INTRODUCTION

Two basic questions

In this paper we ask two questions, which superficially seem to ask the same thing but in actual fact do not. First, we ask to what degree two languages (or language varieties) A and B resemble each other. The second question is how well a listener of variety B understands a speaker of variety A.

When we ask to what degree two language varieties resemble one another, or how different they are (which is basically the same question), it should be clear that the answer cannot be expressed in a single number. Languages differ from each other not in just one dimension but in a great many respects. They may differ in their sound inventories, in the details of the sounds in the inventory, in their stress, tone and intonation systems, in their vocabularies, and in the way they build words from morphemes and sentences from words. Last, but not least, they may differ in the meanings they attach to the forms in the language, in so far as the forms in two languages may be related to each other. In order to express the distance between two languages, we need a weighted average of the component distances along each of the dimensions identified (and probably many more). So, linguistic distance is a multidimensional phenomenon and we have no a priori way of weighing the dimensions.

The answer to the question how well listener B understands speaker A can be expressed as a single number. If listener B does not understand speaker A at all, the number would be zero. If listener B gets every detail of speaker A's intentions, the score would be maximal.