The advent of European traders and missionaries into the interior of southern Africa and along the southeastern coast after 1800 challenged the independence and autonomy of African chiefs and kingdoms. The interaction between Africans and Europeans brought new infLuences and new perspectives on events as they occurred and were witnessed and recorded by Europeans. Later generations remembered stories from their histories that had been orally transmitted, along with the genealogies of their ancestors, but by the end of the nineteenth century the written word would overcome the use of oral transmission as the record of history and historians. Among the last significant oral traditions of the newly emergent Ama- Zulu kingdom was that of the death of Shaka, who was both respected and reviled among the people who became the subjects of future Zulu kings.

The AmaZulu oral traditions have numerous stories about the latter years of Shaka's life and his assassination in September 1828. Shaka had developed a contentious relationship with the Europeans traders who had established themselves at Port Natal (Durban) in 1824, had heard rumors of the strength of the AmaXhosa chiefs of the TransKei and CisKei, and nurtured ambitions for expansion in the direction of the Cape Colony. He opened negotiations with the Cape Colony through emissaries, led by a man named Sotobe, who went as far as Grahamstown but never made it all the way to Cape Town. Immediately after the death of his mother, Nandi, Shaka began building a new capital at Dukuza, near modern Stanger, and moved there from the ancient capital at Bulawayo. Makewu, in an 1899 interview, told Stuart,