James Hogg replaced his Hogg's Instructor with Titan, which pictured Parisian journalism in detail.

1. “Paris Journals and Journalists.” 2 (1857): 1–14.

Prefaced a study of Paris journalism that “[t]here is no one thing which more distinctly represents and expresses the character of a nation, than does the character of its newspaper press.” The French press was national, not international in contrast to the Belgian, which included newspapers of Russian, German, and French refugees and of “fallen dynasties.” A good source to learn about French journalists, who did not deserve freedom because of their licentiousness, was Edmond Texier's 1851 Biographie des Journalistes.

During the French Revolution many new gazettes sprouted, but the Moniteur and Journal des Débats survived. The last was so “preeminent,” with so many famous contributors, that it required no comment (though a footnote detailed Bertin family control.) Because the Moniteur supported the empire, it had little nonofficial news. It did have outstanding critics, Théophile Gautier on theatre and Charles Sainte-Beuve on literature. The owner of the Patrie was a French Deputy, and one of its writers, Amédée de Cesena, also penned for the Représentant du Peuple. The Siècle was the fi rst paper to circulate widely among the petit bourgeoisie. Although it was “dull,” it was “honest and respectable.” Among its staff was Louis Jourdan, who previously ran a French paper in Athens. Emile de Girardin modifi ed the feuilleton for his Presse.