Book contents
- Quaternary of the Levant
- Quaternary of the Levant
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- 1 The Quaternary of the Levant
- Part I: The Evolution of Current Landscapes and Basins
- Part II: Palaeoclimates
- Part III: Archaeology of Human Evolution
- Part IV: Palaeoecology
- Part V: Quaternary Geomorphology
- Part VI: Humans in the Levant
- 59 The Acheulian of the Levant
- 60 The Palaeolithic Sequence in Southeast Turkey
- 61 Lower and Middle Palaeolithic of Lebanon
- 62 The Lower Palaeolithic of Syria
- 63 The Lower Palaeolithic of Jordan
- 64 The Middle Palaeolithic of Southern Jordan
- 65 Middle Palaeolithic Open-Air Sites
- 66 A Hominid ‘Archetype’
- 67 Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the Levant: An Overview
- 68 Human Fossils from the Upper Palaeolithic through the Early Holocene
- 69 The Initial Upper Palaeolithic in the Levant
- 70 The Upper Palaeolithic in Cisjordan
- 71 The Early and Middle Epipalaeolithic of Cisjordan
- 72 The Early Epipalaeolithic in the Eastern Levant
- 73 The Upper and Epipalaeolithic of Southern Jordan
- 74 The Upper and Epipalaeolithic of the Azraq Basin, Jordan
- 75 Late Quaternary Refugia, Aggregations, and Palaeoenvironments in the Azraq Basin, Jordan
- 76 The Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Lebanon
- 77 The Natufian Culture
- 78 The Natufian Period in Syria
- 79 Natufian and Early Neolithic in the Black Desert, Eastern Jordan
- 80 The Archaeology of Early Farming in Southeast Turkey
- 81 Early Agriculture in the Southern Levant
- 82 Domesticating Plants in the Near East
- 83 The Neolithic of Southern Jordan
- 84 The Beginning of Animal Domestication and Husbandry in Southwest Asia
- 85 Environmental Change and Society in Holocene Prehistory
- Index
- Plate section
- References
69 - The Initial Upper Palaeolithic in the Levant
from Part VI: - Humans in the Levant
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 04 May 2017
Book contents
- Quaternary of the Levant
- Quaternary of the Levant
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Acknowledgements
- 1 The Quaternary of the Levant
- Part I: The Evolution of Current Landscapes and Basins
- Part II: Palaeoclimates
- Part III: Archaeology of Human Evolution
- Part IV: Palaeoecology
- Part V: Quaternary Geomorphology
- Part VI: Humans in the Levant
- 59 The Acheulian of the Levant
- 60 The Palaeolithic Sequence in Southeast Turkey
- 61 Lower and Middle Palaeolithic of Lebanon
- 62 The Lower Palaeolithic of Syria
- 63 The Lower Palaeolithic of Jordan
- 64 The Middle Palaeolithic of Southern Jordan
- 65 Middle Palaeolithic Open-Air Sites
- 66 A Hominid ‘Archetype’
- 67 Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the Levant: An Overview
- 68 Human Fossils from the Upper Palaeolithic through the Early Holocene
- 69 The Initial Upper Palaeolithic in the Levant
- 70 The Upper Palaeolithic in Cisjordan
- 71 The Early and Middle Epipalaeolithic of Cisjordan
- 72 The Early Epipalaeolithic in the Eastern Levant
- 73 The Upper and Epipalaeolithic of Southern Jordan
- 74 The Upper and Epipalaeolithic of the Azraq Basin, Jordan
- 75 Late Quaternary Refugia, Aggregations, and Palaeoenvironments in the Azraq Basin, Jordan
- 76 The Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Lebanon
- 77 The Natufian Culture
- 78 The Natufian Period in Syria
- 79 Natufian and Early Neolithic in the Black Desert, Eastern Jordan
- 80 The Archaeology of Early Farming in Southeast Turkey
- 81 Early Agriculture in the Southern Levant
- 82 Domesticating Plants in the Near East
- 83 The Neolithic of Southern Jordan
- 84 The Beginning of Animal Domestication and Husbandry in Southwest Asia
- 85 Environmental Change and Society in Holocene Prehistory
- Index
- Plate section
- References
Summary
This chapter summarizes the Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP) (~47-40 ka) of the Levant, frequently used in discussing what might have (a) been involved in the transition from the Middle Palaeolithic, and more important, (b) made the adaptations of modern humans different from those of Neanderthals who also had lived in the Levant. A brief overview of some of the main sites: Boker Tachtit, Tor Sadaf, Mughr al-Hamamah, Ksar ‘Akil, Umm el-Tlel, and Üçağızli Cave, is followed by a discussion of the place of the IUP in understanding behavioural variability in the Levant.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Quaternary of the LevantEnvironments, Climate Change, and Humans, pp. 621 - 626Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2017
References
Azoury, I. 1986. Ksar Akil, Lebanon. A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Transitional and Early Upper Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil and Abu Halka. Vol. 1: Levels XXV–XII, BAR International Series 289. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.Google Scholar
Bergman, C.A. 1987. Ksar Akil, Lebanon: A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Later Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil. Vol. II: Levels XIII–VI, BAR International Series 329. Oxford: British Archaeo-logical Reports.Google Scholar
Boëda, E. & Bonilauri, S. 2006. The Intermediate Paleolithic: The first bladelet production 40,000 years ago. Anthropologie 44: 75–92.Google Scholar
Boëda, E. & Muhesen, S. 1993. Umm el Tlel (el Kowm, Syrie): étude préliminaire des industries lithiques du Paléolithique moyen et supérieur. Cahiers de l'Euphrate 7: 47–91.Google Scholar
Bourguignon, L. 1998. Les industries du Paléolithique intermédiaire d'Umm el Tlel: nouveaux elements pour le passage entre Paléolithique moyen et supérieur. In Préhistoires d'Anatolie. Genèse de deux mondes: Anatolian Prehistory at the Crossroads of Two Worlds, Volume II, ed. Otte, M., ERAUL 85. Liège: Université de Liège, pp. 709–30.Google Scholar
Coinman, N.R., Olszewski, D.I., Abdo, K. et al. 1999. The Eastern al-Hasa Late Pleistocene Project: Preliminary report on the 1998 season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 43: 9–25.Google Scholar
Copeland, L. 1975. The Middle and Upper Paleolithic of Lebanon and Syria in the light of recent research. In Problems in Prehistory: North Africa and the Levant, ed. Wendorf, F. & Close, A.E.. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, pp. 317–50.Google Scholar
Copeland, L. 1986. Introduction to Volume I. In Ksar Akil, Lebanon. A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Transitional and Early Upper Palaeolithic Levels of Ksar Akil and Abu Halka. Vol. 1: Levels XXV–XII, ed. Azoury, I., BAR International Series 289(i). Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 1–24.Google Scholar
Copeland, L. 2000. Forty-six Emireh points from the Lebanon in the context of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Levant. Paléorient 26: 73–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douka, K., Bergman, C.A., Hedges, R.E.M., Wesselingh, F.P. & Higham, T.F.G. 2013. Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and implications for the colonization of Europe by anatomically modern humans. PLoS One 8: e72931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ewing, J.F. 1963. A probable Neanderthaloid from Ksar ‘Akil, Lebanon. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 21: 101–4.Google Scholar
Ewing, J.F. 1966. A correction. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 24: 275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, J.R. 2003. The Tor Sadaf lithic assemblages: A technological study of the Early Upper Palaeolithic in the Wadi al-Hasa. In More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, ed. Goring-Morris, A.N. & Belfer-Cohen, A.. Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 80–94.Google Scholar
Fox, J.R. & Coinman, N.R. 2004. Emergence of the Levantine Upper Paleo-lithic: evidence from the Wadi al-Hasa. In The Early Upper Paleo-lithic beyond Western Europe, ed. Brantingham, P.J., Kuhn, S.L. & Kerry, K.W.. Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 97–112.Google Scholar
Garrod, D.A.E. 1955. Mugharet el-Emireh in the lower Galilee: Type-station of the Emiran industry. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 85: 141–62.Google Scholar
Gilead, I. 1981. Upper Palaeolithic tool assemblages from the Negev and Sinai. In Préhistorie du Levant, ed. Cauvin, J.. Paris: Colloques internationaux du Centre national de la recherché scientifique no. 598, pp. 331–42.Google Scholar
Hershkovitz, I., Marder, O., Ayalon, A. et al. 2015. Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans. Nature 520: 216–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holdaway, S.J. & Wandsnider, L. 2006. Temporal scales and archaeologic-al landscapes from the Eastern Desert of Australia and intermontane North America. In Confronting Scale in Archaeology: Issues of Theory and Practice, ed. Lock, G. & Molyneaux, B.L.. New York: Springer, pp. 183–202.Google Scholar
Hooijer, D.A. 1961. The fossil vertebrates of Ksâr ‘Akil, a Palaeolithic rock shelter in the Lebanon. Zoologische Verhandelingen 49: 1–68.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L. 2013. Questions of complexity and scale in explanations for cultural transitions in the Pleistocene: A case study from the Early Upper Paleolithic. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 20: 194–211.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L. & Zwyns, N. 2014. Rethinking the Initial Upper Paleolithic. Quaternary International 347: 29–38.Google Scholar
Kuhn, S.L., Stiner, M.C. & Güleç, E. 1999. Initial Upper Paleolithic in south-central Turkey and its regional context: A preliminary report. Antiquity 73: 505–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, S.L., Stiner, M.C., Reese, D.S. & Güleç, E. 2001. Ornaments of the earliest Upper Paleolithic: New insights from the Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 98: 7641–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhn, S.L., Stiner, M.C., Güleç, E. et al. 2009. The Early Upper Paleolithic occupations at Üçağılı Cave (Hatay, Turkey). Journal of Human Evolution 56: 87–113.Google Scholar
Lombard, M. 2012. Thinking through the Middle Stone Age of sub-Saharan Africa. Quaternary International 270: 140–55.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. 1981. Upper Paleolithic of the Levant. Synthesis. In Préhistorie du Levant, ed. Cauvin, J.. Paris: Colloques internationaux du Centre national de la recherché scientifique no. 598, pp. 369–72.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. 1983a. The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Levant. Advances in World Archaeology 2: 51–98.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. 1983b. The sites of Boker Tachtit and Boker: A brief introduction. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. III: The Avdat/Aqev Area, Part 3, ed. Marks, A.E.. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, pp. 15–37.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. 1993. The Early Upper Paleolithic: The view from the Levant. In Before Lascaux: The Complex Record of the Early Upper Paleo-lithic, ed. Knecht, H., Pike-Tay, A. & White, R.. Boca Raton: CRC Press, pp. 5–21.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. & Ferring, C.R. 1988. The Early Upper Paleolithic of the Levant. In The Early Upper Paleolithic: Evidence from Europe and the Near East, ed. Hoffecker, J.E. & Wolf, C.A.. BAR Inter-national Series 437. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, pp. 43–72.Google Scholar
Marks, A.E. & Kaufman, D. 1983. Boker Tachtit: The Artifacts. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. III: The Avdat/Aqev Area, Part 3, ed. Marks, A.E.. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, pp. 69–125.Google Scholar
Ohnuma, K. & Bergman, C.A. 1990. A technological analysis of the Upper Palaeolithic levels (XXV–VI) of Ksar Akil, Lebanon. In The Emergence of Modern Humans. An Archaeological Perspective, ed. Mellars, P.. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 91–138.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I. 2009. Comparing Middle to Upper Paleolithic transitions in the Middle East and Egypt. In Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions: Methods, Theories, and Interpretations, ed. Camps, M. & Chauhan, P.. New York: Springer, pp. 315–32.Google Scholar
Olszewski, D.I., Coinman, N.R., Schuldenrein, J. et al. 1998. The Eastern al-Hasa Late Pleistocene Project: Preliminary report on the 1997 season. Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 42: 53–74.Google Scholar
Ploux, S. & Soriano, S. 2003. Umm el Tlel, une sequence du Paléolithique supérieur en Syrie central. Industries lithiques et chronologie culturelle. Paléorient 29: 5–34.Google Scholar
Shea, J.J. 2013. Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic of the Near East: A Guide. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stutz, A.J., Stutz, L.N., Arpin, T. et al. 2012. Mughr el-Hamamah. American Journal of Archaeology, 116: 697–9.Google Scholar
Stutz, A.J., Shea, J.J., Rech, J.A. et al. 2015 . Early Upper Paleo-lithic chronology in the Levant: New ABOx-SC accelerator mass spectrometry results from the Mughr el-Hamamah site, Jordan. Journal of Human Evolution.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volkman, P. 1983. Boker Tachtit: Core reconstructions. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol. III: The Avdat/Aqev Area, Part 3, ed. Marks, A.E.. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, pp. 127–90.Google Scholar
Volkman, P. & Kaufman, D. 1983. A reassessment of the Emireh point as a possible guide-fossil for the technological shift from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in the Levant. In The Mousterian Legacy, ed. Trinkaus, E., BAR International Series 164. Oxford: British Archaeo-logical Reports, pp. 39–52.Google Scholar
- 3
- Cited by