst formation rates of human embryos cultured in serum-free medium. Hum. Reprod. 1996; 11:191–196.Google Scholar

Martin, KL, Barlow, DH, Sargent, IL. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor significantly improves human blastocyst development and hatching in serum-free medium. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:1645–1652.Google Scholar

Lighten, AD, Moore, GE, Winston, RM, Hardy, K. Routine addition of human insulin-like growth factor-I ligand could benefit clinical in-vitro fertilization culture. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:3144–3150.Google Scholar

Sjöblom, C, Wikland, M, Robertson, SA. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes human blastocyst development in vitro. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:3069–3076.Google Scholar

Squirrell, JM, Lane, M, Bavister, BD. Altering intracellular pH disrupts development and cellular organization in preimplantation hamster embryos. Biol. Reprod. 2001; 64:1845–1854.Google Scholar

Fawzy, M, Emad, M, Gad, MA, et al. Comparing 36.5°C with 37°C for human embryo culture: a prospective randomized controlled trial. RBM Online 2018; 36:620–626.Google Scholar

Gardner, DK. Reduced oxygen tension increases blastocyst development, differentiation and viability. Fertil. Steril. 1999; 72:S30–S31.Google Scholar

Shimada, M, Kawano, N, Terada, T. Delay of nuclear maturation and reduction in developmental competence of pig oocytes after mineral oil overlay of in vitro maturation media. Reproduction 2002; 124:557–564.Google Scholar

Khamsi, F, Roberge, S, Lacanna, IC, Wong, J, Yavas, Y. Effects of granulosa cells, cumulus cells, and oocyte density on in vitro fertilization in women. Endocrine 1999; 10:161–166.Google Scholar

Almagor, M, Bejar, C, Kafka, I, Yaffe, H. Pregnancy rates after communal growth of preimplantation human embryos in vitro. Fertil. Steril. 1996; 66:394–397.Google Scholar

Rijnders, PM, Jansen, CA. Influence of group culture and culture volume on the formation of human blastocysts: a prospective randomized study. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:2333–2337.Google Scholar

Tao, T, Robichaud, A, Mercier, J, Ouellette, R. Influence of group embryo culture strategies on the blastocyst development and pregnancy outcome. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2013; 30:63–68.Google Scholar

Menezo, Y, Hazout, A, Dumont, M, Herbaut, N, Nicollet, B. Coculture of embryos on Vero cells and transfer of blastocysts in humans. Hum. Reprod. 1992; 7:101–106.Google Scholar

Freeman, MR, Whitworth, CM, Hill, GA. Granulosa cell co-culture enhances human embryo development and pregnancy rate following in-vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10:408–414.Google Scholar

Liu, LP, Chan, ST, Ho, PC, Yeung, WS. Partial purification of embryotrophic factors from human oviductal cells. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:1613–1619.Google Scholar

Sakkas, D, Shoukir, Y, Chardonnens, D, Bianchi, PG, Campana, A. Early cleavage of human embryos to the two-cell stage after intracytoplasmic sperm injection as an indicator of embryo viability. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:182–187.Google Scholar

Sathananthan, AH, Kola, I, Osborne, J, et al. Centrioles in the beginning of human development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1991; 88:4806–4810.Google Scholar

Papale, L, Fiorentino, A, Montag, M, Tomasi, G. The zygote. Hum. Reprod. 2012; 27(Suppl. 1):i22–i49.Google Scholar

Gámiz, P, Rubio, C, de los Santos, MJ, et al. The effect of pronuclear morphology on early development and chromosomal abnormalities in cleavage-stage embryos. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18:2413–2419.Google Scholar

Tesarik, J, Greco, E. The probability of abnormal preimplantation development can be predicted by a single static observation on pronuclear stage morphology. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:1318–1323.Google Scholar

Sadowy, S, Tomkin, G, Munné, S, Ferrara-Congedo, T, Cohen, J. Impaired development of zygotes with uneven pronuclear size. Zygote 1998; 6:137–141.Google Scholar

Payne, D, Flaherty, SP, Barry, MF, Matthews, CD. Preliminary observations on polar body extrusion and pronuclear formation in human oocytes using time-lapse video cinematography. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:532–541.Google Scholar

Kola, I, Trounson, A, Dawson, G, Rogers, P. Tripronuclear human oocytes: altered cleavage patterns and subsequent karyotypic analysis of embryos. Biol. Reprod. 1987; 37:395–401.Google Scholar

Balakier, H, Bouman, D, Sojetcki, A, Librach, C, Squire, JA. Morphological and cytogenetic analysis of human giant oocytes and giant embryos. Hum. Reprod. 2002; 17:2394–2401.Google Scholar

Staessen, C, Van Steirteghem, AC. The chromosomal constitution of embryos developing from abnormally fertilized oocytes after intracytoplasmic sperm injection and conventional in-vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:321–327.Google Scholar

Gras, L, Trounson, AO. Pregnancy and birth resulting from transfer of a blastocyst observed to have one pronucleus at the time of examination for fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:1869–1871.Google Scholar

Cummins, JM, Breen, TM, Harrison, KL, et al. A formula for scoring human embryo growth rates in in vitro fertilization: its value in predicting pregnancy and in comparison with visual estimates of embryo quality. J. In Vitro Fert. Embryo Transf. 1986; 3:284–295.Google Scholar

Braude, P, Bolton, V, Moore, S. Human gene expression first occurs between the four- and eight-cell stages of preimplantation development. Nature 1988; 332:459–461.Google Scholar

Baczkowski, T, Kurzawa, R, Głabowski, W. Methods of embryo scoring in in vitro fertilization. Reprod. Biol. 2004; 4(1):5–22.Google Scholar

Moriwaki, T, Suganuma, N, Hayakawa, M, et al. Embryo evaluation by analysing blastomere nuclei. Hum. Reprod. 2004; 19:152–156.Google Scholar

Seikkula, J, Oksjoki, S, Hurme, S, et al. Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes after transfer of binucleated or multinucleated frozen-thawed embryos: a case-control study. RBM Online 2018; 36:607–613.Google Scholar

Tesarik, J. Is blastomere multinucleation a safeguard against embryo aneuploidy? Back to the future. RBM Online 2018; 37:506–507.Google Scholar

Buster, JE, Bustillo, M, Rodi, IA, et al. Biologic and morphologic development of donated human ova recovered by nonsurgical uterine lavage. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1985; 153:211–217.Google Scholar

Halvaei, I, Khalili, MA, Esfandiari, N, et al. Ultrastructure of cytoplasmic fragments in human cleavage stage embryos. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2016; 33:1677–1684.Google Scholar

Racowsky, C, Combelles, CM, Nureddin, A, et al. Day 3 and day 5 morphological predictors of embryo viability. RBM Online 2003; 6:323–331.Google Scholar

Almeida, PA, Bolton, VN. Cytogenetic analysis of human preimplantation embryos following developmental arrest in vitro. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1998; 10:505–513.Google Scholar

Almeida, PA, Bolton, VN. The relationship between chromosomal abnormality in the human preimplantation embryos following developmental in vitro. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1996; 8:235–241.Google Scholar

Magli, MC, Gianaroli, L, Munné, S, Ferraretti, AP. Incidence of chromosomal abnormalities from a morphologically normal cohort of embryos in poor-prognosis patients. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1998; 15:297–301.Google Scholar

Kligman, I, Benadiva, C, Alikani, M, Munne, S. The presence of multinucleated blastomeres in human embryos is correlated with chromosomal abnormalities. Hum. Reprod. 1996; 11:1492–1498.Google Scholar

Piotrowska-Nitsche, K, Perea-Gomez, A, Haraguchi, S, Zernicka-Goetz, M. Four-cell stage mouse blastomeres have different developmental properties. Development 2005; 132:479–490.Google Scholar

Torres-Padilla, ME, Parfitt, DE, Kouzarides, T, Zernicka-Goetz, M. Histone arginine methylation regulates pluripotency in the early mouse embryo. Nature 2007; 445:214–218.Google Scholar

Bischoff, M, Parfitt, DE, Zernicka-Goetz, M. Formation of the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the mouse blastocyst: relationships between orientation of early cleavage divisions and pattern of symmetric/asymmetric divisions. Development 2008; 135:953–962.Google Scholar

Iwata, K, Yumoto, K, Sugishima, M, et al. Analysis of compaction initiation in human embryos by using time-lapse cinematography. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2014; 31:421–426.Google Scholar

Fierro-Gonzalez, JC, White, MD, Silva, JC, Plachta, N. Cadherin-dependent filopodia control preimplantation embryo compaction. Nat. Cell. Biol. 2013; 15:1424–1433.Google Scholar

Morris, SA, Teo, RT, Li, H, et al. Origin and formation of the first two distinct cell types of the inner cell mass in the mouse embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010; 107:6364–6369.Google Scholar

Watson, AJ, Natale, DR, Barcroft, LC. Molecular regulation of blastocyst formation. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2004; 82–83:583–592.Google Scholar

White, MD, Zenker, J, Bissiere, S, Plachta, N. Instructions for assembling the early mammalian embryo. Dev. Cell 2018; 45:667–679.Google Scholar

Hardarson, T, Caisander, G, Sjögren, A, et al. A morphological and chromosomal study of blastocysts developing from morphologically suboptimal human pre-embryos compared with control blastocysts. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18:399–407.Google Scholar

Van Blerkom, J. Development of human embryos to the hatched blastocyst stage in the presence or absence of a monolayer of Vero cells. Hum. Reprod. 1993; 8:1525–1539.Google Scholar

Hardy, K, Handyside, AH, Winston, RM. The human blastocyst: cell number, death and allocation during late preimplantation development. Development 1989; 107:597–604.Google Scholar

Woodward, BJ, Lenton, EA, Turner, K. Human chorionic gonadotrophin: embryonic secretion is a time-dependent phenomenon. Hum. Reprod. 1993; 8:1463–1468.Google Scholar

Woodward, BJ, Lenton, EA, Turner, K, Grace, WF. Embryonic human chorionic gonadotropin secretion and hatching: poor correlation with cleavage rate and morphological assessment during preimplantation development in vitro. Hum. Reprod. 1994; 9:1909–1914.Google Scholar

Munné, S, Alikani, M, Tomkin, G, Grifo, J, Cohen, J. Embryo morphology developmental rates, and maternal age are correlated with chromosome abnormalities. Fertil. Steril. 1995; 64:382–391.Google Scholar

Rienzi, L, Capalbo, A, Stoppa, M, et al. No evidence of association between blastocyst aneuploidy and morphokinetic assessment in a selected population of poor-prognosis patients: a longitudinal cohort study. RBM Online 2015; 30:57–66.Google Scholar

References

Barnes, FL. The effects of the early uterine environment on the subsequent development of embryo and fetus. Theriogenology 2000; 53:649–658.Google Scholar

Gardner, DK, Lane, M, Calderon, I, Leeton, J. Environment of the preimplantation human embryo in vivo: metabolite analysis of oviduct and uterine fluids and metabolism of cumulus cells. Fertil. Steril. 1996; 65:349–353.Google Scholar

Tay, JI, Rutherford, AJ, Killick, SR, et al. Human tubal fluid: production, nutrient composition and response to adrenergic agents. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:2451–2456.Google Scholar

Fischer, B, Bavister, BD. Oxygen tension in the oviduct and uterus of rhesus monkeys, hamsters and rabbits. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1993; 99:673–679.Google Scholar

Kaufman, DL, Mitchell, JA. Intrauterine oxygen tension during the oestrous cycle in the hamster: patterns of change. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Comp. Physiol. 1994; 107:673–678.Google Scholar

Ottosen, LD, Hindkaer, J, Husth, M, et al. Observations on intrauterine oxygen tension measured by fibre-optic microsensors. RBM Online 2006; 13:380–385.Google Scholar

Macdonald, RR, Lumley, IB. Endocervical pH measured in vivo through the normal menstrual cycle. Obstet. Gynecol. 1970; 35:202–206.Google Scholar

Will, MA, Clark, NA, Swain, JE. Biological pH buffers in IVF: help or hindrance to success. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2011; 28:711–724.Google Scholar

Simic, N, Ravlic, A. Changes in basal body temperature and simple reaction times during the menstrual cycle. Arh. Hig. Rada Toksikol. 2013; 64:99–106.Google Scholar

Zuspan, FP, Rao, P. Thermogenic alterations in the woman. I. Interaction of amines, ovulation, and basal body temperature. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1974; 118:671–678.Google Scholar

Hunter, RH. Temperature gradients in female reproductive tissues. RBM Online 2012; 24:377–380.Google Scholar

Wong, JJ, Au, AY, Gao, D, et al. RBM3 regulates temperature sensitive miR-142-5p and miR-143 (thermomiRs), which target immune genes and control fever. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016; 44:2888–2897.Google Scholar

Parsons, JH, Bolton, VN, Wilson, L, Campbell, S. Pregnancies following in vitro fertilization and ultrasound-directed surgical embryo transfer by perurethral and transvaginal techniques. Fertil. Steril. 1987; 48:691–693.Google Scholar

Kato, O, Takatsuka, R, Asch, RH. Transvaginal-transmyometrial embryo transfer: the Towako method; experiences of 104 cases. Fertil. Steril. 1993; 59:51–53.Google Scholar

Desai, NN, Goldstein, J, Rowland, DY, Goldfarb, JM. Morphological evaluation of human embryos and derivation of an embryo quality scoring system specific for day 3 embryos: a preliminary study. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:2190–2196.Google Scholar

Ziebe, S, Petersen, K, Lindenberg, S, et al. Embryo morphology or cleavage stage: how to select the best embryos for transfer after in-vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:1545–1549.Google Scholar

Kahraman, S, Yakin, K, Dönmez, E, et al. Relationship between granular cytoplasm of oocytes and pregnancy outcome following intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:2390–2393.Google Scholar

Von Royen, E, Mangelschots, K, De Neubourg, D, et al. Characterization of a top quality embryo, a step towards single-embryo transfer. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:2345–2349.Google Scholar

Giorgetti, C, Terriou, P, Auquier, P, et al. Embryo score to predict implantation after in-vitro fertilization: based on 957 single embryo transfers. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10:2427–2431.Google Scholar

Antczak, M, Van Blerkom, J. Temporal and spatial aspects of fragmentation in early human embryos: possible effects on developmental competence and association with the differential elimination of regulatory proteins from polarized domains. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:429–447.Google Scholar

Shoukir, Y, Campana, A, Farley, T, Sakkas, D. Early cleavage of in-vitro fertilized human embryos to the 2-cell stage: a novel indicator of embryo quality and viability. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:1531–1536.Google Scholar

Magli, MC, Gianaroli, L, Ferraretti, AP, et al. Embryo morphology and development are dependent on the chromosomal complement. Fertil. Steril. 2007; 87:534–541.Google Scholar

Murakoshi, Y, Sueoka, K, Takahashi, K, et al. Embryo developmental capability and pregnancy outcome are related to the mitochondrial DNA copy number and ooplasmic volume. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2013; 30:1367–1375.Google Scholar

Braude, P, Bolton, V, Moore, S. Human gene expression first occurs between the four- and eight-cell stages of preimplantation development. Nature 1988; 332:459–461.Google Scholar

Gardner, DK, Vella, P, Lane, M, et al. Culture and transfer of human blastocysts to increase implantation rate and eliminate high order multiple gestations: a prospective randomised trial. Fertil. Steril. 1998; 69:84–88.Google Scholar

Dokras, A, Sargent, IL, Barlow, DH. Human blastocyst grading: an indicator of developmental potential? Hum. Reprod. 1993; 8:2119–2127.Google Scholar

Gardner, DK, Lane, M, Stevens, J, Schlenker, T, Schoolcraft, WB. Blastocyst score affects implantation and pregnancy outcome: towards a single blastocyst transfer. Fertil. Steril. 2000; 73:1155–1158.Google Scholar

Shapiro, BS, Daneshmand, ST, Desai, J, et al. The risk of embryo-endometrium asynchrony increases with maternal age after ovarian stimulation and IVF. RBM Online 2016; 33:50–55.Google Scholar

Cohen, J, Malter, H, Fehilly, C, et al. Implantation of embryos after partial opening of oocyte zona pellucida to facilitate sperm penetration. Lancet 1988; 2:162.Google Scholar

De Vos, A, Van Steirteghem, A. Zona hardening, zona drilling and assisted hatching: new achievements in assisted reproduction. Cell Tissues Organs 2000; 166:220–227.Google Scholar

Kim, HJ, Kim, CH, Lee, SM, et al. Outcomes of preimplantation genetic diagnosis using either zona drilling with acidified Tyrode’s solution or partial zona dissection. Clin. Exp. Reprod. Med. 2012; 39:118–124.Google Scholar

Obruca, A, Strohmer, H, Blaschitz, A, et al. Ultrastructural observations in human oocytes and preimplantation embryos after zona opening using an erbium–yttrium–aluminium–garnet (Er: YAG) laser. Hum Reprod. 1997; 12:2242–2245.Google Scholar

Mahadevan, MM, Miller, MM, Maris, MO, Moutos, D. Assisted hatching of embryos by micromanipulation for human in vitro fertilization, UAMS experience. J. Ark. Med. Soc. 1998; 94:529–531.Google Scholar

Feng, HL, Hershlag, A, Scholl, GM, Cohen, MA. A retroprospective study comparing three different assisted hatching techniques. Fertil. Steril. 2009; 91:1323–1325.Google Scholar

Grace, J, Bolton, V, Braude, P, Khalaf, Y. Assisted hatching is more effective when embryo quality was optimal in previous failed IVF/ICSI cycles. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2007; 27:56–60.Google Scholar

Meldrum, DR, Wisot, A, Yee, B, et al. Assisted hatching reduces the age-related decline in IVF outcome in women younger than age 43 without increasing miscarriage or monozygotic twinning. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1998; 15:418–421.Google Scholar

Cohen, J, Alikani, M, Trowbridge, J, Rosenwaks, Z. Implantation enhancement by selective assisted hatching using zona drilling of human embryos with poor prognosis. Hum. Reprod. 1992; 7:685–691.Google Scholar

Lanzendorf, SE, Nehchiri, F, Mayer, JF, Oehninger, S, Muasher, SJ. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study for the evaluation of assisted hatching in patients with advanced maternal age. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:409–413.Google Scholar

Hellebaut, S, De Sutter, P, Dozortsev, D, et al. Does assisted hatching improve implantation rates after in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection in all patients? A prospective randomized study. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1996; 13:19–22.Google Scholar

Tucker, MJ, Morton, PC, Wright, G, et al. Enhancement of outcome from intracytoplasmic sperm injection: does co-culture or assisted hatching improve implantation rates? Hum. Reprod. 1996; 11:2434–2437.Google Scholar

Agarwal, SK, Coe, S, Buyalos, RP. The influence of uterine position on pregnancy rates with in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1994; 11:323–324.Google Scholar

Moini, A, Kiani, K, Bahmanabadi, A, Akhoond, M, Akhlaghi, A. Improvement in pregnancy rate by removal of cervical discharge prior to embryo transfer in ICSI cycles: a randomised clinical trial. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2011; 51:315–320.Google Scholar

Lewin, A, Schenker, JG, Avrech, O, et al. The role of uterine straightening by passive bladder distension before embryo transfer in IVF cycles. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1997; 14:32–34.Google Scholar

Bodri, D, Colodron, M, Garcia, D, et al. Transvaginal versus transabdominal ultrasound guidance for embryo transfer in donor oocyte recipients: a randomized clinical trial. Fertil. Steril. 2011; 95:2263–2268.Google Scholar

Mansour, R, Aboulghar, M, Serour, G. Dummy embryo transfer: a technique that minimizes the problems of embryo transfer and improves the pregnancy rate in human in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 1990; 54:678–681.Google Scholar

Hearns-Stokes, RM, Miller, BT, Scott, L, et al. Pregnancy rates after embryo transfer depend on the provider at embryo transfer. Fertil. Steril. 2000; 74:80–86.Google Scholar

Angelini, A, Brusco, GF, Barnocchi, N, et al. Impact of physician performing embryo transfer on pregnancy rates in an assisted reproductive program. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2006; 23:329–332.Google Scholar

Fanchin, R, Harmas, A, Benaoudia, F, et al. Microbial flora of the cervix assessed at the time of embryo transfer adversely affects in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertil. Steril. 1998; 70:866–870.Google Scholar

Egbase, PE, Udo, EE. Al-Sharhan, M, Grudzinskas, JG. Prophylactic antibiotics and endocervical microbial inoculation of the endometrium at embryo transfer. Lancet 1999; 354:651–652.Google Scholar

Buckett, W. A review and meta-analysis of prospective trials comparing different catheters used for embryo transfer. Fertil. Steril. 2006; 85:728–734.Google Scholar

Abou-Setta, AM. Air fluid versus fluid-only models of embryo catheter loading: a systematic review and meta-analysis. RBM Online 2007; 14:80–84.Google Scholar

Montag, M, Kupka, M, van der Ven, K, van der Ven, H. ET on day 3 using low versus high fluid volume. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2002; 102:57–60.Google Scholar

Matorras, R, Mendoza, R, Exposito, A, Rodriguez-Escudero, FJ. Influence of the time interval between embryo catheter loading and discharging on the success of IVF. Hum. Reprod. 2004; 19:2027–2030.Google Scholar

Lesny, P, Killick, SR, Tetlow, RL, Robinson, J, Maguiness, SD. Uterine junctional zone contractions during assisted reproduction cycles. Hum. Reprod. Update 1998; 4:440–445.Google Scholar

Waterstone, J, Curson, R, Parsons, J. Embryo transfer to low uterine cavity. Lancet 1991; 337:1413.Google Scholar

Fanchin, R, Righini, C, Olivennes, F, et al. Uterine contractions at the time of embryo transfer alter pregnancy rates after in-vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:1968–1974.Google Scholar

Coroleu, B, Barri, PN, Carreras, O, et al. The influence of the depth of embryo replacement into the uterine cavity on implantation rates after IVF: a controlled, ultrasound-guided study. Hum. Reprod. 2002; 17:341–346.Google Scholar

Franco, JG Jr, Martins, AM, Baruffi, RL, et al. Best site for embryo transfer: the upper or lower half of endometrial cavity? Hum. Reprod. 2004; 19:1785–1790.Google Scholar

Kwon, H, Choi, DH, Kim, EK. Absolute position versus relative position in embryo transfer: a randomized controlled trial. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2015; 13:78.Google Scholar

Sallam, HN, Sadek, SS. Ultrasound-guided embryo transfer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil. Steril. 2003; 80:1042–1046.Google Scholar

Wood, EG, Batzer, FR, Go, KJ, Gutmann, JN, Corson, SL. Ultrasound-guided soft catheter embryo transfers will improve pregnancy rates in in-vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:107–112.Google Scholar

Porat, N, Boehnlein, LM, Schouweiler, CM, Kang, J, Lindheim, SR. Interim analysis of a randomized clinical trial comparing abdominal versus transvaginal ultrasound-guided embryo transfer. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 2010; 36:384–392.Google Scholar

Grygoruk, C, Pietrewicz, P, Modlinski, JA, et al. Influence of embryo transfer on embryo preimplantation development. Fertil. Steril. 2012; 97:1417–1421.Google Scholar

Groeneveld, E, de Leeuw, B, Vergouw, CG, et al. Standardization of catheter load speed during embryo transfer: comparison of manual and pump-regulated embryo transfer. RBM Online 2012; 24:163–169.Google Scholar

Safari, S, Razi, MH, Razi, Y. Routine use of EmbryoGlue(®) as embryo transfer medium does not improve the ART outcomes. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2015; 291:433–437.Google Scholar

Singh, N, Gupta, M, Kriplani, A, Vanamail, P. Role of Embryo Glue as a transfer medium in the outcome of fresh non-donor in-vitro fertilization cycles. J. Hum. Reprod. Sci. 2015; 8:214–217.Google Scholar

Friedler, S, Schachter, M, Strassburger, D, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing recombinant hyaluronan/recombinant albumin versus human tubal fluid for cleavage stage embryo transfer in patients with multiple IVF-embryo transfer failure. Hum. Reprod. 2007; 22:2444–2448.Google Scholar

Bontekoe S, , Heineman, MJ, Johnson, N, Blake, D. Adherence compounds in embryo transfer media for assisted reproductive technologies. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014; 25:CD007421.Google Scholar

Uchiyama, T, Sakuta, T, Kanayama, T. Regulation of hyaluronan synthases in mouse uterine cervix. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005; 327:927–932.Google Scholar

Furnus, CC, Valcarcel, A, Dulout, FN, Errecalde, AL. The hyaluronic acid receptor (CD44) is expressed in bovine oocytes and early stage embryos. Theriogenology 2003; 60:1633–1644.Google Scholar

Sroga, JM, Montville, CP, Aubuchon, M, Williams, DB, Thomas, MA. Effect of delayed versus immediate embryo transfer catheter removal on pregnancy outcomes during fresh cycles. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 93:2088–2090.Google Scholar

Tiras, B, Korucuoglu, U, Polat, M, et al. Effect of blood and mucus on the success rates of embryo transfers. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2012; 165:239–242.Google Scholar

Plowden, TC, Hill, MJ, Miles, SM, et al. Does the presence of blood in the catheter or the degree of difficulty of embryo transfer affect live birth? Reprod. Sci. 2017; 24:726–730.Google Scholar

Alvero, R, Hearns-Stokes, RM, Catherino, WH, Leondires, MP, Segars, JH. The presence of blood in the transfer catheter negatively influences outcome at embryo transfer. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18:1848–1852.Google Scholar

Goudas, VT, Hammitt, DG, Damario, MA, et al. Blood on the embryo transfer catheter is associated with decreased rates of embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy with the use of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. Fertil. Steril. 1998; 70:878–882.Google Scholar

Sharif, K, Afnan, M, Lashen, H, et al. Is bed rest following embryo transfer necessary? Fertil. Steril. 1998; 69:478–481.Google Scholar

Bar-Hava, I, Kerner, R, Yoeli, R, et al. Immediate ambulation after embryo transfer: a prospective study. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 83:594–597.Google Scholar

Gaikwad, S, Garrido, N, Cobo, A, Pellicer, A, Remohi, J. Bed rest after embryo transfer negatively affects in vitro fertilization: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Fertil. Steril. 2013; 100:729–735.Google Scholar

Carrillo, AJ, Lane, B, Pridman, DD, et al. Improved clinical outcomes for in vitro fertilization with delay of embryo transfer from 48 to 72 hours after oocyte retrieval: use of glucose- and phosphate-free media. Fertil. Steril. 1998; 69:329–334.Google Scholar

Ertzeid, G, Dale, PO, Tanbo, T, et al. Clinical outcome of day 2 versus day 3 embryo transfer using serum-free culture media: a prospective randomized study. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1999; 16:529–534.Google Scholar

Huisman, GJ, Alberda, AT, Leerentveld, RA, Verhoeff, A, Zeilmaker, GH. A comparison of in vitro fertilization results after embryo transfer after 2, 3, and 4 days of embryo culture. Fertil. Steril. 1994; 61:970–971.Google Scholar

Scholtes, MC, Zeilmaker, GH. A prospective, randomized study of embryo transfer results after 3 or 5 days of embryo culture in in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 1996; 65:1245–1248.Google Scholar

Milki, AA, Hinckley, MD, Fisch, JD, Dasig, D, Behr, B. Comparison of blastocyst transfer with day 3 embryo transfer in similar patient populations. Fertil. Steril. 2000; 73:126–129.Google Scholar

Stillman, RJ, Richter, KS, Banks, NK, Graham, JR. Elective single embryo transfer: a 6-year progressive implementation of 784 single blastocyst transfers and the influence of payment method on patient choice. Fertil. Steril. 2009; 92:1895–1906.Google Scholar

Shapiro, BS, Daneshmand, ST, Garner, FC, et al. Evidence of impaired endometrial receptivity after ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization: a prospective randomized trial comparing fresh and frozen-thawed embryo transfer in normal responders. Fertil. Steril. 2011; 96:344–348.Google Scholar

Roque, M, Lattes, K, Serra, S, et al. Fresh embryo transfer versus frozen embryo transfer in in vitro fertilization cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil. Steril. 2013; 99:156–162.Google Scholar

Evans, J, Hannan, NJ, Edgell, TA, et al. Fresh versus frozen embryo transfer: backing clinical decisions with scientific and clinical evidence. Hum. Reprod. Update 2014; 20:808–821.Google Scholar

Ishihara, O, Araki, R, Kuwahara, A, et al. Impact of frozen-thawed single-blastocyst transfer on maternal and neonatal outcome: an analysis of 277,042 single-embryo transfer cycles from 2008 to 2010 in Japan. Fertil. Steril. 2014; 101:128–133.Google Scholar

Maheshwari, A, Raja, EA, Bhattacharya, S. Obstetric and perinatal outcomes after either fresh or thawed frozen embryo transfer: an analysis of 112,432 singleton pregnancies recorded in the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority anonymized dataset. Fertil. Steril. 2016; 106:1703–1708.Google Scholar

Shih, W, Rushford, DD, Bourne, H, et al. Factors affecting low birth weight after assisted reproduction technology: difference between transfer of fresh and cryopreserved embryos suggests an adverse effect of oocyte collection. Hum. Reprod. 2008; 23:1644–1653.Google Scholar

Pinborg, A, Henningsen, AA, Loft, A, et al. Large baby syndrome in singletons born after frozen embryo transfer (FET): is it due to maternal factors or the cryotechnique? Hum. Reprod. 2014; 29:618–627.Google Scholar

Shapiro, BS, Daneshmand, ST, Bedient, CE, Garner, FC. Comparison of birth weights in patients randomly assigned to fresh or frozen-thawed embryo transfer. Fertil. Steril. 2016; 106:317–321.Google Scholar

Roque, M, Valle, M, Kostolias, A, Sampaio, M, Geber, S. Freeze-all cycle in reproductive medicine: current perspectives. JBRA Assist. Reprod. 2017; 21:49–53.Google Scholar

Acharya, KS, Acharya, CR, Bishop, K, et al. Freezing of all embryos in in vitro fertilization is beneficial in high responders, but not intermediate and low responders: an analysis of 82,935 cycles from the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology registry. Fertil. Steril. 2018; 110:880–887.Google Scholar

Kogan, MD, Alexander, GR, Kotelchuck, M, et al. Trends in twin birth outcomes and prenatal care utilization in the United States, 1981–1997. JAMA 2000; 284:335–341.Google Scholar

Scher, AI, Petterson, B, Blair, E, et al. The risk of mortality or cerebral palsy in twins: a collaborative population-based study. Pediatr. Res. 2002; 52:671–681.Google Scholar

Guerif, F, Lemseffer, M, Bidault, R, et al.Single day 2 embryo versus blastocyst-stage transfer: a prospective study integrating fresh and frozen embryo transfers. Hum. Reprod. 2009; 24:1051–1058.Google Scholar

Yanaihara, A, Yorimitsu, T, Motoyama, H, Watanabe, H, Kawamura, T. Monozygotic multiple gestation following in vitro fertilization: analysis of seven cases from Japan. J. Exp. Clin. Assist. Reprod. 2007; 4:4.Google Scholar

Lee, SF, Chapman, M, Bowyer, L. Monozygotic triplets after single blastocyst transfer: case report and literature review. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2008; 48:583–586.Google Scholar

Thurin, A, Hausken, J, Hillensjö, T, et al. Elective single-embryo transfer versus double-embryo transfer in in-vitro fertilization. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 351:2392–2402.Google Scholar

Kjellberg, AT, Carlsson, P, Bergh, C. Randomized single versus double embryo transfer: obstetric and paediatric outcome and a cost-effectiveness analysis. Hum. Reprod. 2006; 21:210–216.Google Scholar

Ikemoto, Y, Kuroda, K, Ochiai, A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of zygotic splitting after 937 848 single embryo transfer cycles. Hum. Reprod. 2018; 33:1984–1991.Google Scholar

Tabibzadeh, S. Molecular control of the implantation window. Hum. Reprod. Update 1998; 4:465–471.Google Scholar

Brosens, JJ, Salker, MS, Teklenburg, G, et al. Uterine selection of human embryos at implantation. Sci. Rep. 2014; 4:3894.Google Scholar

Achache, H, Revel, A. Endometrial receptivity markers, the journey to successful embryo implantation. Hum. Reprod. Update 2006; 12:731–746.Google Scholar

Karizbodagh, MP, Rashidi, B, Sahebkar, A, Masoudifar, A, Mirzaei, H. Implantation window and angiogenesis. J. Cell Biochem. 2017; 118:4141–4151.Google Scholar

Shufaro, Y, Simon, A, Laufer, N, Fatum, M. Thin unresponsive endometrium – a possible complication of surgical curettage compromising ART outcome. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2008; 25:421–425.Google Scholar

El-Toukhy, T, Coomarasamy, A, Khairy, M, et al. The relationship between endometrial thickness and outcome of medicated frozen embryo replacement cycles. Fertil. Steril. 2008; 89:832–839.Google Scholar

Gallos, ID, Khairy, M, Chu, J, et al. Optimal endometrial thickness to maximize live births and minimize pregnancy losses: analysis of 25,767 fresh embryo transfers. RBM Online 2018; 37:542–548.Google Scholar

Liu, KE, Hartman, M, Hartman, A, Luo, ZC, Mahutte, N. The impact of a thin endometrial lining on fresh and frozen–thaw IVF outcomes: an analysis of over 40 000 embryo transfers. Hum. Reprod. 2018; 33:1883–1888.Google Scholar

Moran, NA, Sloan, DB. The hologenome concept: helpful or hollow? PLoS Biol. 2015; 13: e1002311.Google Scholar

Kroon, B, Hart, RJ, Wong, BM, Ford, E, Yazdani, A. Antibiotics prior to embryo transfer in ART. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012; 3:CD008995.Google Scholar

Moore, DE, Soules, MR, Klein, NA, Fujimoto, VY, Agnew, KJ, Eschenbach, DA. Bacteria in the transfer catheter tip influence the live-birth rate after in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 2000; 74:1118–1124.Google Scholar

Garsia-Velasco, JA, Menabrito, M, Catalan, IB. What fertility specialists should know about the vaginal microbiome: a review. RBM Online 2017; 35:103–112.Google Scholar

Fox, CA, Wolff, HS, Baker, JA. Measurement of intra-vaginal and intra-uterine pressures during human coitus by radio-telemetry. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1970; 22:243–251.Google Scholar

Franchin, R, Righini, C, Olivennes, F, et al. Uterine contractions at the time of embryo transfer alter pregnancy rates after in-vitro fertilization. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:1968–1974.Google Scholar

Tremellen, KP, Valbuena, D, Landeras, J, et al. The effect of intercourse on pregnancy rates during assisted human reproduction. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:2653–2658.Google Scholar

Salamonsen, LA. Tissue injury and repair in the female human reproductive tract. Reproduction 2003; 125:301–311.Google Scholar

Gnainsky, Y, Aldo, PB, Barash, A, et al. Local injury of the endometrium induces an inflammatory response that promotes successful implantation. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 94:2030–2036.Google Scholar

Granot, I, Gnainsky, Y, Dekel, N. Endometrial inflammation and effect on implantation improvement and pregnancy outcome. Reproduction 2012; 144:661–668.Google Scholar

Dunn, CL, Kelly, RW, Critchley, HO. Decidualization of the human endometrial stromal cell: an enigmatic transformation. RBM Online 2003; 7:151–161.Google Scholar

Paria, BC, Reese, J, Das, SK, Dey, SK. Deciphering the cross-talk of implantation: advances and challenges. Science 2002; 296:2185–2188.Google Scholar

Siristatidis, C, Kreatsa, M, Koutlaki, N, et al. Endometrial injury for RIF patients undergoing IVF/ICSI: a prospective nonrandomized controlled trial. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2017; 33:297–300.Google Scholar

Gui, J, Xu, W, Yang, J, Feng, L, Jia, J. Impact of local endometrial injury on in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 2018; 45:57–68. doi:10.1111/jog.13854.Google Scholar

References

Zeilmaker, GH, Alberda, AT, van Gent, I, Rijkmans, CM, Drogendijk, AC. Two pregnancies following transfer of intact frozen-thawed embryos. Fertil. Steril. 1984; 42:293–296.Google Scholar

Rall, WF, Fahy, GM. Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at -196°C by vitrification. Nature 1985; 313:573–575.Google Scholar

Mazur, P. Kinetics of water loss from cells at subzero temperatures and the likelihood of intracellular freezing. J. Gen. Physiol. 1963; 47:347–369.Google Scholar

Newton, HJ, Pegg, DE, Barrass, R, Gosden, RG. Osmotically inactive volume, hydraulic conductivity, and permeability to dimethyl sulphoxide of human mature oocytes. Reprod. Fertil. 1999; 117:27–33.Google Scholar

Galvao, J, Davis, B, Tilley, M, et al. Unexpected low-dose toxicity of the universal solvent DMSO. FASEB J. 2014; 28:1317–1330.Google Scholar

Schneider, U, Mazur, P. Osmotic consequences of cryoprotectant permeability and its relation to the survival of frozen-thawed embryos. Theriogenology 1984; 21:68–79.Google Scholar

Edashige, K, Tanaka, M, Ichimaru, N, et al. Channel dependent permeation of water and glycerol in mouse morulae. Biol. Reprod. 2006; 74:625–632.Google Scholar

Kasai, M, Edashige, K. Movement of water and cryoprotectants in mouse oocytes and embryos at different stages: relevance to cryopreservation. In: Chian, RC, Quinn, P, eds., Fertility Cryopreservation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010; 16–23.Google Scholar

Maneiro, E, Ron-Corzo, A, Julve, J, Goyanes, VJ. Surface area/volume ratio and growth equation of the human early embryo. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 1991; 35:139–143.Google Scholar

Senn, A, Vozzi, C, Chanson, A, De Grandi, P, Germond, M. Prospective randomized study of two cryopreservation policies avoiding embryo selection: the pronucleate stage leads to a higher cumulative delivery rate than the early cleavage stage. Fertil. Steril. 2000; 74:946–952.Google Scholar

Al-Hasani, S, Ozmen, B, Koutlaki, N, et al. Three years of routine vitrification of human zygotes: is it still fair to advocate slow-rate freezing? RBM Online 2007; 14:288–293.Google Scholar

Isachenko, V, Todorov, P, Dimitrov, Y, Isachenko, E. Integrity rate of pronuclei after cryopreservation of pronuclear-zygotes as a criteria for subsequent embryo development and pregnancy. Hum. Reprod. 2008; 23:819–826.Google Scholar

Oehninger, S, Mayer, J, Muasher, S. Impact of different clinical variables on pregnancy outcome following embryo cryopreservation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2000; 169:73–77.Google Scholar

Kuwayama, M, Vajta, G, Kato, O, Leibo, SP. Highly efficient vitrification method for cryopreservation of human oocytes. RBM Online 2005; 11:300–308.Google Scholar

Hartshorne, GM, Wick, K, Elder, K, Dyson, H. Effect of cell number at freezing upon survival and viability of cleaving embryos generated from stimulated IVF cycles. Hum. Reprod. 1990; 5:857–861.Google Scholar

Edgar, DH, Bourne, H, Spiers, AL, McBain, JC. A quantitative analysis of the impact of cryopreservation on the implantation potential of human early cleavage stage embryos. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:175–179.Google Scholar

Zech, NH, Lejeune, B, Zech, H, Vanderzwalmen, P. Vitrification of hatching and hatched human blastocysts: effect of an opening in the zona pellucida before vitrification. RBM Online 2005; 11:355–361.Google Scholar

Mukaida, T, Oka, C, Goto, T, Takahashi, K. Artificial shrinkage of blastocoeles using either a micro-needle or a laser pulse prior to the cooling steps of vitrification improves survival rate and pregnancy outcome of vitrified human blastocysts. Hum. Reprod. 2006; 21:3246–3252.Google Scholar

Richter, KS, Shipley, SK, McVearry, I, Tucker, MJ, Widra, EA. Cryopreserved embryo transfers suggest that endometrial receptivity may contribute to reduced success rates of later developing embryos. Fertil. Steril. 2006; 86:862–866.Google Scholar

Gardner, DK, Schoolcraft, WB. In vitro culture of human blastocysts. In: Jansen, R, Mortimer, D, eds., Toward Reproductive Certainty: Fertility and Genetics Beyond. London: Parthenon Publishing. 1999; 378–388.Google Scholar

Takahashi, K, Mukaida, T, Goto, T, Oka, C. Perinatal outcome of blastocyst transfer with vitrification using cryoloop: a 4-year follow-up study. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 84:88–92.Google Scholar

Chen, C. Pregnancy after human oocyte cryopreservation. Lancet 1986; 1:884–886.Google Scholar

Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine; ESHRE Special Interest Group Embryology. Istanbul consensus workshop on embryo assessment: proceedings of an expert meeting. RBM Online 2011; 22:632–646.Google Scholar

Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine and ESHRE Special Interest Group Embryology. Istanbul consensus workshop on embryo assessment: proceedings of an expert meeting. Hum. Reprod. 2011; 26:1270–1283.Google Scholar

Ebner, T, Yaman, C, Moser, M, et al. Prognostic value of first polar body morphology on fertilization rate and embryo quality in intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:427–430.Google Scholar

Hunter, JE, Bernard, A, Fuller, BJ, McGrath, JJ, Shaw, RW. Measurements of the membrane water permeability (Lp) and its temperature dependence (activation energy) in human fresh and failed-to-fertilize oocytes and mouse oocyte. Cryobiology 1992; 29:240–249.Google Scholar

Pickering, SJ, Braude, PR, Johnson, MH, Cant, A, Currie, J. Transient cooling to room temperature can cause irreversible disruption of the meiotic spindle in the human oocyte. Fertil. Steril. 1990; 54:102–108.Google Scholar

Zenzes, MT, Bielecki, R, Casper, RF, Leibo, SP. Effects of chilling to 0 degrees C on the morphology of meiotic spindles in human metaphase II oocytes. Fertil. Steril. 2001; 75:769–777.Google Scholar

Cobo, A, Kuwayama, M, Pérez, S, et al. Comparison of concomitant outcome achieved with fresh and cryopreserved donor oocytes vitrified by the Cryotop method. Fertil. Steril. 2007; 89:1657–1664.Google Scholar

Doyle, JO, Richter, KS, Lim, J, et al. Successful elective and medically indicated oocyte vitrification and warming for autologous in vitro fertilization, with predicted birth probabilities for fertility preservation according to number of cryopreserved oocytes and age at retrieval. Fertil. Steril. 2016; 105:459–466.Google Scholar

Ben Rafael, Z. The dilemma of social oocyte freezing: usage rate is too low to make it cost-effective. RBM Online 2018; 37:443–448.Google Scholar

Leibo, SP, Mazur, P, Jackowski, SC. Factors affecting survival of mouse embryos during freezing and thawing. Exp. Cell Res. 1974; 89:79–88.Google Scholar

Leibo, SP, Oda, K. High survival of mouse zygotes and embryos cooled rapidly or slowly in ethylene glycol plus polyvinylpyrrolidone. Cryo Letters 1993; 14:133–134.Google Scholar

Van den Abbeel, E, Camus, M, Van Waesberghe, L, Devroey, P, Van Steirteghem, A. Viability of partially damaged human embryos after cryopreservation. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:2006–2010.Google Scholar

Rienzi, L, Nagy, ZP, Ubaldi, F, et al. Laser-assisted removal of necrotic blastomeres from cryopreserved embryos that were partially damaged. Fertil. Steril. 2002; 77:1196–1201.Google Scholar

Hardarson, T, Lofman, C, Coull, G, et al. Internalization of cellular fragments in a human embryo: time-lapse recordings. RBM Online 2002; 5:36–38.Google Scholar

Rienzi, L, Ubaldi, F, Iacobelli, M, et al. Developmental potential of fully intact and partially damaged cryopreserved embryos after laser-assisted removal of necrotic blastomeres and post-thaw culture selection. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 84:888–894.Google Scholar

Nagy, ZP, Taylor, T, Elliott, T, et al. Removal of lysed blastomeres from frozen-thawed embryos improves implantation and pregnancy rates in frozen embryo transfer cycles. Fertil. Steril. 2005; 84:1606–1612.Google Scholar

Leoni, GG, Berlinguer, F, Succu, S, et al. A new selection criterion to assess good quality ovine blastocysts after vitrification and to predict their transfer into recipients. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 2008; 75:373–382.Google Scholar

Huang, JY, Tulandi, T, Holzer, H, et al. Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue and in vitro matured oocytes in a female with mosaic Turner syndrome: case report. Hum. Reprod. 2008; 23:336–339.Google Scholar

De Roo, P, Lierman, S, Tilleman, K, et al. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation in female-to-male transgender people: insights into ovarian histology and physiology after prolonged androgen treatment. RBM Online 2017; 34:557–566.Google Scholar

Westphal, JR, Gerritse, R, Braat, DDM, Beerendonk, CCM, Peek, RJ. Complete protection against cryodamage of cryopreserved whole bovine and human ovaries using DMSO as a cryoprotectant. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2017; 34:1217–1229.Google Scholar

Haino, T, Tarumi, W, Kawamura, K, et al. Determination of follicular localization in human ovarian cortex for vitrification. J. Adolesc. Young Adult Oncol. 2018; 7:46–53.Google Scholar

Newton, H, Fisher, J, Arnold, JR, et al. Permeation of human ovarian tissue with cryoprotective agents in preparation for cryopreservation. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 13:376–380.Google Scholar

Kagawa, N, Kuwayama, M, Nakata, K, et al. Production of the first offspring from oocytes derived from fresh and cryopreserved preantral follicles of adult mice. RBM Online 2007; 14:693–699.Google Scholar

Hasegawa, A, Mochida, N, Ogasawara, T, Koyama, K. Pup birth from mouse oocytes in preantral follicles derived from vitrified and warmed ovaries followed by in vitro growth, in vitro maturation, and in vitro fertilization. Fertil. Steril. 2006; 86:1182–1192.Google Scholar

Nakamura, Y, Obata, R, Okuyama, N, et al. Residual ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulphoxide concentration in human ovarian tissue during warming/thawing steps following cryopreservation. RBM Online 2017; 35:311–313.Google Scholar

Bastings, L, Westphal, JR, Beerendonk, CCM, et al. Clinically applied procedures for human ovarian tissue cryopreservation result in different levels of efficacy and efficiency. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2016; 33:1605–1614.Google Scholar

Demeestere, I, Simon, P, Emiliani, S, Delbaere, A, Englert, Y. Orthotopic and heterotopic ovarian tissue transplantation. Hum. Reprod. Update 2009; 15:649–665.Google Scholar

Dalman, A, Deheshkar Gooneh Farahani, NS, Totonchi, M, et al. Slow freezing versus vitrification technique for human ovarian tissue cryopreservation: an evaluation of histological changes, WNT signaling pathway and apoptotic genes expression. Cryobiology 2017; 79:29–36.Google Scholar

Meirow, D, Levron, J, Eldar-Geva, T, et al. Pregnancy after transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue in a patient with ovarian failure after chemotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 353:318–321.Google Scholar

Donnez, J, Dolmans, MM, Demylle, D, et al. Live birth after orthotopic transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue. Lancet 2004; 364:1405–1410.Google Scholar

Shaw, J, Trounson, AO. Ovarian banking for cancer patients – oncological implications in the replacement of ovarian tissue. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:403–405.Google Scholar

Polge, C, Smith, AU, Parkes, AS. Revival of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures. Nature 1949; 164:666.Google Scholar

Perloff, WH, Steinberger, E, Sherman, JK. Conception with human spermatozoa frozen by nitrogen vapor technic. Fertil. Steril. 1964; 15:501.Google Scholar

Serafini, P, Hauser, D, Moyer, D, Marrs, R. Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa: correlations of ultrastructural sperm head configuration with sperm motility and ability to penetrate zona-free hamster ova. Fertil. Steril. 1986; 46:691–695.Google Scholar

Woolley, D, Richardson, D. Ultrastructural injury to human spermatozoa after freezing and thawing. J. Reprod. Fertil. 1978; 53:389–394.Google Scholar

Emamverdi, M, Zhandi, M, Shahneh, AZ, et al. Flow cytometric and microscopic evaluation of post-thawed ram semen cryopreserved in chemically defined home-made or commercial extenders. Anim. Prod. Sci. 2015; 55:551–558.Google Scholar

Cheung, RCF, Ng, TB, Wong, JH. Antifreeze proteins from diverse organisms and their applications: an overview. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 2017; 18:262–283.Google Scholar

Kim, HJ, Lee, JH, Hur, YB, et al. Marine antifreeze proteins: structure, function, and application to cryopreservation as a potential cryoprotectant. Mar. Drugs 2017; 15:27.Google Scholar

Isachenko, E, Isachenko, V, Katkov, II, Dessole, S, Nawroth, F. Vitrification of mammalian spermatozoa in the absence of cryoprotectants: From past practical difficulties to present success. RBM Online 2003; 6:191–200.Google Scholar

Centola, GM, Raubertas, RF, Mattox, JH. Cryopreservation of human semen. Comparision of cryopreservatives, sources of variability, and prediction of post-thaw survival. J. Andrology 1992; 13:283–288.Google Scholar

Giraud, MN, Motta, C, Boucher, D, Grizard, G. Membrane fluidity predicts the outcome of cryopreservation of human spermatozoa. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:2160–2164.Google Scholar

James, PS, Wolfe, CA, Mackie, A, et al. Lipid dynamics in the plasma membrane of fresh and cryopreserved human spermatozoa. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:1827–1832.Google Scholar

Holt, WV. Basic aspects of frozen storage of semen. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 2000; 62:3–22.Google Scholar

Barthelemy, C, Royere, D, Hammahah, S, et al. Ultrastructural changes in membranes and acrosome of human sperm during cryopreservation. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med. 1990; 25:29–40.Google Scholar

Lalancette, C, Miller, D, Li, Y, Krawetz, SA. Paternal contributions: new functional insights for spermatozoal RNA. J. Cell. Biochem. 2008; 104:1570–1579.Google Scholar

Jodar, M, Selvaraju, S, Sendler, E, Diamond, MP, Krawetz, SA. The presence, role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs. Hum. Reprod. 2013; 19:604–624.Google Scholar

Valcarce, DG, Carton-Garcia, F, Herraez, MP, Robles, V. Effect of cryopreservation on human sperm messenger RNAs crucial for fertilization and early embryo development. Cryobiology 2013; 67:84–90.Google Scholar

Said, TM, Gaglani, A, Agarwal, A. Implication of apoptosis in sperm cryoinjury. RBM Online 2010; 21:456–462.Google Scholar

Liu, T, Gao, J, Zhou, N, et al. The effect of two cryopreservation methods on human sperm DNA damage. Cryobiology 2016; 72:210–215.Google Scholar

Sukcharoen, N, Sithipravej, T, Promviengchai, S, Chinpilas, V, Boonkasemsanti, W. Comparison of the outcome of intracytoplasmic sperm injection using fresh and frozen-thawed epididymal spermatozoa obtained by percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 2001; 84(Suppl. 1):S331–S337.Google Scholar

Hessel, M, Robben, JC, D’Hauwers, KW, Braat, DD, Ramos, L. The influence of sperm motility and cryopreservation on the treatment outcome after intracytoplasmic sperm injection following testicular sperm extraction. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2015; 94:1313–1321.Google Scholar

Devroey, P, Silber, S, Nagy, Z, et al. Ongoing pregnancies and birth after intracytoplasmic sperm injection with frozen-thawed epididymal spermatozoa. Hum. Reprod. 1995; 10:903–906.Google Scholar

Tongdee, P, Sukprasert, M, Satirapod, C, Wongkularb, A, Choktanasiri, W. Comparison of cryopreserved human sperm between ultra rapid freezing and slow programmable freezing: effect on motility, morphology and DNA integrity. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 2015; 98:S33–S42.Google Scholar

Bordson, BL, Ricci, E, Dickey, RP, et al. Comparison of fecundability with fresh and frozen semen in therapeutic donor insemination. Fertil. Steril. 1986; 46:466–469.Google Scholar

Cohen, J, Garrisi, GJ, Congedo-Ferrara, TA, et al. Cryopreservation of single human spermatozoa. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:994–1001.Google Scholar

Liu, J, Zheng, XZ, Baramki, TA, et al. Cryopreservation of a small number of fresh human testicular spermatozoa and testicular spermatozoa cultured in vitro for 3 days in an empty zona pellucida. J. Androl. 2000; 21:409–413.Google Scholar

Berkovitz, A, Miller, N, Silberman, M, Belenky, M, Itsykson, P. A novel solution for freezing small numbers of spermatozoa using a sperm vitrification device. Hum. Reprod. 2018; 33:1975–1983.Google Scholar

Smith, KD, Steinberger, E. Survival of spermatozoa in a human sperm bank. Effects of long-term storage in liquid nitrogen. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1973; 223:774–777.Google Scholar

Szell, AZ, Bierbaum, RC, Hazelrigg, WB, Chetkowski, RJ. Live births from frozen human semen stored for 40 years. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2013; 36:743–744.Google Scholar

Selvaggi, G, Ceulemans, P, De Cuypere, G, et al. Gender identity disorder: general overview and surgical treatment for vaginoplasty in male-to-female transsexuals. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2005; 116:135–145.Google Scholar

De Sutter, P. Gender reassignment and assisted reproduction: present and future options for transsexual people. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 16:612–614.Google Scholar

Onofre, J, Baert, Y, Faes, K, Goossens, E. Cryopreservation of testicular tissue or testicular cell suspensions: a pivotal step in fertility preservation. Hum. Reprod. Update 2016; 22:744–761.Google Scholar

Curaba, M, Poels, J, van Langendonckt, A, Donnez, J, Wyns, C. Can prepubertal human testicular tissue be cryopreserved by vitrification? Fertil. Steril. 2011; 95:2123.e9–2123.e12.Google Scholar

Zarandi, NP, Galdon, G, Kogan, S, Atala, A, Sadri-Ardekani, H. Cryostorage of immature and mature human testis tissue to preserve spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs): a systematic review of current experiences toward clinical applications. Stem Cells Cloning 2018; 11:23–38.Google Scholar

References

Eppig, JJ, Telfer, EE. Isolation and culture of oocytes. Methods Enzymol. 1993; 225:77–84.Google Scholar

Eppig, JJ, O’Brien, MJ. Development in vitro of mouse oocytes from primordial follicles. Biol. Reprod. 1996; 54:197–207.Google Scholar

Edwards, RG. Maturation in vitro of human ovarian oocytes. Lancet. 1965; 2:926–929.Google Scholar

Cha, KY, Koo, JJ, Ko, JJ, et al. Pregnancy after in vitro fertilization of human follicular oocytes collected from nonstimulated cycles, their culture in vitro and their transfer in a donor oocyte program. Fertil. Steril. 1991; 55:109–113.Google Scholar

Trounson, A, Wood, C, Kausche, A. In vitro maturation and the fertilization and developmental competence of oocytes recovered from untreated polycystic ovarian patients. Fertil. Steril. 1994; 62:353–362.Google Scholar

Benkhalifa, M, Demirol, A, Ménézo, Y, et al. Natural cycle IVF and oocyte in-vitro maturation in polycystic ovary syndrome: a collaborative prospective study. RBM Online 2009; 18:29–36.Google Scholar

Son, WY, Tan, SL. Laboratory and embryological aspects of hCG-primed in vitro maturation cycles for patients with polycystic ovaries. Hum. Reprod. Update 2010; 16:675–689.Google Scholar

Hreinsson, J, Rosenlund, B, Fridén, B, et al. Recombinant LH is equally effective as recombinant hCG in promoting oocyte maturation in a clinical in-vitro maturation programme: a randomized study. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18:2131–2136.Google Scholar

Söderström-Anttila, V, Mäkinen, S, Tuuri, T, Suikkari, AM. Favourable pregnancy results with insemination of in vitro matured oocytes from unstimulated patients. Hum. Reprod. 2005; 20:1534–1540.Google Scholar

Walls, ML, Junk, S, Ryan, JP, Hart, R. IVF versus ICSI for the fertilization of in-vitro matured human oocytes. RBM Online 2012; 25:603–607.Google Scholar

Walls, ML, Douglas, K, Ryan, JP, Tan, J, Hart, R. In-vitro maturation and cryopreservation of oocytes at the time of oophorectomy. Gynecol. Oncol. Rep. 2015; 13:79–81.Google Scholar

Sela-Abramovich, S, Edry, I, Galiani, D, Nevo, N, Dekel, N. Disruption of gap junctional communication within the ovarian follicle induces oocyte maturation. Endocrinology 2006;147:2280–2286.Google Scholar

Mehlmann, L. Signaling for meiotic resumption in granulosa cells, cumulus cells, and oocyte. In: Coticchio, G, Albertini, DF, De Santis, L, eds., Oogenesis. London: Springer. 2013; 171–182.Google Scholar

Matzuk, M, Li, Q. How the oocyte influences follicular cell function and why. In: Coticchio, G, Albertini, DF, De Santis, L, eds., Oogenesis. London: Springer. 2013; 75–92.Google Scholar

Wang, S, Ning, G, Chen, X, et al. PDE5 modulates oocyte spontaneous maturation via cGMP-cAMP but not cGMP-PKG signaling. Front. Biosci. 2008;13:7087–7095.Google Scholar

Assou, S, Anahory, T, Pantesco, V, et al. The human cumulus-oocyte complex gene-expression profile. Hum. Reprod. 2006; 21:1705–1719.Google Scholar

Conti, M, Hsieh, M, Zamah, AM, Oh, JS. Novel signaling mechanisms in the ovary during oocyte maturation and ovulation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2012; 356:65–73.Google Scholar

Robinson, JW, Zhang, M, Shuhaibar, LC, et al. Luteinizing hormone reduces the activity of the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase in mouse ovarian follicles, contributing to the cyclic GMP decrease that promotes resumption of meiosis in oocytes. Dev. Biol. 2012; 366:308–316.Google Scholar

Hyslop, LA, Nixon, VL, Levasseur, M, et al. Ca(2+)-promoted cyclin B1 degradation in mouse oocytes requires the establishment of a metaphase arrest. Dev. Biol. 2004; 269:206–219.Google Scholar

Bar-Ami, S, Zlotkin, E, Brandes, JM, Itskovitz-Eldor, J. Failure of meiotic competence in human oocytes. Biol. Reprod. 1994; 50:1100–1107.Google Scholar

Lincoln, AJ, Wickramasinghe, D, Stein, P, et al. Cdc25b phosphatase is required for resumption of meiosis during oocyte maturation. Nat. Genet. 2002; 30:446–449.Google Scholar

Masciarelli, S, Horner, K, Liu, C, et al. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3A-deficient mice as a model of female infertility. J. Clin. Invest. 2004; 114:196–205.Google Scholar

Fan, HY, Sun, QY, Zou, H. Regulation of separase in meiosis: separase is activated at the metaphase I-II transition in Xenopus oocytes during meiosis. Cell Cycle 2006; 5:198–204.Google Scholar

Winston, NJ. Stability of cyclin B protein during meiotic maturation and the first mitotic cell division in mouse oocytes. Biol. Cell 1997; 89:211–219.Google Scholar

Furuya, M, Tanaka, M, Teranishi, T, et al. H1foo is indispensable for meiotic maturation of the mouse oocyte. J. Reprod. Dev. 2007; 53:895–902.Google Scholar

Nasmyth, K. How do so few control so many? Cell 2005; 120:739–746.Google Scholar

Libby, BJ, De La Fuente, R, O’Brien, MJ, et al. The mouse meiotic mutation mei1 disrupts chromosome synapsis with sexually dimorphic consequences for meiotic progression. Dev. Biol. 2002; 242:174–187.Google Scholar

Madgwick, S, Jones, K. How eggs arrest at metaphase II: MPF stabilisation plus APC/C inhibition equals cytostatic factor. Cell Div. 2007; 2:4.Google Scholar

Shoji, S, Yoshida, N, Amanai, M, et al. Mammalian Emi2 mediates cytostatic arrest and transduces the signal for meiotic exit via Cdc20. EMBO J. 2006; 25:834–845.Google Scholar

Araki, K, Naito, K, Haraguchi, S, et al. Meiotic abnormalities of c-mos knockout mouse oocytes: activation after first meiosis or entrance into third meiotic metaphase. Biol. Reprod. 1996; 55:1315–1324.Google Scholar

Saunders, CM, Larman, MG, Parrington, J, et al. PLC zeta: a sperm-specific trigger of Ca(2+) oscillations in eggs and embryo development. Development 2002; 129:3533–3544.Google Scholar

Madgwick, S, Nixon, VL, Chang, HY, et al. Maintenance of sister chromatid attachment in mouse eggs through maturation-promoting factor activity. Dev. Biol. 2004; 275:68–81.Google Scholar

Madgwick, S, Levasseur, M, Jones, KT. Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and not protein kinase C, is sufficient for triggering cell-cycle resumption in mammalian eggs. J. Cell Sci. 2005; 118:3849–3859.Google Scholar

Kuliev, A, Verlinsky, Y. Meiotic and mitotic nondisjunction: lessons from preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Hum. Reprod. Update 2004; 10:401–407.Google Scholar

Gull, I, Geva, E, Lerner-Geva, L, et al. Anaerobic glycolysis. The metabolism of the preovulatory human oocyte. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 1999; 85:225–228.Google Scholar

Sutton-McDowall, ML, Gilchrist, RB, Thompson, JG. The pivotal role of glucose metabolism in determining oocyte developmental competence. Reproduction 2010; 139:685–695.Google Scholar

Cetica, P, Pintos, L, Dalvit, G, Beconi, M. Activity of key enzymes involved in glucose and triglyceride catabolism during bovine oocyte maturation in vitro. Reproduction 2002; 124:675–681.Google Scholar

Sugiura, K, Su, YQ, Diaz, FJ, et al. Oocyte-derived BMP15 and FGFs cooperate to promote glycolysis in cumulus cells. Development 2007; 134:2593–2603.Google Scholar

Paczkowski, M, Silva, E, Schoolcraft, W, Krisher, R. Comparative importance of fatty acid beta-oxidation to nuclear maturation, gene expression, and glucose metabolism in mouse, bovine, and porcine cumulus oocyte complexes. Biol. Reprod. 2013; 88:111.Google Scholar

Dunning, KR, Anastasi, MR, Zhang, VJ, Russell, DL, Robker, RL. Regulation of fatty acid oxidation in mouse cumulus-oocyte complexes during maturation and modulation by PPAR agonists. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87327.Google Scholar

Bedaiwy, MA, Elnashar, SA, Goldberg, JM, et al. Effect of follicular fluid oxidative stress parameters on intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Gynecol. Endocrinol. 2012; 28:51–55.Google Scholar

Palini, S, Benedetti, S, Tagliamonte, MC, et al. Influence of ovarian stimulation for IVF/ICSI on the antioxidant defence system and relationship to outcome. RBM Online 2014; 29:65–71.Google Scholar

Ellenbogen, A, Shavit, T, Shalom-Paz, E. IVM results are comparable and may have advantages over standard IVF. Facts Views Vis. Obgyn. 2014; 6:77–80.Google Scholar

Flageole, C, Toufaily, C, Bernard, DJ, et al. Successful in vitro maturation of oocytes in a woman with gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome associated with a novel combination of FSH receptor gene variants: a case report. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2019; 36:425–432. doi:10.1007/s10815-018-1394-z.Google Scholar

Gremeau, AS, Andreadis, N, Fatum, M, et al. In vitro maturation or in vitro fertilization for women with polycystic ovaries? A case-control study of 194 treatment cycles. Fertil. Steril. 2012; 98:355–360.Google Scholar

Guzmán, L, Adriaenssens, T, Ortega-Hrepich, C, et al. Human antral follicles <6 mm: a comparison between in vivo maturation and in vitro maturation in non-hCG primed cycles using cumulus cell gene expression. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2013; 19:7–16.Google Scholar

Junk, SM, Yeap, D. Improved implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates after single-embryo transfer with an optimized protocol for in vitro oocyte maturation in women with polycystic ovaries and polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 2012; 98:888–892.Google Scholar

Sánchez, F, Lolicato, F, Romero, S, et al. An improved IVM method for cumulus-oocyte complexes from small follicles in polycystic ovary syndrome patients enhances oocyte competence and embryo yield. Hum. Reprod. 2017; 32:2056–2068.Google Scholar

Fadini, R, Dal Canto, MB, Renzini, MM, et al. Effect of different gonadotrophin priming on IVM of oocytes from women with normal ovaries: a prospective randomized study. RBM Online 2009; 19:343–351.Google Scholar

Ortega-Hrepich, C, Stoop, D, Guzmán, L, et al. A “freeze-all” embryo strategy after in vitro maturation: a novel approach in women with polycystic ovary syndrome? Fertil. Steril. 2013; 100:1002–1007.Google Scholar

Walls, ML, Hunter, T, Ryan, JP, et al. In vitro maturation as an alternative to standard in vitro fertilization for patients diagnosed with polycystic ovaries: a comparative analysis of fresh, frozen and cumulative cycle outcomes. Hum. Reprod. 2015; 30:88–96.Google Scholar

Menezo, Y, Nicollet, B, Rollet, J, Hazout, A. Pregnancy and delivery after in vitro maturation of naked ICSI-GV oocytes with GH and transfer of a frozen thawed blastocyst: case report. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2006; 23:47–49.Google Scholar

Roberts, R, Iatropoulou, A, Ciantar, D, et al. Follicle-stimulating hormone affects metaphase I chromosome alignment and increases aneuploidy in mouse oocytes matured in vitro. Biol. Reprod. 2005; 72:107–118.Google Scholar

Chen, J, Torcia, S, Xie, F, et al. Somatic cells regulate maternal mRNA translation and developmental competence of mouse oocytes. Nat. Cell Biol. 2013; 15:1415–1423.Google Scholar

Trounson, A, Anderiesz, C, Jones, G. Maturation of human oocytes in vitro and their developmental competence. Reproduction 2001; 121:51–75.Google Scholar

Camargo, LSA, Munk, M, Sales, JN, et al. Differential gene expression between in vivo and in vitro maturation: a comparative study with bovine oocytes derived from the same donor pool. JBRA Assist. Reprod. 2019; 23:7–14. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20180084.Google Scholar

Jones, GM, Cram, DS, Song, B, et al. Gene expression profiling of human oocytes following in vivo or in vitro maturation. Hum. Reprod. 2008; 23:1138–1144.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Coticchio, G, Dal Canto, M, Fadini, R, et al. Ultrastructure of human oocytes after in vitro maturation. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2016; 22:110–118.Google Scholar

De Vincentiis, S, De Martino, E, Buffone, MG, Brugo-Olmedo, S. Use of metaphase I oocytes matured in vitro is associated with embryo multinucleation. Fertil. Steril. 2013; 99:414–421.Google Scholar

Margalit, T, Ben-Haroush, A, Garor, R, et al. Morphokinetic characteristics of embryos derived from in-vitro-matured oocytes and their in-vivo-matured siblings after ovarian stimulation. RBM Online 2019; 38:7–11.Google Scholar PubMed

Lee, HJ, Barad, DH, Kushnir, VA, et al. Rescue in vitro maturation (IVM) of immature oocytes in stimulated cycles in women with low functional ovarian reserve (LFOR). Endocrine 2016; 52:165–171.Google Scholar

Zhang, XY, Ata, B, Son, WY, et al. Chromosome abnormality rates in human embryos obtained from in-vitro maturation and IVF treatment cycles. RBM Online 2010; 21:552–559.Google Scholar

Chian, RC, Xu, CL, Huang, JY, Ata, B. Obstetric outcomes and congenital abnormalities in infants conceived with oocytes matured in vitro. Facts Views Vis. Obgyn. 2014; 6:15–18.Google Scholar

Roesner, S, von Wolff, M, Elsaesser, M, et al. Two-year development of children conceived by IVM: a prospective controlled single-blinded study. Hum. Reprod. 2017; 32:1341–1350.Google Scholar

O’Brien, MJ, Pendola, JK, Eppig, JJ. A revised protocol for in vitro development of mouse oocytes from primordial follicles dramatically improves their developmental competence. Biol. Reprod. 2003; 68:1682–1686.Google Scholar

Telfer, EE, McLaughlin, M, Ding, C, Thong, KJ. A two-step serum-free culture system supports development of human oocytes from primordial follicles in the presence of activin. Hum. Reprod. 2008; 23:1151–1158.Google Scholar

Xu, M, Barrett, SL, West-Farrell, E, et al. In vitro grown human ovarian follicles from cancer patients support oocyte growth. Hum. Reprod. 2009; 24:2531–2540.Google Scholar

Xiao, S, Zhang, J, Romero, MM, et al. In vitro follicle growth supports human oocyte meiotic maturation. Sci. Rep. 2015; 5:17323.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Cadoret, V, Frapsauce, C, Jarrier, P, et al. Molecular evidence that follicle development is accelerated in vitro compared to in vivo. Reproduction 2017; 153:493–508.Google Scholar

McLaughlin, M, Albertini, DF, Wallace, WHB, Anderson, RA, Telfer, EE. Metaphase II oocytes from human unilaminar follicles grown in a multi-step culture system. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2018; 24:135–142.Google Scholar

Barrett, SB, Albertini, DF. Cumulus cell contact during oocyte maturation in mice regulates meiotic spindle positioning and enhances developmental potential. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2010; 27:29–39.Google Scholar

Coticchio, G, Guglielmo, MC, Dal Canto, M, et al. Mechanistic foundations of the metaphase II spindle of human oocytes matured in vivo and in vitro. Hum. Reprod. 2013; 28:3271–3282.Google Scholar

Li, J, Kawamura, K, Cheng, Y, et al. Activation of dormant ovarian follicles to generate mature eggs. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2010, 107:10280–10284.Google Scholar

Reddy, P, Liu, L, Adhikari, D, et al. Oocyte-specific deletion of Pten causes premature activation of the primordial follicle pool. Science 2008; 319:611–613.Google Scholar

Kawamura, K, Kawamura, N, Hsueh, A. Activation of dormant follicles: a new treatment for premature ovarian failure? Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2016; 28:217–222.Google Scholar

Kawamura, K, Ishizuka, B, Hsueh, A. Drug-free in-vitro activation of follicles for infertility treatment in poor ovarian response patients with decreased ovarian reserve. RBM Online 2020; 40:245–253.Google Scholar PubMed

Kawashima, I, Kawamura, K. Regulation of follicle growth through hormonal factors and mechanical cues mediated by Hippo signaling pathway. Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med. 2018; 64:3–11.Google Scholar

Fabregues, F, Ferreri, J, Calafell, JM, et al. Pregnancy after drug-free in vitro activation of follicles and fresh tissue autotransplantation in primary ovarian insufficiency patient: a case report and literature review. J. Ovarian Res. 2018; 11:76.Google Scholar

References

Stephen, EH, Chandra, A. Declining estimates of infertility in the United States: 1982–2002. Fertil. Steril. 2006; 86:516–523.Google Scholar

Jarow, JP, Espeland, MA, Lipshultz, LI. Evaluation of the azoospermic patient. J. Urol. 1989; 142:62–65.Google Scholar

Dohle, GR, Halley, DJ, Van Hemel, JO et al. Genetic risk factors in infertile men with severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Hum. Reprod. 2002; 17:13–16.Google Scholar

Desai, N, Gill, P, Tadros, NN, et al. Azoospermia and embryo morphokinetics: testicular sperm-derived embryos exhibit delays in early cell cycle events and increased arrest prior to compaction. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2018; 35:1339–1348.Google Scholar

Carpi, A, Sabanegh, E, Mechanick, J. Controversies in the management of nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 2009; 91:963–970.Google Scholar

Singer, R, Sagiv, M, Barnet, M, Levinsky, H. Semen volume and fructose content of human semen. Survey of the years 1980–1989. Acta Eur. Fertil. 1990; 21:205–206.Google Scholar

Paick, J, Kim, SH, Kim, SW. Ejaculatory duct obstruction in infertile men. BJU Int. 2000; 85:720–724.Google Scholar

Roberts, M, Jarvi, K. Steps in the investigation and management of low semen volume in the infertile man. Can. Urol. Assoc. J. 2009; 3:479–485.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN, Shin, D, Goldstein, M. Urogenital anomalies in men with congenital absence of the vas deferens. J. Urol. 1996; 155:1644–1648.Google Scholar

Hall, S, Oates, RD. Unilateral absence of the scrotal vas deferens associated with contralateral mesonephric duct anomalies resulting in infertility: laboratory, physical and radiographic findings, and therapeutic alternatives. J. Urol. 1983; 50:1161–1164.Google Scholar

Chillon, M, Casals, T, Mercier, B, et al. Mutations in the cystic fibrosis gene in patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 332:1475–1480.Google Scholar

Yu, J, Chen, Z, Ni, Y, Li, Z. CFTR mutations in men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD): a systemic review and meta-analysis. Hum. Reprod. 2012; 27:25–35.Google Scholar

McCallum, T, Milunsky, J, Munarriz, R, et al. Unilateral renal agenesis associated with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: phenotypic findings and genetic considerations. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 16:282–288.Google Scholar

Schwarzer, JU, Schwarz, M. Significance of CFTR gene mutations in patients with congenital aplasia of vas deferens with special regard to renal aplasia. Andrologia 2012; 44:305–307.Google Scholar

Meng, MV, Black, LD, Cha, I, et al. Impaired spermatogenesis in men with congenital absence of the vas deferens. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 16:529–533.Google Scholar

Friedler, S, Raziel, A, Schachter, M, et al. Outcome of first and repeated testicular sperm extraction and ICSI in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod. 2002; 17:2356–2361.Google Scholar

Matsumiya, K, Namiki, M, Takahara, S, et al. Clinical study of azoospermia. Int. J. Androl. 1994; 17:140–142.Google Scholar

Faes, K, Goossens, E. Short-term storage of human testicular tissue: effect of storage temperature and tissue size. RBM Online 2017; 35:180–188.Google Scholar

Krege, S, Beyer, J, Souchon, R, et al. European consensus on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: a report of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (EGCCCG). Ann. Oncol. 2004; 15:1377–1399.Google Scholar

Honig, SC, Lipshulz, LI, Jarow, J. Significant medical pathology uncovered by a comprehensive male infertility evaluation. Fertil. Steril. 1994; 62:1028–1034.Google Scholar

Shefi, S, Turek, PJ. Definition and current evaluation of subfertile men. Int. Braz. J. Urol. 2006; 32:385–397.Google Scholar

Dohle, GR, Elzanaty, S, van Casteren, NJ. Testicular biopsy: clinical practice and interpretation. Asian J. Androl. 2012; 14:88–93.Google Scholar

Donoso, P, Tournaye, H, Devroey, P. Which is the best sperm retrieval technique for nonobstructive azoospermia? A systematic review. Hum. Reprod. Update 2007; 13:539–549.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN, Su, LM. Physiological consequences of testicular sperm extraction. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:1688–1692.Google Scholar

Pilatz, A, Rusz, A, Wagenlehner, F, Weidner, W, Altinkilic, B. Reference values for testicular volume, epididymal head size and peak systolic velocity of the testicular artery in adult males measured by ultrasonography. Ultraschall Med. 2013; 34:349–354.Google Scholar

Tsirigotis, M, Bennett, V, Nicholson, N, et al. Experience with subzonal insemination (SUZI) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) on unfertilized aged human oocytes. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 1994; 11:389–394.Google Scholar

Henkel, RR, Schill, WB. Sperm preparation for ART. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2003; 1:108–122.Google Scholar

Kovacic, B, Vlaisavljevic, V, Reljic, M. Clinical use of pentoxifylline for activation of immotile testicular sperm before ICSI in patients with azoospermia. J. Androl. 2006; 27:45–52.Google Scholar

Caroppo, E, Colpi, EM, Gazzano, G, et al. Testicular histology may predict the successful sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia undergoing conventional TESE: a diagnostic accuracy study. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2017; 34:149–154.Google Scholar

Selice, R, Di Mambro, A, Garolla, A, et al. Spermatogenesis in Klinefelter syndrome. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 2010; 33:789–793.Google Scholar

Ostad, M, Liotta, D, Ye, Z, Schlegel, PN. Testicular sperm extraction for nonobstructive azoospermia: results of a multibiopsy approach with optimized tissue dispersion. Urology 1998; 52:692–696.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN, Li, PS. Microdissection TESE: sperm retrieval in non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod. Update 1998; 4:439.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN. Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves sperm yield with minimal tissue excision. Hum. Reprod. 1999; 14:131–135.Google Scholar

Turunc, T, Gul, U, Haydardedeoglu, B, et al. Conventional testicular sperm extraction combined with the microdissection technique in nonobstructive azoospermic patients: a prospective comparative study. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 94:2157–2160.Google Scholar

Jensen, CFS, Ohl, DA, Hiner, MR, et al. Multiple needle-pass percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration as first line treatment in azoospermic men. Andrology 2016; 4:257–262.Google Scholar

Eliveld, J, van Wely, M, Meibner, A, et al. The risk of TESE-induced hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum. Reprod. Update 2018; 24:442–454.Google Scholar

Kalsi, J, Thum, MY, Muneer, A, Abdullah, H, Minhas, S. In the era of micro-dissection sperm retrieval (m-TESE) is an isolated testicular biopsy necessary in the management of men with non-obstructive azoospermia? BJU Int. 2012; 109:418–424.Google Scholar

Bernie, AM, Mata, DA, Ramasamy, R, Schlegel, PN. Comparison of microdissection testicular sperm extraction, conventional testicular sperm extraction, and testicular sperm aspiration for nonobstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil. Steril. 2015; 104:1099–1103.Google Scholar

Deruyver, Y, Vanderschueren, D, Van der Aa, F. Outcome of microdissection TESE compared with conventional TESE in non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review. Andrology 2014; 2:20–24.Google Scholar

Caroppo, E, Colpi, EM, Gazzano, G, et al. The seminiferous tubule caliber pattern as evaluated at high magnification during microdissection testicular sperm extraction predicts sperm retrieval in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Andrology 2019; 7:8–14.Google Scholar

Amer, M, Zohdy, W, Abd El Naser, T, et al. Single tubule biopsy: a new objective microsurgical advancement for testicular sperm retrieval in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 2008; 89:592–596.Google Scholar

Hussein, A, Ozgok, Y, Ross, L, Niederberger, C. Clomiphene administration for cases of nonobstructive azoospermia: a multicenter study. J. Androl. 2005; 26:787–791; discussion 792–793.Google Scholar

Shiraishi, K, Ohmi, C, Shimabukuro, T, Matsuyama, H. Human chorionic gonadotrophin treatment prior to microdissection testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum. Reprod. 2012; 27:331–339.Google Scholar

Reifsnyder, JE, Ramasamy, R, Husseini, J, Schlegel, PN. Role of optimizing testosterone before microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. J. Urol. 2012; 188:532–536.Google Scholar

Esteves, SC, Miyaoka, R, Roque, M, Agarwal, A. Outcome of varicocele repair in men with nonobstructive azoospermia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J. Androl. 2016; 18:246–253.Google Scholar

Kirby, EW, Wiener, LE, Rajanahally, S, Crowell, K, Coward, RM. Undergoing varicocele repair before assisted reproduction improves pregnancy rate and live birth rate in azoospermic and oligospermic men with a varicocele: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil. Steril. 2016; 106:1338–1343.Google Scholar

Ramasamy, R, Yagan, N, Schlegel, PN. Structural and functional changes to the testis after conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Urology 2005; 65:1190–1194.Google Scholar

Tournaye, H, Verheyen, G, Nagy, P, et al. Are there any predictive factors for successful testicular sperm recovery in azoospermic patients? Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:80–86.Google Scholar

Verhoeven, G, Cailleau, J. Follicle-stimulating hormone and androgens increase the concentration of the androgen receptor in Sertoli cells. Endocrinology 1988; 122:1541–1550.Google Scholar

Kim, ED, Crosnoe, L, Bar-Chama, N, Khera, M, Lipshultz, L. The treatment of hypogonadism in men of reproductive age. Fertil. Steril. 2013; 99:718–724.Google Scholar

Pitteloud, N, Hayes, FJ, Dwyer, A, et al. Predictors of outcome of long-term GnRH therapy in men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002; 87:4128–4136.Google Scholar

Adamopoulos, DA, Pappa, A, Billa, E, et al. Effectiveness of combined tamoxifen citrate and testosterone undecanoate treatment in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia. Fertil. Steril. 2003; 80:914–920.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rodrigo, L, Rubio, C, Peinado, V, et al. Testicular sperm from patients with obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia: aneuploidy risk and reproductive prognosis using testicular sperm from fertile donors as control samples. Fertil. Steril. 2011; 95:1005–1012.Google Scholar

Vozdova, M, Heracek, J, Sobotka, V, Rubes, J. Testicular sperm aneuploidy in non-obstructive azoospermic patients. Hum. Reprod. 2012; 27:2233–2239.Google Scholar

Schlegel, PN. Male infertility: evaluation and sperm retrieval. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2006; 49:55–72.Google Scholar

Samli, H, Samli, MM, Solak, M, Imirzalioglu, N. Genetic anomalies detected in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and oligozoospermia. Arch. Androl. 2006; 52:263–267.Google Scholar

Pryor, JL, Kent-First, M, Muallem, A, et al. Microdeletions in the Y chromosome of infertile men. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 336:534–539.Google Scholar

Oates, RD, Silber, S, Brown, LG, Page, DC. Clinical characterization of 42 oligospermic or azoospermic men with microdeletion of the AZFc region of the Y chromosome, and of 18 children conceived via ICSI. Hum. Reprod. 2002; 17:2813–2824.Google Scholar

Hopps, CV, Mielnik, A, Goldstein, M, et al. Detection of sperm in men with Y chromosome microdeletions of the AZFa, AZFb and AZFc regions. Hum. Reprod. 2003; 18:1660–1665.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lee, SH, Ahn, SY, Lee, KW, et al. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection may lead to vertical transmission, expansion, and de novo occurrence of Y-chromosome microdeletions in male fetuses. Fertil. Steril. 2006; 85:1512–1515.Google Scholar

Practice Committee for the ASRM. Evaluation of the azoospermic male: a committee opinion. Fertil. Steril. 2018; 109:777–782.Google Scholar

References

Maung, HH. Ethical problems with ethnic matching in gamete donation. J. Med. Ethics 2019; 45:112–116.Google Scholar

Sauer, M, Paulson, R, Lobo, R. Pregnancy in women over 50 or more years: outcome of 22 consecutive established pregnancies from oocyte donation. Fertil. Steril. 1995; 64:111–115.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Isley, L, Falk, RE, Shamonki, J, Sims, CA, Callum, P. Management of the risks for inherited disease in donor-conceived offspring. Fertil. Steril. 2016;106:1479–1484.Google Scholar

Henneman, L, Borry, P, Chokoshvili, D, et al. Responsible implementation of expanded carrier screening. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2016; 24:e1–e12.Google Scholar

Martin, J, Asan, , Yi, Y, et al. Comprehensive carrier genetic test using next-generation deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing in infertile couples wishing to conceive through assisted reproductive technology. Fertil. Steril. 2015; 104:1286–1293.Google Scholar

Amor, DJ, Kerr, A, Somanathan, N, et al. Attitudes of sperm, egg and embryo donors and recipients towards genetic information and screening of donors. Reprod. Health 2018; 15:26.Google Scholar

Kenney, NJ, McGowan, ML. Looking back: egg donors’ retrospective evaluations of their motivations, expectations, and experiences during their first donation cycle. Fertil. Steril. 2008; 93:455–466.Google Scholar

Subak, LL, Adamson, GD, Boltz, NL. Therapeutic donor insemination: a prospective randomized trial of fresh versus frozen sperm. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1992; 166:1597–1604.Google Scholar

Amuzu, B, Laxova, R, Shapiro, SS. Pregnancy outcome, health of children, and family adjustment after donor insemination. Obstet. Gynecol. 1990; 75:899–905.Google Scholar

Sauer, M. Reproductive prohibition: restricting donor payment will lead to medical tourism. Hum. Reprod. 1997; 12:1844–1845.Google Scholar

Williams, RA, Machin, LL. Rethinking gamete donor care: a satisfaction survey of egg and sperm donors in the UK. Plos One 2018; 13:e0199971. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199971.Google Scholar

American Society for Reproductive Medicine.Guidelines for gamete and embryo donation. Fertil. Steril. 1998; 70:1S–4S.Google Scholar

Prateek, S, Sindhu, SG. Ethical and legal aspects in ART. In: Talwar, P, Sindhu, SG, eds., Step by Step Protocols in Clinical Embryology and ART. New Dehli: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. 1995; 441–461.Google Scholar

Linden, JV, Centola, G. New American Association of Tissue Banks standards for semen banking. Fertil. Steril. 1997; 68:597–600.Google Scholar

Trounson, A, Leeton, J, Besanko, M, Wood, C, Conti, A. Pregnancy established in an infertile patient after transfer of a donated embryo fertilised in vitro. Br. Med. J. 1983; 286:835–838.Google Scholar

Rosenwaks, Z. Donor eggs: their application in modern reproductive technologies. Fertil. Steril. 1987; 47:895–909.Google Scholar

Sauer, MV, Paulson, RJ, Lobo, RA. A preliminary report on oocyte donation extending reproductive potential to women over 40. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 232:1157–1160.Google Scholar

Domingues, TS, Aquino, AP, Barros, B, et al. Egg donation of vitrified oocytes bank produces similar pregnancy rates by blastocyst transfer when compared to fresh cycle. J. Assist. Reprod. Genet. 2017; 34:1553–1557.Google Scholar

Van Katwijk, C, Peeters, LL. Clinical aspects of pregnancy after age of 35 years: a review of the literature. Hum. Reprod. Update 1998; 4:185–194.Google Scholar

Sauer, M, Paulson, RJ, Lobo, R. Oocyte donation to women of advanced age: pregnancy results and obstetrical outcomes in patients 45 years and older. Hum. Reprod. 1996; 11:2540–2543.Google Scholar

Jacobsson, B, Ladfors, L, Milsom, I. Advanced maternal age and adverse perinatal outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. 2004; 104:727–733.Google Scholar

Simchen, MJ, Yinon, Y, Moran, O, Schiff, E, Sivan, E. Pregnancy outcome after age 50. Obstet. Gynecol. 2006; 108:1084–1088.Google Scholar

Cleary-Goldman, J, Malone, FD, Vidaver, J, et al. Impact of maternal age on obstetric outcome. Obstet. Gynecol. 2005; 105:983–990.Google Scholar

Joseph, KS, Allen, AC, Dodds, L, et al. The perinatal effects of delayed childbearing. Obstet. Gynecol. 2005; 105:1410–1418.Google Scholar

Schutte, JM, Schuitemaker, NW, Steegers, EA, van Roosmalen, J; Dutch Maternal Mortality Committee. Maternal death after oocyte donation at high maternal age: case report. Reprod. Health 2008; 5:12.Google Scholar

Cohen, J, Scott, R, Schimmel, T, Levron, J, Willadsen, S. Birth of infant donor after transfer of anucleate donor oocyte cytoplasm into recipient eggs. Lancet 1997; 350:186–187.Google Scholar

Cohen, J, Scott, R, Alikani, M, et al. Ooplasmic transfer in mature human oocytes. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 1998; 4:269–280.Google Scholar

Dale, B, Wilding, M, Botta, G, et al. Pregnancy after cytoplasmic transfer in a couple suffering from idiopathic infertility. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 16:1469–1472.Google Scholar

Soini, S, Ibarreta, D, Anastasiadou, V, et al. The interface between assisted reproductive technologies and genetics: technical, social, ethical and legal issues. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2006; 14:588–645.Google Scholar

St John, J. The control of mtDNA replication during differentiation and development. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2014; 1840:1345–1354.Google Scholar

Otten, AB, Smeets, HJ. Evolutionary defined role of the mitochondrial DNA in fertility, disease and ageing. Hum. Reprod. Update 2015; 21:671–689.Google Scholar

Scheibye-Knudsen, M, Fang, EF, Croteau, DL, Wilson, DM III, Bohr, VA. Protecting the mitochondrial powerhouse. Trends Cell Biol. 2015; 25:158–170.Google Scholar

Elliott, HR, Samuels, DC, Eden, JA, Relton, CL, Chinnery, PF. Pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations are common in the general population. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2008; 83:254–260.Google Scholar

Schaefer, AM, McFarland, R, Blakely, EL, et al. Prevalence of mitochondrial DNA disease in adults. Ann. Neurol. 2008; 63:35–39.Google Scholar

Trushina, E, McMurray, CT. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroscience 2007; 145:1233–1248.Google Scholar

Reeve, AK, Krishnan, KJ, Turnbull, D. Mitochondrial DNA mutations in disease, aging, and neurodegeneration. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008; 1147:21–29.Google Scholar

Keating, DJ. Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, regulation of exocytosis and their relevance to neurodegenerative diseases. J. Neurochem. 2008; 104:298–305.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Isasi, R, Kleiderman, E, Knoppers, BM. Genetic technology regulation. Editing policy to fit the genome? Science 2016; 351:337–339.Google Scholar

Tachibana, M, Sparman, M, Sritanaudomchai, H, et al. Mitochondrial gene replacement in primate offspring and embryonic stem cells. Nature 2009; 461:367–372.Google Scholar

Liu, CS, Chang, JC, Kuo, SJ, et al. Delivering healthy mitochondria for the therapy of mitochondrial diseases and beyond. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2014; 53:141–146.Google Scholar

Koopman, WJ, Willems, PH, Smeitink, JA. Monogenic mitochondrial disorders. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 366:1132–1141.Google Scholar

Wolf, DP, Mitalipov, N, Mitalipov, S. Mitochondrial replacement therapy in reproductive medicine. Trends Mol. Med. 2015; 21:68–76.Google Scholar

Darbandi, S, Darbandi, M, Khorshid, HRK, et al. Experimental strategies towards increasing intracellular mitochondrial activity in oocytes: a systematic review. Mitochondrion 2016; 30:8–17.Google Scholar

Woods, DC, Tilly, JL. Autologous germline mitochondrial energy transfer (AUGMENT) in human assisted reproduction. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2015; 33:410–421.Google Scholar

Fakih, MHSM, Szeptycki, J, dela Cruz, DB, et al. The AUGMENT treatment: physician reported outcomes of the initial global patient experience. JFIV Reprod. Med. Genet. 2015; 3:154.CrossRef Google Scholar

Boucret, L, Bris, C, Seegers, V, et al. Deep sequencing shows that oocytes are not prone to accumulate mtDNA heteroplasmic mutations during ovarian ageing. Hum. Reprod. 2017; 32:2101–2109.Google Scholar

Liu, S, Li, Y, Gao, X, Yan, JH, Chen, ZJ. Changes in the distribution of mitochondria before and after in vitro maturation of human oocytes and the effect of in vitro maturation on mitochondria distribution. Fertil. Steril. 2010; 93:1550–1555.Google Scholar

Wilding, M, Dale, B, Marino, M, et al. Mitochondrial aggregation patterns and activity in human oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Hum. Reprod. 2001; 16:909–917.Google Scholar

Van Blerkom, J, Davis, P, Alexander, S. Differential mitochondrial distribution in human pronuclear embryos leads to disproportionate inheritance between blastomeres: relationship to microtubular organization, ATP content and competence. Hum. Reprod. 2000; 15:2621–2633.Google Scholar

Paull, D, Emmanuele, V, Weiss, KA, et al. Nuclear genome transfer in human oocytes eliminates mitochondrial DNA variants. Nature 2013; 493:632–637.Google Scholar

Craven, L, Tuppen, HA, Greggains, GD, et al. Pronuclear transfer in human embryos to prevent transmission of mitochondrial DNA disease. Nature 2010; 465:82–85.Google Scholar

Shenfield, F, Pennings, G, Cohen, J, et al. ESHRE Task Force on ethics and law 10: surrogacy. Hum. Reprod. 2005; 20:2705–2707.Google Scholar

Blake, L, Carone, N, Raffanello, E, et al. Gay fathers’ motivations for and feelings about surrogacy as a path to parenthood. Hum. Reprod. 2017; 32:860–867.Google Scholar

Murphy, DA. The desire for parenthood: gay men choosing to become parents through surrogacy. J. Fam. Issues 2013; 34:1104–1124.Google Scholar

Lindenman, E, Shepard, MK, Pescovitz, OH. Müllerian agenesis: an update. Obstet. Gynecol. 1997; 90:307–312.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Beale, JM, Creighton, SM. Long-term health issues related to disorders or differences in sex development/intersex. Maturitas 2016; 94:143–148.Google Scholar

Aflatoonian, N, Eftekhar, M, Aflatoonian, B, Rahmani, E, Aflatoonian, A. Surrogacy as a good option for treatment of repeated implantation failure: a case series. Iran. J. Reprod. Med. 2013; 11:77–80.Google Scholar

Wang, AY, Dill, SK, Bowman, M, Sullivan, EA. Gestational surrogacy in Australia 2004–2011: treatment, pregnancy and birth outcomes. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2016; 56:255–259.Google Scholar

Blyth, E, Landau, R. (Eds.) Third Party Assisted Conception Across Cultures: Social, Legal and Ethical Perspectives. London; New York: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. 2004.Google Scholar

Thompson, C. Making Parents: The Ontological Choreography of Reproductive Technologies. Cambridge; London: MIT Press. 2005.Google Scholar

Jennings, S, Mellish, L, Tasker, F, Lamb, M, Golombok, S. Why adoption? Gay, lesbian, and heterosexual adoptive parents’ reproductive experiences and reasons for adoption. Adopt. Q 2014; 17:205–226.Google Scholar

Book contents

Section 2 - Assisted Reproductive Procedures

Summary

Access options

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive