MARPOL, Convention of IMO, Annex VI, 2008.Google Scholar

MCA, Maritime and Coastguard Agency, Merchant Shipping Notice 1819 (M + F), 2008.Google Scholar

Mizokami, S., Kawakita, C., Kodan, Y., Tanaka, S., Higasa, S. and Shigenaga, R. Experimental study of air lubrication method and verification of effects on actual hull by means of sea trials. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Technical Review, Vol. 47, No. 3, September 2010, pp. 41–47.Google Scholar

Kawabuchi, M., Kawakita, C., Mizokami, S., Higasa, S., Kodan, Y. and Takano, S. CFD prediction of bubbly flow around an energy-saving ship with Mitsubishi air lubrication system. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Technical Review, Vol. 48, No. 1, March, 2011, pp. 53–57.Google Scholar

Anonymous. The efficacy of air-bubble lubrication for decreasing friction resistance. Maritech News, MARIN, 2011, pp. 118–123.Google Scholar

Anonymous. A smoother path to air lubrication. The Naval Architect, RINA, London. February 2016, pp. 61–63.Google Scholar

Dyne, G. The efficiency of a propeller in uniform flow. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 136, 1994, pp. 105–129.Google Scholar

Dyne, G. The principles of propulsion optimisation. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 137, 1995, pp. 189–208.Google Scholar

Molland, A.F., Turnock, S.R., Hudson, D.A. and Utama, I.K.A.P. Reducing ship emissions: a review of potential practical improvements in the propulsive efficiency of future ships. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 156, 2014, pp. 175–188.Google Scholar

Lee, S.-K., Hsieh, Y.-F. and Zhou, Z. Propeller energy loss reutilization for full form ship propulsion. 11th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries, COMPIT’2012, Liege, 2012, pp. 460–474.Google Scholar

Winters, R.D.E. Application of a large propeller to a container ship with keel drag. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 140, 1998, pp. 115–130.Google Scholar

Seo, K.-C., Atlar, M. and Sampson, R. Hydrodynamic development of inclined keel – Resistance. Ocean Engineering, No. 47, 2012, pp. 7–18.Google Scholar

Seo, K.-C., Atlar, M. and Wang, D. Hydrodynamic development of inclined keel hull – Propulsion. Ocean Engineering. Vol. 63, 2013, pp. 7–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andersen, S.V. and Andersen, P. Hydrodynamic design of propellers with unconventional geometry. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects. Vol. 129, 1987, pp. 201–221.Google Scholar

Andersen, P. and Schwanecke, , Design, H. of model tests of tip fin propellers. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 134, 1992, pp. 315–328.Google Scholar

Inukai, Y. A development of a propeller with backward tip raked fin. Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Marine Propulsion, SMP’13, Tasmania, Australia, 2013, pp. 143–148.Google Scholar

Dyne, G. On the principles of propellers with end plates. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 147, 2005, pp. 213–223.Google Scholar

Hochkirch, K. and Bertram, V. Slow steaming bulbous bow optimisation for a large container ship. Eighth International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries, COMPIT’09, Budapest, 2009, pp. 390–398.Google Scholar

Lackenby, H. and Parker, M.N. The BSRA Methodical Series – An overall presentation: variation of resistance with breadth-draught ratio and length-displacement ratio. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 108, 1966, pp. 363–388.Google Scholar

Larsen, N.L., Simonsen, C.L., Neilsen, C.K. and Holm, C.R. Understanding the physics of trim. Ninth Annual Green Ship Technology Conference, Copenhagen, March 2012.Google Scholar

Reichel, M., Minchev, A. and Larsen, N.L. Trim optimisation: theory and practice. TransNav, International Journal of Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2014, pp. 387–392.Google Scholar

Hansen, H. and Freund, M. Assistance tools for operational efficiency. Ninth International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries, COMPIT’10, Gubbio, 2010, pp. 356–366.Google Scholar

Hansen, H. and Hochkirch, K. Lean ECO: assistant production for trim optimisation. 12th International Conference on Computer and IT Applications in the Maritime Industries, COMPIT’2013, Cortona, Italy, 2013, pp. 76–84.Google Scholar

Candries, M. and Atlar, M. On the drag and roughness characteristics of antifoulings. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 145, 2003, pp. 107–132.Google Scholar

Demirel, Y.K., Turan, O., Incecik, A. et al. Experimental determination of the roughness functions of marine coatings. Proceedings of the Shipping in Changing Climates Conference, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 2015, pp. 319–331.Google Scholar

ITTC. Report of the Specialist Committee on Surface Treatment. 26th International Towing Tank Conference, Rio de Janeiro, 2011.Google Scholar

Townsin, R.L., Byrne, D., Milne, A. and Svensen, T. E. Speed, power and roughness: the economics of outer bottom maintenance. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 122, 1980, pp. 459–483.Google Scholar

Townsin, R.L., Byrne, D., Svensen, T.E. and Milne, A. Estimating the technical and economic penalties of hull and propeller roughness. Transactions of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Vol. 89, 1981, pp. 295–318.Google Scholar

Townsin, R.L., Byrne, D., Svensen, T.E. and Milne, A. Fuel economy due to improvements in ship hull roughness 1976–1986. International Shipbuilding Progress, Vol. 33, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schultz, M.P., Bendick, J.A., Holm, E.R. and Hertel, W.M. Economic impact of biofouling on a naval surface ship. Biofouling, Vol. 27, January 2011, pp. 87–98.Google Scholar

Kellett, P., Mizzi, K., Demirel, Y.K. and Turan, O. Investigating the roughness effect of biofouling on propeller performance. Proceedings of the Shipping in Changing Climates Conference, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 2015, pp. 333–345.Google Scholar

IMO International Convention for Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments. 2004.Google Scholar

Ballast Water Treatment Technology. www.ballastwatermanagement.co.uk (accessed January, 2017).Google Scholar

Satchwell, C.J. Windship technology and its application to motor ships. Transations of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 131, 1989, pp. 105–120.Google Scholar

Shao, W., Zhou, P. and Thong, S.K. Development of a novel forward dynamic method for weather routeing. Journal of Marine Science Technology, 2011.Google Scholar

Van Terwisga, T. On the working principles of energy saving devices. Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Marine Propulsors, SMP’13, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia, 2013, pp. 510–517.Google Scholar

ITTC Report of Specialist Committee on Unconventional Propulsors. 22nd International Towing Tank Conference, Seoul/Shanghai, 1999.Google Scholar

Xing-Kaeding, Y., Gatchell, S. and Streckwall, H. Towards practical design optimisation of pre-swirl device and its life cycle assessment. Proceedings of Fourth International Symposium on Marine Propulsors, SMP’15, Austin, Texas, USA, 2015, pp. 317–328.Google Scholar

Zondervan, G.-J., Holtrop, J. and van Terwisga, T. On the design and analysis of pre-swirl stators for single and twin screw ships. Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Marine Propulsors, SMP’11, Hamburg, Germany, 2011, pp. 197–204.Google Scholar

Guiard, T., Leonard, S. and Mewis, F. The Becker Mewis Duct®: Challenges in full-scale design and new developments for fast ships. Proceedings of Third International Symposium on Marine Propulsors, SMP’13, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia, 2013, pp. 519–527.Google Scholar

Anonymous. Development of the asymmetric stern and service results. The Naval Architect. RINA, London, 1985, p. E181.Google Scholar

Dang, J., Hao, C., Rueda, L. and Willemsen, H. Integrated design of asymmetric aftbody and propeller for an Aframax tanker to maximise energy efficiency. Proceedings of Fourth International Symposium on Marine Propulsors, SMP’15, Austin, Texas, USA, 2015, pp. 355–365.Google Scholar

Motozuna, K. and Hieda, S. Basic design of an energy saving ship. Proceedings of Ship Costs and Energy Symposium’82, SNAME, New York, 1982, pp. 327–353.Google Scholar

Molland, A.F. and Turnock, S.R. Marine Rudders and Control Surfaces. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 2007.Google Scholar

Shen, Y.T., Jiang, C.W. and Remmers, K.D. A twisted rudder for reduced cavitation. Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 41, No. 4, December 1997, pp. 260–272.Google Scholar

Ahn, K., Choi, G.-H., Son, D.-I. and Rhee, K.-P. Hydrodynamic characteristics of X-Twisted rudder for large container vessels. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 4, 2012, pp. 322–334.Google Scholar

Kim, J.-H., Choi, J.-E., Choi, B.-J. and Chung, S.-H. Twisted rudder for reducing fuel consumption. International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 6, 2014, pp. 715–722.Google Scholar

Anonymous. Twisted spade rudders for large fast vessels. The Naval Architect, RINA, London, September 2004, pp. 49–50.Google Scholar

Anonymous. The integrated propulsion manoeuvring system. Ship and Boat International, RINA, London, September/October, 2008.Google Scholar

Atlar, M., and Patience, G. An investigation into effective boss cap designs to eliminate hub vortex cavitation. Proceedings of PRADS’98, The Hague, 1998.Google Scholar

Katayama, K., Okada, Y. and Okazaki, A. Optimisation of the propeller with ECO-cap by CFD. Proceedings of Fourth International Symposium on Marine Propulsors, SMP’15, Austin, Texas, USA, 2015, pp. 383–388.Google Scholar

Hansen, H.R., Dinham-Peren, T. and Nojiri, T. Model and full scale evaluation of a ‘Propeller Boss Cap Fins’ device fitted to an Aframax tanker. Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Marine Propulsors, SMP’11, Hamburg, Germany, 2011, pp. 186–196.Google Scholar

Druckenbrod, M., Wang, K., Greitsch, L., Heinke, H.-J. and Abdel-Maksoud, M. Development of hub caps fitted with PBCF. Proceedings of Fourth International Symposium on Marine Propulsors, SMP’15, Austin, Texas, USA, 2015, pp. 75–382.Google Scholar

RINA. Proceedings of the Symposium on Wind Propulsion of Commercial Ships. The Royal Institution of Naval Architects, London, 1980.Google Scholar

Windtech’85. International Symposium on Windship Technology. University of Southampton, UK, 1985.Google Scholar

Allwright, G. and MacLaine, M. Commercial wind propulsion solutions: putting the ‘sail’ back into sailing. Proceedings of the Shipping in Changing Climates Conference, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 2015, pp. 365–372.Google Scholar

Register, Lloyds. Wind powered shipping: a review of the commercial, regulatory and technical factors affecting uptake of wind-assisted propulsion. Lloyds Register Marine, London, February, 2015.Google Scholar

Ouchi, K., Uzawa, K. and Kanai, A. Huge hard wing sails for the propulsor of next generation sailing vessel. Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Marine Propulsors, SMP’11, Hamburg, Germany, 2011, pp. 387–391.Google Scholar

Anonymous. Christening and launch of ‘E-Ship1’ in Kiel. The Naval Architect, RINA, London, September, 2008, p. 43.Google Scholar

Anonymous. Spinning magic. The Naval Architect, RINA, London, November 2015, pp. 26–30.Google Scholar

Anonymous. Skysails hails latest data. The Naval Architect, RINA, London, September, 2008, pp. 55–57.Google Scholar

Schlaak, M., Kreutzer, R. and Elsner, R. Simulating possible savings of the Skysails-system on international merchant ship fleets. Transactions of the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, Vol. 151, 2009, pp. 207–219.Google Scholar

Dadd, G.M., Hudson, D.A. and Shenoi, R.A. Comparison of two kite force models with experiment. Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 47, 1, 2010, pp. 212–224.Google Scholar

Dadd, G.M., Hudson, D.A. and Shenoi, R.A. Determination of kite forces using three-dimensional flight trajectories for ship propulsion. Renewable Energy, Vol. 36, 10, 2011, pp. 2667–2678.Google Scholar

Bøckmann, E. and Steen, S. Wind turbine propulsion of ships. Proceedings of Second International Symposium on Marine Propulsors, SMP’11, Hamburg, Germany, 2011, pp. 377–386.Google Scholar

Bose, N. Marine Powering Prediction and Propulsors. The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, New York, 2008.Google Scholar

Townsend, N.C. Self powered autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs): results from a gyroscopic energy scavenging prototype. IET Renewable Power Generation, 2016, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar

Townsend, N.C. and Shenoi, R.A. Feasibility study of a new energy scavenging system for an autonomous underwater vehicle. Autonomous Robots, 2015, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar

Molland, A.F. and Hawksley, G.J. An investigation of propeller performance and machinery applications in wind assisted ships. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 20, 1985, pp. 143–168.Google Scholar

Anonymous. LPG-fuelled fleet gains greater dimension. Marine Power and Propulsion: Supplement to The Naval Architect, RINA, London, 2015.Google Scholar

Future ship powering options. Report of the Royal Academy of Engineering. London, 2013.Google Scholar

Dedes, E., Hudson, D.A. and Turnock, S.R. Assessing the potential of hybrid energy technology to reduce exhaust emissions from global shipping. Energy Policy, No. 40, 2012, pp. 204–218.Google Scholar

Anonymous. Growing niche for battery power. Marine Power and Propulsion: Supplement to The Naval Architect, RINA, London, 2015.Google Scholar

Anonymous. Danes move to build E-Ferry demonstrator. Marine Power and Propulsion: Supplement to The Naval Architect, RINA, London, 2015.Google Scholar

IMO. Amendments to the Annex of MARPOL 73/78: Inclusion of regulations on energy efficiency for ships in MARPOL Annex VI, MEPC 203(62), 2011.Google Scholar

IMO. Guidelines on the method of calculation of the attained Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) for new ships. Resolution of the Marine Environment Protection Committee, MEPC 212(63), 2012.Google Scholar

IMO. Guidelines on survey and certification of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). Resolution of the Marine Environment Protection Committee, MEPC 214(63), 2012.Google Scholar

ISO. Guidelines for the assessment of speed and power performance by analysis of speed trial data. ISO 15016:2015, 2015.Google Scholar

IMO. 2013 Interim guidelines for determining minimum propulsion power to maintain manoeuvrability of ships in adverse conditions. Resolution of the Marine Environment Protection Committee, MEPC 232(65), 2013.Google Scholar

IMO. Amendment to 2013 Interim guidelines for determining minimum propulsion power to maintain manoeuvrability of ships in adverse conditions. Resolution of the Marine Environment Protection Committee, MEPC 262(68), 2015.Google Scholar