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Can snacking on almonds displace discretionary foods in the diets of habitual snackers?
- L.M. Ware, A.R. Gray, R.C. Brown
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 83 / Issue OCE1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 May 2024, E92
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Snacking frequency has increased in recent years, with many snack options being nutrient-poor and likely contributing to excessive energy intakes (1,2). At the same time, nut intakes have remained low(3). While almonds, like many other snacks, are high in fat and energy, they are rich in beneficial unsaturated fats, fibre, vitamins, minerals, and phytonutrients. Snacking on almonds may offer substantial health advantages, including improving energy balance and overall diet quality, compared to typical modern snack foods. The healthier diets observed among nut consumers may be partially explained by addition of nuts to the diet leading to displacement of other, less desirable foods. We aimed to compare the effects of consuming a snack of almonds vs sweet biscuits or savoury crackers daily for one year on displacement of discretionary foods and food group patterns. We used a randomised controlled parallel study design involving 136 non-obese habitual discretionary snack consumers aged 18–65. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a snack of either almonds, or biscuits, daily for one year. These isocaloric snacks provided either 10% of participants’ total energy requirements or 1030 kJ (equivalent to 42.5 g almonds), whichever was higher. Dietary intake was measured using three-day weighed diet records record at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Of the participants, 101 (74%) were female, with a mean (SD) age of 35.6 (13.4) years and BMI of 23.7 (3.0) kg/m2. Those assigned to the almond group increased their percentage total energy (%TE) from nuts and seeds from 1.4% (baseline) to 13.8% (12 months), while those assigned to the biscuit group increased %TE from biscuits and crackers from 5.1% to 12.4%. There was a non-statistically significant (p = 0.053) decrease in %TE from discretionary foods to 12-months for almond group compared to the biscuit group. %TE from discretionary foods decreased significantly in the almond group from baseline to 12-months (mean (95% CI) difference: −4.9% (−8.3, −1.5) p = 0.005), with no evidence of a change observed in the biscuit group (−0.0% (−3.6, 3.6) p = 0.994). Regular consumption of nuts as a snack food may improve diet quality by displacing discretionary food intake among regular discretionary snack consumers. However, the observed displacement was incomplete relative to the energy provided by the study snack. Snacking is driven by factors beyond simply satisfying hunger, including flavour, texture, and overall eating experience. We hypothesise that – among this group of discretionary snack consumers – partial displacement, and hence the continued consumption of other snack foods, was likely due to the sensory properties of consuming almonds alone being insufficient to fulfil hedonic satiation. Strategies to improve sensory appeal of almonds to discretionary snack consumers may assuage subsequent snack-seeking behaviour and provide important advantages in terms of both energy balance and diet quality.
Bettertonite, [Al6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)5]·11H2O, a new mineral from the Penberthy Croft mine, St. Hilary, Cornwall, UK, with a structure based on polyoxometalate clusters
- I.E. Grey, A.R. Kampf, J.R. Price, C.M. Macrae
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- Journal:
- Mineralogical Magazine / Volume 79 / Issue 7 / December 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 1849-1858
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Bettertonite, ideally [Al6(AsO4)3(OH)9(H2O)5]·11H2O, is a new mineral from the Penberthy Croft mine, St. Hilary, Cornwall, England, UK. It occurs as tufts of white, ultrathin (sub-micrometre) rectangular laths, with lateral dimensions generally <20 μm. The laths are flattened on {010} and exhibit the forms {010}, {100} and {001}. The mineral is associated closely with arsenopyrite, chamosite, liskeardite, pharmacoalumite, pharmacosiderite and quartz. Bettertonite is translucent with a white streak and a vitreous to pearly, somewhat silky lustre. The calculated density is 2.02 g/cm3. Optically, bettertonite is biaxial positive with α = 1.511(1), β = 1.517(1), γ = 1.523(1) (in white light). The optical orientation is X = c, Y= b, Z = a. Pleochroism was not observed. Electron microprobe analyses (average of 4) with H2O calculated on structural grounds and analyses normalized to 100% gave Al2O3 = 29.5, Fe2O3 = 2.0, As2O5= 30.1, SO3 = 1.8, Cl = 0.5, H2O = 36.2. The empirical formula, based on 9 metal atoms is Al5.86Fe0.26(AsO4)2.65(SO4)0.23(OH)9.82Cl0.13(H2O)15.5. Bettertoniteis monoclinic, space group P21/c with unit-cell dimensions (100 K): a = 7.773(2), b = 26.991(5), c = 15.867(3) Å, β = 94.22(3)°. The strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [dobs in Å(I)(hkl)] 13.648(100)(011); 13.505(50) (020); 7.805(50)(031); 7.461(30)(110); 5.880(20)(130); 3.589(20)(02); 2.857(14)(182). The structure of bettertonite was solved and refined to R1 = 0.083 for 2164 observed (I > 2σ(I)) reflections to a resolutionof 1 Å. Bettertonite has a heteropolyhedral layer structure, with the layers parallel to (010). The layers are strongly undulating and their stacking produces large channels along [100] that are filled with water molecules. The basic building block in the layers is a hexagonal ring ofedge-shared octahedra with an AsO4 tetrahedron attached to one side of the ring by corner-sharing. These polyoxometalate clusters, of composition [AsAl6O11(OH)9(H2O)5]8–, are interconnected along [100] and [001]by corner-sharing with other AsO4 tetrahedra.
A comparison of caregiver burden in older persons and persons with Parkinson's disease or dementia in sub-Saharan Africa
- C.L. Dotchin, S.-M. Paddick, A.R. Longdon, A. Kisoli, W.K. Gray, F. Dewhurst, P. Chaote, M. Dewhurst, R.W. Walker
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 26 / Issue 4 / April 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2014, pp. 687-692
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Background:
Caregiver burden includes the many physical, mental and socio-economic problems arising from caring for individuals with chronic and disabling diseases. Being a carer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where little is known about chronic neurological conditions, may be extremely demanding. Conversely, multigenerational living may allow sharing of care among many caregivers. We wished to determine the relative burden of caring for two chronic neurodegenerative conditions (Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia) in rural Tanzania.
Methods:All surviving patients from a PD prevalence study, newly identified people with PD from a neurological disorders study and all people with dementia from a dementia prevalence study in Hai, rural Tanzania, were invited to participate. The Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) was used to determine level of caregiver strain (higher score reflects more strain).
Results:Of 25 PD patients ZBI was recorded in 20 (14 male). Five had no identifiable carer as they were largely independent. Three had PD dementia (PDD). Of 75 people with dementia (excluding 3 PDD), 43 (32 female) completed the ZBI. For the other 32, the caregivers felt the care they provided was a normal intergenerational expectation. Median ages were 78.5 and 85 years for PD and dementia, respectively. Median ZBI was 30.5 for PD and 14 for dementia (U = 166.0, z = –3.913, p < 0.001). Disease duration and disease type (PD or dementia) were univariate predictor of ZBI score, although only disease type was predictive by multivariable linear regression.
Conclusions:Caring for an individual with PD may be more burdensome than caring for an individual with dementia in SSA. People with more advanced PD had higher caregiver burden.