Chapter six looks at how challenges to colonial secularism coalesced into a broad effort to theorize Islamic forms of economy and social justice during the decades immediately before and after independence. Traversing fields from academic research to popular politics, Muslims began to insist on the relevance of religious ethics to material concerns, arguments undergirded by emphasis on the rationality of Islam. Yet efforts to translate these ideas into concrete political reforms foundered. During debates over the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act of 1937, a focus on religious identity sidelined earlier efforts to use the bill to promote economic equality among Muslims, and especially Muslim women. Similarly, Pakistan’s first constitution exempted economic matters from its Islamic provisions. The chapter concludes by considering how the political demise of Islamic social justice was linked to a broader failure to rethink forms of sovereignty and governance that historically undergirded colonial secularism.