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Fatty Acid and Liver Status in Postmenopausal Women With and Without Metabolic Syndrome
- Agata Muzsik, Henryk H. Jeleń, Agata Chmurzynska
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E252
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Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that includes dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. MetS is more prevalent in postmenopausal women than in other population groups. Furthermore, postmenopausal women are also more prone to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between fatty acid (FA) status, dietary lipid indices, and noninvasive biomarkers of NAFLD in postmenopausal women with or without MetS.
One hundred and thirty-one postmenopausal women were included in the study. Dietary lipid indices (PUFA/MUFA and n-3/n-6 ratios) were calculated using the mean macronutrient intake, which was evaluated with dietary records. Selected biochemical biomarkers in the blood (e.g., lipid profile and enzymes related to liver function) were measured using the colorimetric method. FA concentrations in red blood cells (RBC) were analyzed using gas chromatography. Noninvasive biomarkers of NAFLD, such as fatty liver index (FLI) and hepatic steatosis index (HSI), were calculated.
The mean age of the study group was 61.48 ± 5.62, and the mean waist circumference was 96.27 ± 12.44 cm. Levels of n-3/n-6 intake exceeding the median were associated with higher levels of EPA, EPA/AA, DHA/AA, and EPA + DHA/AA and lower levels of n-6/n-3 in RBC (p < 0.05). Women with MetS had significantly higher n-6/n-3 levels in RBC and lower levels of EPA, total n-3, EPA/ALA, EPA/AA, DHA/AA, EPA + DHA/AA, PUFA/SFA, and PUFA/MUFA in RBC than women without MetS. Women with MetS had a higher FLI than women without MetS (p < 0.001), but there were no differences in the concentrations of enzymes related to liver function. Women with FLI and HSI values over the median and AST/ALT values below the median had lower concentrations of n-3, PUFA/SFA, and PUFA/MUFA in RBC and higher concentrations of n-6/n-3 in RBC (p < 0.05). Subjects with higher levels of n-3/n-6 and PUFA + MUFA/SFA in RBC had a lower concentration of GGTP, while those with higher levels of PUFA/SFA in RBC had lower FLI (p < 0.05).
MetS is associated with unfavorable FA status in postmenopausal women—specifically with lower levels of n-3, PUFA/SFA, and PUFA/MUFA. Moreover, concentrations of these FAs in RBC are associated with NAFLD biomarkers.
The project was financed by the National Science Centre award (decision number 2015/17/N/NZ9/04133).
Associations between B vitamin and amino acid intake, MTHFR genotype, atherogenic indices, and homocysteine levels in postmenopausal women
- Agata Muzsik, Agata Chmurzynska
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E372
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It has been hypothesized that insufficiency of one-carbon metabolism may aggravate lipid metabolism disturbances. Lipid metabolism abnormalities and metabolic syndrome (MetS)—which is associated with abnormally high levels of triglycerides (TG) and low levels of high-density lipoproteins (HDL)—often occur in postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study was thus to determine the relationships between amino acid and B vitamin intake, MTHFR genotype, lipid profile, and atherogenic indices in postmenopausal women.
131 postmenopausal women were enrolled for the study. The mean macronutrient, amino acid, and B vitamin intake was evaluated using dietary records. Lipid profile and concentrations of apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and B (ApoB) in serum were measured using the colorimetric method. The total homocysteine (tHcy) and glutathione (GSH) level in plasma were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. MTHFR genotype (rs1801133) was determined using a single tube TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay. We calculated atherogenic indices, such as Castelli's risk index I and II (CRI-I and CRI-II), the atherogenic coefficient (AC), and the TG/HDL ratio.
No association was found between MetS and tHcy or GSH concentrations. MTHFR genotype and folate intake also did not affect tHcy, GSH, lipid profile, or atherogenic indices. Subjects with tHcy levels over the median had lower total protein intake, lower animal protein/plant protein ratio, lower protein/carbohydrates ratio, and higher amino acid intake (methionine, lysine, arginine, glycine, and tryptophan) than did subjects with lower tHcy levels. Women who failed to meet their vitamin B12 intake needs had almost 40% higher levels of tHcy than women who did met those needs.
MTHFR genotype, folate intake, and tHcy levels in plasma are not associated with lipid metabolism in postmenopausal women. tHcy levels may depend on the intake of vitamin B12, and of protein or particular amino acids.
The project was financed by the National Science Centre, Poland (grant number 2015/17/N/NZ9/04133).
Metabolic response to dietary supplementation with iron and folic acid in the rat
- Anna Radziejewska, Joanna Suliburska, Paweł Kołodziejski, Agata Chmurzyńska
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E236
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Folic acid (FA) and iron absorption is performed by transporters encoded by the Slc46a1 and Slc11a2 genes, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine how FA and iron deficiency in rats, and subsequent supplementation of the animals’ diet with these nutrients, affects Slc11a2 and Slc46a1 gene expression and the metabolic biomarkers of FA and iron status.
150 female Wistar rats were assigned to a group fed a diet deficient in iron and FA (D, n = 120) or to a group fed a control diet (C, n = 30, AIN-93M) for 28 days. After this period, the rats were randomized to a group fed for 2, 10, or 21 days with a diet deficient in FA and supplemented with iron (DFE), a diet deficient in iron and supplemented with FA (DFOL), a diet supplemented with iron and FA (FEFOL), or a diet deficient in iron and folic (D).
Transcript and protein levels were determined in the duodenum using the real-time PCR and western blot methods, respectively. FA concentrations in serum were assessed using the electrochemiluminescence method, and homocysteine concentrations were determined with an enzymatic assay. Iron metabolism was evaluated by measuring the total and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (TIBC and UIBC) in serum, and iron concentrations were determined using a photometric method. Hepcidin concentrations were measured in plasma with an immunoenzymatic method. Morphological parameters of the blood were determined with a Sysmex XT-4000 analyzer.
The D group had higher Slc11a2 transcript levels than the DFE group at every time-point (p < 0.01). There were higher Slc46a1 mRNA levels in the DFE group than in the FEFOL group at the third time-point (p < 0.05). We did not observe any differences in PCFT or DMT1 protein abundance. The DFOL, FEFOL, and C groups had higher serum FA concentrations at the second and third time-points (p < 0.001), as well as the lowest homocysteine concentrations (p < 0.001). TIBC concentrations were lowest in the DFE and the FEFOL groups at the final time-point (p < 0.001). We did not observe any differences in hepcidin concentrations. Simultaneous supplementation with FA and iron resulted in significantly higher hemoglobin concentrations at the third time-point (p < 0.01).
This study shows that dietary FA and iron deficiency, and subsequent supplementation with moderate amounts of these nutrients, may affect the transcription but not the protein abundance of FA and iron transporters in the rat duodenum.
Associations between choline intake, body composition, lipid profile, and liver status in healthy adults
- Monika Młodzik-Czyżewska, Anna Malinowska, Agata Chmurzyńska
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E371
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Choline is an essential nutrient involved in several processes, including the export of lipids from the liver. Recent studies have underlined that low choline intake may be linked to greater body weight and liver dysfunction. The aim of this study was thus to determine whether choline intake is associated with body weight, body mass index (BMI), body composition, lipid profile, or liver steatosis indices.
407 healthy subjects aged 20–40 were enrolled in Poznań, Poland from 2016 to 2018. Food intake was assessed using three-day food records. Choline intake was analyzed using the USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods, which summarizes the levels of choline found in a range of food items. Weight to 0.1 kg and height to 0.01 m were measured using an electronic scale and a stadiometer, respectively. BMI was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Fat mass and lean body mass were determined using whole-body air-displacement plethysmography. Waist and hip circumferences were measured to 0.5 cm using nonelastic tape. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels in serum were determined using a biochemical analyzer. The following biomarkers of liver steatosis were calculated: NAFLD liver fat score (NAFLD-LFS), fatty liver index (FLI), and hepatic steatosis index (HSI). To analyze associations between choline intake and these parameters, we used multiple regression with adjustments for age, sex, and energy intake.
The mean BMI was 25.9 ± 5.28 kg/m2, the mean body weight was 78.39 ± 18.03 kg, the mean body fat percentage was 29.1 ± 10.79%, and the mean choline intake was 447.93 ± 235 mg/day. Choline intake was negatively associated with body weight, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and FLI index (p < 0.05 for all associations) and positively associated with HDL cholesterol (p < 0.05). There were no associations between choline intake and BMI, hip circumference, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and the following fatty liver indexes: HSI and NAFLD-LFS.
Our study suggests that higher choline intake is associated with favorable body composition and may have a protective role on liver status. However, additional studies are needed to understand the effect of choline on these parameters.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
This work was supported by the Polish National Science Centre (grants 2014/15/B/NZ9/02134 and 2016/21/N/NZ9/01195).
Effect of Maternal Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Dietary Choline Status on Body Mass and Lipid Profile in Rat Offspring
- Joanna Mikołajczyk-Stecyna, Ewelina Żuk, Krzysztof Olszyński, Piotr Celichowski, Marcin Ruciński, Agata Chmurzynska
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E191
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Both maternal metabolic status and nutrition during pregnancy and lactation may have a programming effect on offspring metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the role of the dietary choline supply during pregnancy and lactation in rat dams suffering from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on body weight and plasma lipid profile of the progeny.
The research protocol was approved by the local ethics committee. The study groups included the offspring of 1. healthy dams receiving choline during pregnancy and lactation (the control group); 2. NAFLD dams receiving choline during pregnancy and lactation (NN); 3. NAFLD dams receiving choline during pregnancy and a choline-deficient diet during lactation (ND); 4. NAFLD dams receiving a choline-deficient diet during pregnancy and a supply of choline during lactation (DN); and 5. NAFLD dams receiving a choline-deficient diet during both pregnancy and lactation (DD). Body mass and plasma lipid profile were assessed in male and female rats from each group on day 3 (3d), day 24 (24d), and day 90 (90d).
Body mass was significantly lower in the male offspring of the DD and DN groups than in the control group. Differences were observed at all times (3d: p = 0.0023; 24d: p < 0.0001; 90d: p < 0.0001). Moreover, body mass was significantly higher in the male offspring of the control group than in any other group. In the female progeny, body mass was higher in the control group than in the ND (24d: p < 0.0001; 90d: p = 0.0067) or NN (24d: p = 0.0058) groups.
Total plasma cholesterol concentration was higher in the 90d males of the control group than in the DD group (p = 0.0163) and in the 24d females of the NN group than in the ND group (p = 0.0495). In the 3d animals, LDL was higher (p = 0.0083) but HDL was lower (p = 0.0196) in male rats of the DD and DN groups than in the NN and ND groups. Neither age nor sex affected LDL levels. The plasma levels of triglycerides were not affected by the dietary regimen, sex, or age of the animals.
Maternal NAFLD and dietary choline status during pregnancy and lactation affect body mass and lipid profile in rat offspring, and the effects of maternal programming are more pronounced in male offspring than in female.
The project was financed by the National Science Centre, Poland (2016/21/D/NZ9/00360).
Associations between folate intake, body composition, and liver status in healthy adults
- Monika Młodzik-Czyżewska, Anna Malinowska, Agata Chmurzynska
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E490
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A link has recently been underlined between one-carbon metabolism and body weight and body composition, suggesting that folate may account for body mass determination and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was thus to analyze whether folate intake is associated with body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage, and liver status.
409 subjects aged 20–40 were enrolled in Poznań, Poland from 2016 to 2018. Food intake was assessed using three-day food records. Folate intake was calculated based on food composition tables using the Diet 5.0 program (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland). Weight to 0.1 kg and height to 0.01 m were measured using an electronic scale and a stadiometer, respectively. BMI was calculated as body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Fat mass and lean body mass were determined using whole-body air-displacement plethysmography (BodPod, Cosmed, Italy). Genotyping of rs1801133 (MTHFR) was performed with TaqMan probes. The following biomarkers of liver steatosis were calculated: NAFLD liver fat score (NAFLD-LFS), fatty liver index (FLI), and hepatic steatosis index (HSI). To analyze the associations between folate intake and the measured parameters, we used multiple regression with adjustments for age, sex, and energy intake.
The mean body weight was 78.57 ± 18.14 kg, BMI 25.96 ± 5.28 kg/m2, and fat percentage 29.20% ± 10.78%. The median folate intake was 299.3 μg/day. Dietary folate intake was negatively associated with body weight, BMI, and body fat percentage (p < 0.05 for all associations). Folate intake was also associated with fatty liver indices—namely HSI (p < 0.05) and FLI (p < 0.05). There was no association between folate intake and NAFLD-LFS. MTHFR rs1801133 polymorphism was not associated with any of the measured parameters.
Our findings suggest that folate intake may affect body weight and composition, as well as liver status. Higher folate intake could have a protective effect against obesity, but further studies are necessary to investigate the mechanism.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.
This work was supported by the Polish National Science Centre
(grants 2014/15/B/NZ9/02134 and 2016/21/N/NZ9/01195).
Diet quality, anthropometrics, and gut microbiota composition in healthy adults
- Anna M. Malinowska, Marcin Schmidt, Agata Chmurzynska
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E369
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Human gut microbiota may affect metabolism and health by synthesizing metabolites and processing of food components. Those processes are specific to genus and species (or even strain), and dietary intake and metabolic state (such as obesity) can affect the composition of gut microbiota. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of dietary patterns and intake of several groups of food products and macronutrients, as well as the impact of anthropometric parameters on gut microbiota composition.
The study group consisted of 200 men and women between 31 and 50 years of age. The diet was assessed using three-day dietary records and the dietary pattern was determined with the use of the original score method and two dietary indices, namely the Diet Quality Index – International (DQI-I) and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Bacterial DNA was isolated from the feces of the participants and microbiota composition was determined using metagenomic sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene.
Dietary indices and intake of energy from macronutrients did not correlate with the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phylum ratio. However people with greater abundance of the Firmicutes phylum compared to Bacteroidetes consumed higher amounts of fermented milk beverages, hard cheese, and salt (78%, 48%, 14% higher intake respectively; p < 0.05). A higher diet quality as measured by the diet indices was positively correlated with the relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum, Bacilli, Clostridia class, Lachnospira, Faecalibacterium, Coprococcus, and Prevotella genus and negatively correlated with the relative abundance of the Bacteroidetes phylum, Bacteroidia class, and Bacteroides genus. Higher dietary fiber intake positively correlated with the relative abundance of the Coprococcus, Lachnospira, and Roseburia genera, whereas energy intake from simple carbohydrates was positively correlated with the relative abundance of the Tenericutes phylum and the Mollicutes class. Energy intake from alcohol correlated positively with the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum and Bacteroides class and correlated negatively with Firmicutes phylum and Clostridia class. Lower waist-to-hip-ratio, body mass index, and fat mass led to higher abundance of the Fecalibacterium genus.
Both diet and anthropometric parameters are associated with gut microbiota composition. Associations between diet and the relative abundance of microbiota are nutrient-specific.
Fatty acid sensitivity, intake of high-fat foods, gene polymorphism, and body mass
- Agata Chmurzynska, Monika Młodzik-Czyżewska, Anna Malinowska, Grzegorz Galinski, Anna Radziejewska, Ewa Bulczak, Joanna Mikołajczyk-Stecyna
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 79 / Issue OCE2 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2020, E185
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Taste perception is the main biological determinant of food choice. It has thus been hypothesized that fatty acid sensitivity may affect fat intake. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between fatty acid sensitivity, frequency of consumption of high-fat products, polymorphism of genes encoding proteins involved in fat taste perception, and body mass.
421 people aged 20–40 were enrolled in Poznań, Poland. Body composition was measured using a Bod Pod. The frequency of consumption of high-fat foods was analyzed using an application for mobile devices based on the ecological momentary assessment approach. Food intake was assessed with dietary records. Salad dressings with varying concentrations of canola oil (from 2.5% to 40.0%) were used as stimuli to test fatty acid sensitivity. The individuals were then divided into groups with higher and lower fatty acid sensitivity. Lower sensitivity means that individuals were able to distinguish samples when the oil concentration exceeded 20%. Genotyping of rs1761667 (CD36), rs1573611 (FFAR1), and rs17108973 (FFAR4) was performed using TaqMan probes.
57% men and 61% women had higher sensitivity to fatty acids. Higher fatty acid sensitivity was associated with the GG genotype of CD36 (OR = 2.05, p < 0.05). People with different taste sensitivity did not differ in their frequency of consumption of high-fat foods or in their macronutrient intake. There was no association between body mass index (BMI) and fatty acid sensitivity, but people with BMI values below 25 more often ate high-fat products with favorable lipid profiles and less often ate meat high-fat products than subjects with BMI values over 25 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). There was no association between CD36 or FFAR4 genotype and fat intake or frequency of consumption of high-fat foods. People with the minor FFAR1 allele ate sweet high-fat products less often than major allele homozygotes (p < 0.05). Moreover, women ate high-fat products with favorable lipid profiles and sweet and savory high-fat products more frequently than men (p < 0.05, p < 0.001, and p < 0.01), but men ate meat high-fat products more frequently than women (p < 0.01).
Concluding, fatty acid sensitivity is associated with polymorphism of the CD36 gene. The frequency of consumption of high-fat foods depends on sex, but not on fatty acid sensitivity, BMI, or CD36 variants.
The project was financed by a National Science Centre award (decision number grant no. 2014/15/B/NZ9/02134).
Genetics of fat intake in the determination of body mass
- Agata Chmurzynska, Monika A. Mlodzik
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- Journal:
- Nutrition Research Reviews / Volume 30 / Issue 1 / June 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 March 2017, pp. 106-117
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Body mass and fat intake are multifactorial traits that have genetic and environmental components. The gene with the greatest effect on body mass is FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated), but several studies have shown that the effect of FTO (and of other genes) on body mass can be modified by the intake of nutrients. The so-called gene–environment interactions may also be important for the effectiveness of weight-loss strategies. Food choices, and thus fat intake, depend to some extent on individual preferences. The most important biological component of food preference is taste, and the role of fat sensitivity in fat intake has recently been pointed out. Relatively few studies have analysed the genetic components of fat intake or fatty acid sensitivity in terms of their relation to obesity. It has been proposed that decreased oral fatty acid sensitivity leads to increased fat intake and thus increased body mass. One of the genes that affect fatty acid sensitivity is CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36). However, little is known so far about the genetic component of fat sensing. We performed a literature review to identify the state of knowledge regarding the genetics of fat intake and its relation to body-mass determination, and to identify the priorities for further investigations.