Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Part I Introduction
- Part II Advances in source–sink theory
- Part III Progress in source–sink methodology
- Part IV Improvement of source–sink management
- 16 Contribution of source–sink theory to protected area science
- 17 Evidence of source–sink dynamics in marine and estuarine species
- 18 Population networks with sources and sinks along productivity gradients in the Fiordland Marine Area, New Zealand: a case study on the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus
- 19 Source–sinks, metapopulations, and forest reserves: conserving northern flying squirrels in the temperate rainforests of Southeast Alaska
- 20 Does forest fragmentation and loss generate sources, sinks, and ecological traps in migratory songbirds?
- 21 Source–sink population dynamics and sustainable leaf harvesting of the understory palm Chamaedorea radicalis
- 22 Assessing positive and negative ecological effects of corridors
- Part V Synthesis
- Index
- References
16 - Contribution of source–sink theory to protected area science
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 July 2011
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Part I Introduction
- Part II Advances in source–sink theory
- Part III Progress in source–sink methodology
- Part IV Improvement of source–sink management
- 16 Contribution of source–sink theory to protected area science
- 17 Evidence of source–sink dynamics in marine and estuarine species
- 18 Population networks with sources and sinks along productivity gradients in the Fiordland Marine Area, New Zealand: a case study on the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus
- 19 Source–sinks, metapopulations, and forest reserves: conserving northern flying squirrels in the temperate rainforests of Southeast Alaska
- 20 Does forest fragmentation and loss generate sources, sinks, and ecological traps in migratory songbirds?
- 21 Source–sink population dynamics and sustainable leaf harvesting of the understory palm Chamaedorea radicalis
- 22 Assessing positive and negative ecological effects of corridors
- Part V Synthesis
- Index
- References
Summary
The concept of source–sink population dynamics may be especially relevant to protected areas. Places set aside as nature reserves often have steep gradients in climate, topography, and other abiotic factors that result in spatially explicit population dynamics occurring within them. Protected areas are also frequently placed in relatively extreme parts of the landscape with regard to climate, soils, elevation, and water. Consequently, spatially explicit population dynamics may occur between protected areas and the more moderate surrounding landscape. The goal of this chapter is to evaluate the contribution that source–sink theory has made to understanding population viability in and around protected areas. A review of the literature for the past 20 years indicates that the source–sink concept has been applied to protected areas primarily in three ways.
Protected areas may be sinks for some species, due to the more extreme biophysical conditions within them. These sink populations may be vulnerable to loss of source areas in unprotected surrounding lands. Land use intensification around reserves may drive the degradation of these sources and reduce viability of the species in the protected area.
The areas surrounding protected areas may become “attractive” sinks due to human activities and lead to loss of viability of the source population. Large carnivores appear to be especially vulnerable to this dynamic.
Protected areas may serve as population source areas that supplement hunted or fished populations in surrounding areas. Many marine protected areas have been designated as a means of allowing more sustainable fisheries in surrounding waters.
I summarize the conceptual basis of each of these scenarios, provide examples, and draw implications for conservation and management.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Sources, Sinks and Sustainability , pp. 339 - 360Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011
References
and (1997). The role of protected areas as ecological baselines. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 587–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004). Extinction debt of protected areas in developing landscapes. Conservation Biology 18: 1110–1120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2000). Source–sink population dynamics and the problem of siting marine reserves. Bulletin of Marine Science 66: 799–820.Google Scholar
, , , , , , , , and (2010). From plot to landscape scale: linking tropical biodiversity measurements across spatial scales. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8: 153–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2001a). Effects of an attractive sink leading into maladaptive habitat selection. American Naturalist 3: 277–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2001b). Attractive sinks, or how individual behavioural decisions determine source–sink dynamics. Ecology Letters 4: 401–403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Sources and sinks in population biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 326–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1995). Source–sink models and the problem of habitat degradation: general models and applications to the Yellowstone grizzly. Conservation Biology 9: 1370–1379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1998). Dynamics and viability of a metapopulation of the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Ecological Monographs 68: 349–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990). Protecting biological diversity through the greater ecosystem concept. Natural Areas Journal 10: 114–120.Google Scholar
, and (2007). Biodiversity consequences of alternative future land use scenarios in Greater Yellowstone. Ecological Applications 17: 1004–1018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2001). Source–sink dynamics: how sinks affect demography of sources. Ecology Letters 4: 14–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1998). Modeling disjunct gray wolf populations in semi-wild landscapes. Conservation Biology 12: 879–888.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007). Ecological mechanisms linking protected areas to surrounding lands. Ecological Applications 17: 974–988.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2002). Biophysical factors, land use, and species viability in and around nature reserves. Conservation Biology 16: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1999). Dynamic habitat and population analysis: a filtering approach to resolve the biodiversity manager’s dilemma. Ecological Applications 9: 1459–1476.Google Scholar
, , and (2000). Spatial patterns of primary productivity in the Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Landscape Ecology 15: 505–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , , and (2002). Ecology and socioeconomics in the New West: a case study from Greater Yellowstone. BioScience 52: 151–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , and (2005). Effects of exurban development on biodiversity: patterns, mechanisms, research needs. Ecological Applications 15: 1893–1905.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , (2011). Delineating the ecosystems containing protected areas for monitoring and management, Bio Science. In press.
, and (2005). Trend detection in source–sink systems: when should sink habitats be monitored?Ecological Applications 15: 326–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1991). On the role of refugia in promoting prudent use of biological resources. Theoretical Population Biology 40: 211–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2003). Managing puma hunting in the western United States: through a metapopulation approach. Animal Conservation 6: 159–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003). Plugging a hole in the ocean: the emerging science of marine reserves. Ecological Applications 13: S3–S7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Spatially structured populations and harvest theory. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007). Source–sink systems and conservation of hunted ungulates in the Lacandon Forest, Mexico. Biological Conservation 138: 412–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003). Endangered species constrained by natural and human factors: the case of brown bears in northern Spain. Conservation Biology 17: 1276–1289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985). Legal boundaries of western North American National Parks: a problem of congruence. Biological Conservation 33: 197–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). A land-bridge island perspective on mammalian extinctions in western North American parks. Nature 325: 430–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1995). Extinction of mammal populations in western North American national parks. Conservation Biology 9: 512–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Insularization of Tanzanian parks and the local extinction of large mammals. Conservation Biology 10: 1549–1556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2006). A habitat-based framework for grizzly bear conservation in Alberta. Biological Conservation 130: 217–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2000). Effect of hunting in source–sink systems in the Neotropics. Conservation Biology 14: 713–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2005). An empirical test of source–sink dynamics induced by hunting. Journal of Applied Ecology 42: 910–920.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2002). Reserve size, local human density, and mammalian extinctions in the US protected areas. Conservation Biology 16: 800–808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2006). Protected areas: goals, limitations, and design. In Principles of Conservation Biology (, and , eds.). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA: 509–551.Google Scholar
(1994). Ad hoc reservations: forward or backward steps in developing representative reserve systems?Conservation Biology 8: 662–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988). Sources, sinks, and population regulation. American Naturalist 132: 652–661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2000). Changing species richness and composition in Canadian National Parks. Conservation Biology 14: 1099–1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2003). Win–Win Ecology: How the Earth’s Species can Survive in the Midst of Human Enterprise. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
, , , and (2004). Marine reserve benefits local fisheries. Ecological Applications 14: 597–606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , , , , and (2005). Critical science gaps impede use of no-take fishery reserves. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20: 74–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2006). Distribution of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem in 2004. Ursus 17: 63–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , , , and (2007). Temporal, spatial, and environmental influences on the demographics of grizzly bears in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Wildlife Monographs 161: 1–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2010). Hazards affecting grizzly bear survival in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Journal of Wildlife Management 74: 654–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2001). Nature reserves: do they capture the full range of America’s biological diversity?Ecological Applications 11: 999–1007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995). Serengeti past and present. In Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management and Conservation of an Ecosystem ( and , eds.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL: 3–30.Google Scholar
, , , , and (2005). Ecological support for rural land use planning. Ecological Applications 5: 1906–1914.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , , and (2008). Accelerated human population growth at protected area edges. Science 321: 123–126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1998). Edge effects and the extinction of populations inside protected areas. Science 280: 2126–2128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1935). Fauna of the National Parks of the USUSDA Department of Interior, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
- 25
- Cited by