3 results
Theoretical study on regular reflection of shock wave–boundary layer interactions
- Longsheng Xue, Ferry F. J. Schrijer, Bas W. van Oudheusden, Chengpeng Wang, Zhiwei Shi, Keming Cheng
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 899 / 25 September 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 July 2020, A30
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In this paper the configurations of shock wave–boundary layer interactions (SWBLI) are studied theoretically and experimentally in Mach number 2 and 2.5 flows on test models with various wedge angles ranging from $9^\circ$ to $21^\circ$. The proposed theoretical method couples the free interaction theory (FIT) with the minimum entropy production (MEP) principle to predict the appearance of separation shock, resulting in convex, straight and concave separation shock waves according to different solution combinations, which agree well with current experiments. Additionally, several influences on SWBLI are studied experimentally, in which the parameters related to theoretical solutions are found mostly determining the flow configuration, and SWBLI is much more sensitive to incident shock strength than incoming flow properties. Separation could be suppressed by incident shock when the MEP solution is smaller than the FIT, while it could be intensified when the MEP solution is larger than FIT; by contrast, the effects of separation position and model mounting height could be very weak.
On Reynolds number dependence of micro-ramp-induced transition
- Qingqing Ye, Ferry F. J. Schrijer, Fulvio Scarano
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 837 / 25 February 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 January 2018, pp. 597-626
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The variation of transitional flow features past a micro-ramp is investigated when the Reynolds number is decreased approaching the critical regime. Experiments are conducted in the incompressible flow spanning from supercritical to subcritical roughness-height-based Reynolds number ($Re_{h}=1170$, 730, 460 and 320) with tomographic particle image velocimetry. The effect of $Re_{h}$ on three-dimensional flow behaviour is analysed in a domain encompassing 73 ramp heights in the streamwise direction. Above the critical $Re_{h}$, the primary vortex pair and induced central low-speed region in the mean flow field are active over longer range when decreasing $Re_{h}$. In the instantaneous flow, at $Re_{h}<1000$, the hairpin vortices induced by Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) instability progress gradually from close to the micro-ramp into the region where the overall shear layer is destabilized, indicating the correlation between the K–H instability and the onset of transition. The breakdown of K–H vortices as observed at $Re_{h}=1170$, does not occur at lower $Re_{h}$. Decreasing $Re_{h}$, the secondary vortex structures make their first appearance significantly downstream, postponing the formation of sideward disturbances, which destabilize the local shear layer by ejection events. Two major types of eigenmodes with symmetric and asymmetric spatial distribution of velocity fluctuations in the near wake are clearly identified by proper orthogonal decomposition. The symmetric and asymmetric modes correspond to the presence of vortex shedding and a sinuous wiggling motion respectively. It is found that $Re_{h}$ is the key factor determining the importance of the symmetric mode. At $Re_{h}=1170$, the disturbance energy of the symmetric mode decays before the onset of transition, suggesting that it is relatively insignificant in the process. However, decreasing $Re_{h}$ to 730 and 460, the symmetric mode produces continuous growth of high level disturbance energy, leading to transition.
Boundary layer transition mechanisms behind a micro-ramp
- Qingqing Ye, Ferry F. J. Schrijer, Fulvio Scarano
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 793 / 25 April 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2016, pp. 132-161
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The early stage of three-dimensional laminar-to-turbulent transition behind a micro-ramp is studied in the incompressible regime using tomographic particle image velocimetry. Experiments are conducted at supercritical micro-ramp height $h$ based Reynolds number $Re_{h}=1170$. The measurement domain encompasses 6 ramp widths spanwise and 73 ramp heights streamwise. The mean flow topology reveals the underlying vortex structure of the wake flow with multiple pairs of streamwise counter-rotating vortices visualized by streamwise vorticity. The primary pair generates a vigorous upwash motion in the symmetry plane with a pronounced momentum deficit. A secondary vortex pair is induced closer to the wall. The tertiary and even further vortices maintain a streamwise orientation, but are produced progressively outwards of the secondary pair and follow a wedge-type pattern. The instantaneous flow pattern reveals that the earliest unstable mode of the wake features arc-like Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) vortices in the separated shear layer. Under the influence of the K–H vortices, the wake exhibits a high level of fluctuations with a pulsatile mode for the streamwise momentum deficit. The K–H vortices are lifted up due to the upwash induced by the quasi-streamwise vortex pair, while they appear to undergo pairing, distortion and finally breakdown. Immediately downstream, a streamwise interval of relatively low vortical activity separates the end of the K–H region from the formation of new hairpin vortices close to the wall. The latter vortex structures originate from the region of maximum wall shear, induced by the secondary vortex pair causing strong ejection events which transport low-speed flow upwards. The whole pattern features a cascade of hairpin vortices along a turbulent/non-turbulent interface. The wedge-shaped cascade signifies the formation of a turbulent wedge. The turbulent properties of the wake are inspected with the spatial distribution of the velocity fluctuations and turbulence production in the developing boundary layer. Inside the wedge region, the velocity fluctuations approach quasi-spanwise homogeneity, indicating the development towards a turbulent boundary layer. The wedge interface is characterized by a localized higher level of velocity fluctuations and turbulence production, associated to the deflection of the shear layer close to the wall and the onset of coherent hairpin vortices inducing localized large-scale ejections.