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5 - Molecular and genetic analysis of symbiosis expressed secondary metabolite genes from the mutualistic fungal endophytes Neotyphodium lolii and Epichloë festucae

from II - Bioactive molecules

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 October 2013

By
B. Scott ,
C. A. Young ,
A. Tanaka  and
E. J. Parker
Edited by
G. D. Robson ,
Pieter van West  and
Geoffrey Gadd
B. Scott
Affiliation:
Centre for Functional Genomics Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North New Zealand
C. A. Young
Affiliation:
Molecular Mycologist Forage Improvement Division The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc. 2510 Sam Noble Pky Ardmore OK 73401 USA
A. Tanaka
Affiliation:
Institute of Molecular Biosciences Massey University Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North New Zealand
E. J. Parker
Affiliation:
Institute of Fundamental Sciences Massey University Private Bag 11 222 Palmerston North New Zealand
G. D. Robson
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
Pieter van West
Affiliation:
University of Aberdeen
Geoffrey Gadd
Affiliation:
University of Dundee
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Summary

Introduction

Epichloë endophytes (Epichloë/Neotyphodium species) are an important group of clavicipitaceous fungi that form symbiotic associations (symbiota) with temperate grasses of the Pooideae subfamily (Scott, 2001a; Schardl, Leuchtmann & Spiering, 2004). These biotrophic fungi systemically colonize the intercellular spaces of leaf primordia, leaf sheaths and culms of vegetative tissue and the inflorescence of reproductive tissues. The asexual Neotyphodium species have no external growth stage and consequently form symptomless associations with their grass host where they are vertically transmitted through the seed following colonization of the developing ovule. Most of the sexual Epichloë species are also transmitted vertically but because of their ability to form external stromata on inflorescence tissue, can also be transmitted horizontally (Leuchtmann & Schardl, 1998; Schardl & Leuchtmann, 1999). The mating system is heterothallic (outcrossing) and in nature is mediated by anthomyiid flies (Botanophila spp.), which transfer spermatia between stromata (Bultman et al., 1995; Bultman et al., 1998). Formation of perithecia and release of ascospores into the environment provides a source of vegetative hyphae that give rise to conidia that subsequently infect new hosts, probably by way of colonization of the stigma and style of the host inflorescence (Chung & Schardl, 1997).

Taxonomy of epichloë endophytes

At least nine different Epichloë species are recognized including E. typhina, a broad host range species (Schardl & Wilkinson, 2000) and E. festucae, a natural symbiont of Festuca spp. (Leuchtmann, Schardl & Siegel, 1994). E. festucae is also capable of forming compatible associations with perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne (Christensen et al.

Type
Chapter
Information
Exploitation of Fungi , pp. 59 - 77
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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