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Chap. 41 - FILLERS AND NEUROTOXINS IN SOUTH AMERICA

from PART THREE - FILLERS AND NEUROTOXINS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 July 2010

By
Arturo Prado ,
Patricio Andrades  and
Patricio Leniz
Edited by
Sorin Eremia
Sorin Eremia
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine
Get access

Summary

Fillers

Better fillers will become available for clinical use, and they should accomplish the golden rule of absolute safety (but this corresponds to the perfect filler, which is yet to be discovered). Available products correct wrinkles and provide volume and have the advantage of off-the-shelf use and no donor site morbidity, but their longevity and side effects still cannot be guaranteed. The perfect filler should be safe, autogenous, dynamic, resistant to the aging process, and long lasting or permanent, with no immunologic or toxic effects.

We have classified fillers in the following way:

  1. transient, with a duration up to eighteen months

  2. long lasting or semipermanent, with a duration up to or more than five years

  3. permanent

As to their origin, they can be derived by one of the following means:

  1. Fillers can be animal-derived collagen products (Zyderm/Zyplast, Inamed/Aesthetics) with transient results. These were available for some years in Chile, but surgeons were reluctant to conduct the required allergy tests, by which they feared to lose patients.

  2. Fillers can be allogenic human collagen products (Cosmoderm/Cosmoplast, Inamed/Aesthetics; Alloderm as a decellularized dermal allograft, Cymetra, LifeCell Corp.; preserved-bank fascia lata, Fascian, Fascia Biosystems) with long-lasting results, but these are very expensive, and expense is the most likely reason why they have little popularity in South America.

  3. Fillers can be synthetic materials that derive from fermentation of a bacterial strain streptococcus, giving stabilized hyaluronic acid of nonanimal origin (Restylane/Perlane, Q-Med; Captique, Inamed/Aesthetics; Puragen, Mentor; Juvéderm, Leaderm; Teosyal, Belotero, Varioderm, Rofilan, Esthelis, and others). All have only transient results and are extensively used in South America, but our patients think that they could last longer based on the cost-effect concept (their cost being higher than the cost of collagen-based materials).

  4. […]

Type
Chapter
Information
Office-Based Cosmetic Procedures and Techniques , pp. 179 - 186
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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References

Andre, P. Evaluation of the safety of a non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid in European countries: a retrospective study from 1997–2001. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2004;18:422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, KE, Naughton, G, Cassai, N. A histological, immunological, and electron microscopic study of bovine collagen implants in the human. Ann. Plast. Surg. 1985;14:515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, SR, Holmes, RE. Artecoll: a long-lasting injectable wrinkle filler material. Report of a controlled, randomized, multicenter clinical trial of 251 subjects. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2004;114:964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, PM, Mafong, EA, ANB, Kauvar, Geronemus, RG. Safety data of injectable nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid gel for soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol. Surg. 2002;28:491.Google ScholarPubMed
,Inamed Corporation. Product information sheet on CosmoDerm and CosmoPlast. Santa Barbara, CA: Inamed Corp; 2003.Google Scholar
Kanchwala, SK, Holloway, L, Bucky, LP. Reliable soft tissue augmentation: a clinical comparison of injectable soft tissue fillers for facial volume augmentation. Ann. Plast. Surg. 2005;55:30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MA, Kane. Treatment of tear trough deformity and lower lid bowing with injectable hyaluronic acid. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 2005;29:363.Google Scholar
Lemperle, G, Morhenn, V, Charrier, U. Human histology and persistence of various injectable filler substances for soft tissue augmentation. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 2003;27:354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindqvist, C, Treten, S, Bondevile, BE, Fagrell, D. A randomized evaluator, blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Perlane versus Zyplast in the correction of nasolabial folds. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2005;115:282.Google ScholarPubMed
Lowe, NJ, Maxwell, CA, Lowe, P, Duick, MG, Shah, K. Hyaluronic acid skin fillers: adverse reactions and skin testing. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2001;45:930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manna, F, Dentini, M, Desideri, P, DePita, O, Mortilla, E, Maras, B. Comparative chemical evaluation of two commercially available derivatives of hyaluronic acid used for soft tissue augmentation. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 1999;13:183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monheit, GD. Hyalaform: a new injectable hyaluronic acid filler. Facial Plast. Surg. 2004;20:153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narins, RS, Bowman, PH. Injectable skin fillers. Clin. Plast. Surg. 2005;32:151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narins, RS, Brandt, F, Leyden, J, Lorenc, ZP, Rubin, M, Smith, S. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Restylane versus Zyplast for the correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol. Surg. 2003;29:588.Google ScholarPubMed
Ahn, MS, Catten, M, Maas, CS. Temporal brow lift using botulinum toxin A. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2000;105:1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker-Wegerich, P, Rauch, L, Ruzicka, T. Botulinum toxin A in the therapy of mimic facial lines. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2001;26:619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blitzer, A, Brin, MF, Keen, MS, et al. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borodic, GE, Cozzolino, D, Ferrante, R, et al. Innervation zone of orbicularis oculi muscle and implications for botulinum A toxin therapy. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1991;7:54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandt, FS, Bellman, B. Cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin for the aging neck. Dermatol. Surg. 1998;24:1232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MF, Brin. Botulinum toxin: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and immunology. Muscle Nerve Suppl. 1997;6:S146.Google Scholar
Carruthers, A, Carruthers, J. Aesthetic indications for botulinum toxin injections. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1995;95:427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, A, Carruthers, J. Clinical indications and injection technique for the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol. Surg. 1998;24:1189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, JD, Carruthers, JA. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxin. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 1992;18:17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, J, Carruthers, A. Botox use in the mid and lower face and neck. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2001;20:85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, J, Carruthers, A. Botulinum toxin (Botox) chemodenervation for facial rejuvenation. Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. North Am. 2001;9:197.Google ScholarPubMed
Edelstein, C, Shorr, N, Jacobs, J, et al. Oculoplastic experience with the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol. Surg. 1998;24:1208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagien, S.Extended use of botulinum toxin A in facial aesthetic surgery. Aesthetic Surg. J. 1998;18:215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagien, S.Botox for the treatment of dynamic and hyperkinetic facial lines and furrows: adjunctive use in facial aesthetic surgery. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1999;103:701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagien, S, Brandt, FS. Primary and adjunctive use of Botox in facial aesthetic surgery: beyond the glabella. In: Matarasso, A, Matarasso, SL, eds., Clinics in Plastic Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2000;127–48.Google Scholar
Flynn, TC, Carruthers, JA. Botulinum-A toxin treatment of the lower eyelid improves infraorbital rhytides and widens the eye. Dermatol. Surg. 2001;27:703.Google ScholarPubMed
Frankel, AS, Kamer, FM. Chemical browlift. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1998;124:321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, A, Fulton, JE. Cosmetic denervation of the muscles of facial expression with botulinum toxin: a dose-response study. Dermatol. Surg. 1996;22:39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrido, R, Lagos, N, Lattes, K, et al. Gonyautoxin: new treatment for healing acute and chronic anal fissures. Dis. Colon Rectum 2005;48:335–40; discussion 340–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guyuron, B, Huddleston, SW. Aesthetic indications for botulinum toxin injection. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1994;93:913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, W, Foster, JA, Rogachefsky, AS. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2000;43(2 Pt 1):249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, W, Rogachefsky, AS, Foster, JA. Browlift with botulinum toxin. Dermatol. Surg. 2000;26:55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jankovic, J, Brin, MF. Botulinum toxin: historical perspective and potential new indications. Muscle Nerve Suppl. 1997;6:S129.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AW, Klein. Cosmetic therapy with botulinum toxin: anecdotal memoirs. Dermatol. Surg. 1996;22:757.Google Scholar
Koch, RJ, Troell, RJ, Goode, RL. Contemporary management of the aging brow and forehead. Laryngoscope 1997;107:710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovice, D.Botulinum toxin use in facial plastic surgery. Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 2002;35:171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NJ, Lowe. Botulinum toxin type A for facial rejuvenation: United States and United Kingdom perspectives. Dermatol. Surg. 1998;24:1216.Google Scholar
Matarasso, A, Glassman, M. Effective use of Botox for lateral canthal rhytides. Aesthetic Surg. J. 2001;21:61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matarasso, A, Matarasso, SL, Brandt, FS, et al. Botulinum A exotoxin for the management of platysma bands. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1999;103:645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LL, Simpson. The origin, structure, and pharmacological activity of botulinum toxin. Pharmacol. Rev. 1981;33:155.Google Scholar
Andre, P. Evaluation of the safety of a non-animal stabilized hyaluronic acid in European countries: a retrospective study from 1997–2001. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2004;18:422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burke, KE, Naughton, G, Cassai, N. A histological, immunological, and electron microscopic study of bovine collagen implants in the human. Ann. Plast. Surg. 1985;14:515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, SR, Holmes, RE. Artecoll: a long-lasting injectable wrinkle filler material. Report of a controlled, randomized, multicenter clinical trial of 251 subjects. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2004;114:964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman, PM, Mafong, EA, ANB, Kauvar, Geronemus, RG. Safety data of injectable nonanimal stabilized hyaluronic acid gel for soft tissue augmentation. Dermatol. Surg. 2002;28:491.Google ScholarPubMed
,Inamed Corporation. Product information sheet on CosmoDerm and CosmoPlast. Santa Barbara, CA: Inamed Corp; 2003.Google Scholar
Kanchwala, SK, Holloway, L, Bucky, LP. Reliable soft tissue augmentation: a clinical comparison of injectable soft tissue fillers for facial volume augmentation. Ann. Plast. Surg. 2005;55:30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MA, Kane. Treatment of tear trough deformity and lower lid bowing with injectable hyaluronic acid. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 2005;29:363.Google Scholar
Lemperle, G, Morhenn, V, Charrier, U. Human histology and persistence of various injectable filler substances for soft tissue augmentation. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. 2003;27:354.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindqvist, C, Treten, S, Bondevile, BE, Fagrell, D. A randomized evaluator, blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Perlane versus Zyplast in the correction of nasolabial folds. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2005;115:282.Google ScholarPubMed
Lowe, NJ, Maxwell, CA, Lowe, P, Duick, MG, Shah, K. Hyaluronic acid skin fillers: adverse reactions and skin testing. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2001;45:930.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manna, F, Dentini, M, Desideri, P, DePita, O, Mortilla, E, Maras, B. Comparative chemical evaluation of two commercially available derivatives of hyaluronic acid used for soft tissue augmentation. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 1999;13:183.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monheit, GD. Hyalaform: a new injectable hyaluronic acid filler. Facial Plast. Surg. 2004;20:153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narins, RS, Bowman, PH. Injectable skin fillers. Clin. Plast. Surg. 2005;32:151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Narins, RS, Brandt, F, Leyden, J, Lorenc, ZP, Rubin, M, Smith, S. A randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of Restylane versus Zyplast for the correction of nasolabial folds. Dermatol. Surg. 2003;29:588.Google ScholarPubMed
Ahn, MS, Catten, M, Maas, CS. Temporal brow lift using botulinum toxin A. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2000;105:1129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker-Wegerich, P, Rauch, L, Ruzicka, T. Botulinum toxin A in the therapy of mimic facial lines. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 2001;26:619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blitzer, A, Brin, MF, Keen, MS, et al. Botulinum toxin for the treatment of hyperfunctional lines of the face. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1993;119:1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borodic, GE, Cozzolino, D, Ferrante, R, et al. Innervation zone of orbicularis oculi muscle and implications for botulinum A toxin therapy. Ophthal. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1991;7:54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandt, FS, Bellman, B. Cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin for the aging neck. Dermatol. Surg. 1998;24:1232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MF, Brin. Botulinum toxin: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity, and immunology. Muscle Nerve Suppl. 1997;6:S146.Google Scholar
Carruthers, A, Carruthers, J. Aesthetic indications for botulinum toxin injections. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1995;95:427.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, A, Carruthers, J. Clinical indications and injection technique for the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol. Surg. 1998;24:1189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, JD, Carruthers, JA. Treatment of glabellar frown lines with C. botulinum-A exotoxin. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 1992;18:17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, J, Carruthers, A. Botox use in the mid and lower face and neck. Semin. Cutan. Med. Surg. 2001;20:85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carruthers, J, Carruthers, A. Botulinum toxin (Botox) chemodenervation for facial rejuvenation. Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. North Am. 2001;9:197.Google ScholarPubMed
Edelstein, C, Shorr, N, Jacobs, J, et al. Oculoplastic experience with the cosmetic use of botulinum A exotoxin. Dermatol. Surg. 1998;24:1208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagien, S.Extended use of botulinum toxin A in facial aesthetic surgery. Aesthetic Surg. J. 1998;18:215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fagien, S.Botox for the treatment of dynamic and hyperkinetic facial lines and furrows: adjunctive use in facial aesthetic surgery. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1999;103:701.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fagien, S, Brandt, FS. Primary and adjunctive use of Botox in facial aesthetic surgery: beyond the glabella. In: Matarasso, A, Matarasso, SL, eds., Clinics in Plastic Surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2000;127–48.Google Scholar
Flynn, TC, Carruthers, JA. Botulinum-A toxin treatment of the lower eyelid improves infraorbital rhytides and widens the eye. Dermatol. Surg. 2001;27:703.Google ScholarPubMed
Frankel, AS, Kamer, FM. Chemical browlift. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 1998;124:321.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garcia, A, Fulton, JE. Cosmetic denervation of the muscles of facial expression with botulinum toxin: a dose-response study. Dermatol. Surg. 1996;22:39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrido, R, Lagos, N, Lattes, K, et al. Gonyautoxin: new treatment for healing acute and chronic anal fissures. Dis. Colon Rectum 2005;48:335–40; discussion 340–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Guyuron, B, Huddleston, SW. Aesthetic indications for botulinum toxin injection. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1994;93:913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, W, Foster, JA, Rogachefsky, AS. Pharmacology of botulinum toxin. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2000;43(2 Pt 1):249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, W, Rogachefsky, AS, Foster, JA. Browlift with botulinum toxin. Dermatol. Surg. 2000;26:55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jankovic, J, Brin, MF. Botulinum toxin: historical perspective and potential new indications. Muscle Nerve Suppl. 1997;6:S129.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
AW, Klein. Cosmetic therapy with botulinum toxin: anecdotal memoirs. Dermatol. Surg. 1996;22:757.Google Scholar
Koch, RJ, Troell, RJ, Goode, RL. Contemporary management of the aging brow and forehead. Laryngoscope 1997;107:710.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovice, D.Botulinum toxin use in facial plastic surgery. Otolaryngol. Clin. North Am. 2002;35:171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NJ, Lowe. Botulinum toxin type A for facial rejuvenation: United States and United Kingdom perspectives. Dermatol. Surg. 1998;24:1216.Google Scholar
Matarasso, A, Glassman, M. Effective use of Botox for lateral canthal rhytides. Aesthetic Surg. J. 2001;21:61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matarasso, A, Matarasso, SL, Brandt, FS, et al. Botulinum A exotoxin for the management of platysma bands. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1999;103:645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LL, Simpson. The origin, structure, and pharmacological activity of botulinum toxin. Pharmacol. Rev. 1981;33:155.Google Scholar

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