The first two decades of the nineteenth century had brought multiyear droughts and food scarcity more than once across the region of southeastern Africa. As the ecological stress of drought reemerged in the 1820s, entire populations were faced with food scarcity caused by crop failures and the loss of cattle to poor pasturage. Responses to scarcity and looming famine included raiding for livestock and migration and resettlement at better-watered sites with better cattle posts. The consequent dislocations disrupted not only food production but also social networks and systems of political patronage and authority. Some chiefdoms increased their wealth and authority over others, and some were dispersed and scattered and lost their autonomy and identity as they were incorporated into the stronger chiefdoms.

Moshoeshoe's BaMokoteli and the Rise in Violence before 1822

In the 1810s the BaMokoteli branch of the BaMonaheng were a small chiefdom, living in the northern region of modern Lesotho under a small chief, Mokhachane, putatively subject to the overrule of the related Ba Sekake. Mokhachane's senior son, Moshoeshoe, came of age at the turn of the century, underwent initiation rites in about 1803, and sometime afterward took his age-mates to build their own village at Menkhoaneng. While he was still very young, Moshoeshoe was joined by a man of MaZizi origins named Ntseke, who was from the same descent line as the BaPhuthi chief Mokuoane (father of Moorosi), and Ntseke's son Makoanyane became Moshoeshoe's companion as a youth and later his famous military commander, known to have saved Moshoeshoe's life on at least one occasion before the migration to Thaba Bosiu. After visiting the sage Mohlomi (who died in 1814), according to Moshoeshoe's son Tlali Moshoeshoe,