Approximately half of Australian universities offer a degree in nutrition, nutrition science, human nutrition or nutrition combined with another discipline. In the absence of any formal accreditation requirements, the design of nutrition undergraduate courses is guided by national nutrition science competencies(1). Degrees might also include specialisations such as in public health, food industry or animal nutrition, and a range of special interest topics included to enhance the graduate skillset for the workforce. This diversity in degrees develops graduates with broad and transferrable skills, thought to be desirable to industry employers. In an earlier study by the authors(2), it was identified that graduates placed high value on nutrition science theory and practical content, but there was an expressed desire for more work-integrated-learning opportunities and professional skill development for work in private practice. To triangulate the perspectives of students and graduates, there is a need for universities to understand how nutrition graduates are received by employers. This paper will present preliminary findings from the Working in Nutrition Employer (WIN-E) study. The aims of this study were to build on findings from the WIN-G study(2) and explore the perceptions of nutrition graduate employers in Australia regarding aspects of the graduate skillset that were highly valued, and identify training gaps. After being tested for face validity, the purpose-built WIN-E survey was delivered online via Qualtrics between June–December 2022. The survey included a mix of 32 closed- and open-ended questions about employer characteristics, additional education, employment and professional experience, and employers perceived graduate preparedness for the workforce. An interim analysis revealed that 110 participants had given informed consent; of these, 41 completed 75% of the questions, with 32 having relevance to nutrition graduate employment, and were included in the current analyses. Most respondents were female (n = 25, 78%) aged 25–34 years (n = 13, 52%). Respondents predominantly identified as working in education (n = 8), research (n = 5) or in ‘other settings’ (n = 5) such as community aged care, digital media/coaching, food preparation, agriculture or homelessness project work. To a lesser extent domains in retail/hospitality (n = 4), food industry (n = 3), public health/not for profit (n = 2), clinical (n = 2) and sport and fitness (n = 1) were represented. Fifteen (47%) employers felt nutrition graduates had all, or some of the expected skills and attributes at time of employment. More development of skills in written health translation (n = 2), data analysis (n = 1), working collaboratively in health systems (e.g., aged care) (n = 2), marketing (n = 1), and understanding transferable skillsets with the motivation for ongoing professional development were also valued (n = 2). Further data analysis will provide more context around the roles and responsibilities employers typically assign to nutrition graduates, highlighting potential training gaps and opportunities for universities to better prepare graduates for the workforce.

The International Theological Commission, in its document on synodality, observed that ‘the concept of synodality refers to the involvement and participation of the whole People of God in the life and mission of the Church’.1 More specifically, it refers to participation in the exercise of discernment and decision making that is intrinsic to that mission. This discernment and decision making requires structures to make it clear not merely when decisions have been made and who makes them, but how they are made and how the people who make them work together. Such structures are embodied in legal instruments that are appropriate to the context, which here is the area of Church life which is between the properly local – the diocese – and the properly universal – the Holy See. In history the usual word for the gatherings that embodied these attempts was ‘synod’. Although the synods are seen as gatherings of bishops it is clear throughout that history that many others have been present at them: a notable and famous example was the presence of the Alexandrian deacon Athanasius at the Council of Nicea. Discernment and decision making at the supra-diocesan level has always involved bishops – but not only bishops. This article lays out the provisions of the current law surrounding this task in the Roman Catholic Church.

Fruit and vegetable intakes are major modifiable determinants of risk for non-communicable disease(1), yet intake levels remain low(2) and multiple barriers (cost, access, perishability, preparation skills) exist(3,4). 100% fruit and vegetable juices contain key micronutrients and bioactive compounds (5–7) and may help circumvent these barriers to consumption(6,7). However, their role in dietary guidelines and models of healthy eating remains controversial due to their free sugars and reduced dietary fibre content, relative to whole fruits and vegetables(6,7). Therefore, we conducted a systematic umbrella review of systematic literature reviews (SLRs) with meta-analyses assessing the relationships between 100% juice consumption and human health outcomes. Four databases (Medline, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and CINAHL) were systematically searched for SLRs with meta-analyses of human prospective cohort, case-control, and intervention studies examining the relationship between 100% juice and any health outcome through to 20th October 2022. Screening (Covidence), quality (GRADE)(8), risk of bias (ROBIS)(9) and content overlap (corrected covered area(10)) tools were applied, and extracted data were narratively synthesised. The protocol was pre-registered (PROSPERO) and conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklists. 15 SLRs on 100% fruit juice including 51 primary meta-analyses, 6 dose-response analyses, and 87 sub-analyses were eligible for inclusion. No eligible studies on vegetable juice were found. Included studies represented data from almost 2 million subjects with a range of doses (50-1200mL/day) and timeframes (hours to years). Significant improvements in health outcomes were found in 19.6% of included meta-analyses (blood pressure, flow-mediated dilation, IL-6, c-reactive protein, and stroke mortality), and increased disease risks were found in 5.9% of included meta-analyses (CVD mortality, prostate cancer, and type II diabetes). The remainder (74.5%) found no significant difference (blood lipids, weight, liver function, metabolic markers, colorectal and breast cancers, and multiple inflammatory markers). The ROBIS quality assessment rated nine SLRs as low risk of bias, three as unclear and three as high. Using GRADE, confidence in the body of evidence ranged from very low (27 primary and 79 secondary meta-analyses) to low (19 primary and 13 secondary meta-analyses), and medium (4 primary and one secondary meta-analyses.) Findings show 100% juice consumption has limited risks of harm and some potential benefits, over a broad range of doses, including some that are relatively high, and time periods. The positive associations between 100% juice consumption and specific health outcomes relevant to population health may be explained by multiple mechanisms, including the vitamin, mineral, and bioactive contents. The balance of evidence suggests that 100% may have a neutral or beneficial place in general, population-level dietary guidelines.

Sour foods, such as citrus fruits, some berries and fermented foods provide a range of nutrients and benefits important to mental health [1]. When sourness is perceived as unpleasant, intake of these foods may be reduced affecting mental health. Early research has shown changes to sour taste perception in depression and stress however, changes in anxiety have not been studied [4-8]. To address this gap and build on the knowledge base, a survey was conducted in which participants (n = 424) rated recalled intensity and liking of sour index foods and completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to measure these states. Variations in sour taste and mood have been demonstrated between females and males, hence the data were explored for sex-differences. Standard least squares regression (post hoc Tukey’s HSD) compared means between groups, and nominal logistic regression assessed differences in distributions between categories. Recalled sour intensity was 16-19.2% higher in those with scores indicative of mild depression than in those with normal scores in the total sample (p range 0.03-0.04), and 17.9-21.3% higher in females (p values were 0.03). There were no differences in sour taste intensity between the intergroup means for anxiety or stress and no associations between sour liking and any of the mood states. The results suggest that the sourness of index foods increases in depression. Further research to elucidate the biological processes and possible taste-related genetic influences that may be occurring would be beneficial. With this knowledge it may be possible to screen for mood conditions by measuring changes to sour taste that appear alongside other signs and symptoms, create more tailored dietary interventions and develop additional therapeutics.

This is an article about two things. First, the bifurcation of public international law (PIL) into two distinct forms: The material and the narrative. And second, the methodological fragmentation of international lawyers into discrete communities. After setting the substantive fragmentation of PIL as the context of analysis, I deploy Susan Marks’ concept of “false contingency” to distinguish material and narrative PIL. I briefly examine each, and their interactions, before turning to a specific manifestation of material PIL that I call the Global Legal Order (GLO).

I then sketch the radical indeterminacy of narrative PIL, its manifestations in the ontological indeterminacy of the commonly accepted sources of PIL, and its source in PIL’s lack of authority and institutionalization. This contrasts with the determinacy and authority of the GLO. Next, I turn to the “fragmentation” of international lawyers into distinct “communities of practice.” In fact, this process turns out to be one of agglomeration, international lawyers are constructed within communities of practice, which glom together to create the appearance of PIL.

Finally, I turn to how these communities function by pitting “performances of legality” in “vicarious litigation,” using the Chagos Islands case as an illustration. This is contrasted with the functioning of the operative legal system that is the GLO. I examine the constituent institutions of this system, and how they operate together to produce direct and indirect governance in under-developed states. In practice, this policy imposition immiserates states and antagonizes local populations. It necessitates oppressive governance which entails what narrative PIL determines to be “human rights abuses.”

Photosynthetic organisms have evolved a great variety of mechanisms to optimize their use of sunlight. Some of the clearest examples of adaptations can be seen by comparing photosynthesis in different species and in different individuals of the same species that grow under high and low light levels. While the adaptations of sun and shade higher plants have been relatively well studied, much less information is available on the photobionts of lichenized Ascomycetes. An important adaptation that can protect photosynthetic organisms from the potentially harmful effects of excess light is non-photochemical quenching (NPQ); NPQ can dissipate unused light energy as heat. Here we used chlorophyll fluorescence to compare the induction and relaxation of NPQ and the induction of electron transport (rETR) in collections of the same lichen species from exposed and from more shaded locations. All species have trebouxioid photobionts and normally grow in more exposed microhabitats but can also be readily collected from more shaded locations. Shade forms display generally higher NPQ, presumably to protect lichens from occasional rapid increases in light that occur during sunflecks. Furthermore, the NPQ of shade forms relaxes quickly when light levels are reduced, presumably to ensure efficient photosynthesis after a sunfleck has passed. The maximal relative electron transport rate is lower in shade than sun collections, probably reflecting a downregulation of photosynthetic capacity to reduce energy costs. We also compared collections of pale and melanized thalli from three species of shade lichens with Symbiochloris as their photobiont. Interestingly, NPQ in melanized thalli from slightly more exposed microhabitats induced and relaxed in a way that resembled shade rather than sun forms of the trebouxioid lichens. This might suggest that in some locations melanization induced during a temporary period of high light may be excessive and could potentially reduce photosynthesis later in the growing season. Taken together, the results suggest that lichen photobionts can flexibly adjust the amount and type of NPQ, and their levels of rETR in response to light availability.