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Disorder-specific cingulo-opercular network hyperconnectivity in pediatric OCD relative to pediatric anxiety
- Hannah C. Becker, Luke J. Norman, Huan Yang, Christopher S. Monk, K. Luan Phan, Stephan F. Taylor, Yanni Liu, Kristin Mannella, Kate D. Fitzgerald
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 4 / March 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 August 2021, pp. 1468-1478
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Background
Prior investigation of adult patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) has found greater functional connectivity within orbitofrontal–striatal–thalamic (OST) circuitry, as well as altered connectivity within and between large-scale brain networks such as the cingulo-opercular network (CON) and default mode network (DMN), relative to controls. However, as adult OCD patients often have high rates of co-morbid anxiety and long durations of illness, little is known about the functional connectivity of these networks in relation to OCD specifically, or in young patients near illness onset.
MethodsIn this study, unmedicated female patients with OCD (ages 8–21 years, n = 23) were compared to age-matched female patients with anxiety disorders (n = 26), and healthy female youth (n = 44). Resting-state functional connectivity was used to determine the strength of functional connectivity within and between OST, CON, and DMN.
ResultsFunctional connectivity within the CON was significantly greater in the OCD group as compared to the anxiety and healthy control groups. Additionally, the OCD group displayed greater functional connectivity between OST and CON compared to the other two groups, which did not differ significantly from each other.
ConclusionsOur findings indicate that previously noted network connectivity differences in pediatric patients with OCD were likely not attributable to co-morbid anxiety disorders. Moreover, these results suggest that specific patterns of hyperconnectivity within CON and between CON and OST circuitry may characterize OCD relative to non-OCD anxiety disorders in youth. This study improves understanding of network dysfunction underlying pediatric OCD as compared to pediatric anxiety.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of 14C-Halosulfuron in Grafted Eggplant and Tomato
- Sushila Chaudhari, Katherine M. Jennings, David W. Monks, David L. Jordan, Christopher C. Gunter, Frank J. Louws
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 31 / Issue 6 / December 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 September 2017, pp. 908-914
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Grafted plants are a combination of two different interspecific or intraspecific scion and rootstock. Determination of herbicidal selectivity of the grafted plant is critical given their increased use in vegetable production. Differential absorption, translocation, and metabolism play an important role in herbicide selectivity of plant species because these processes affect the herbicide amount delivered to the site of action. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine absorption, translocation, and metabolism of halosulfuron in grafted and non-grafted tomato and eggplant. Transplant type included non-grafted tomato cultivar Amelia, non-grafted eggplant cultivar Santana, Amelia scion grafted onto Maxifort tomato rootstock (A-Maxifort) and Santana scion grafted onto Maxifort rootstock (S-Maxifort). Plants were treated POST with commercially formulated halosulfuron at 39 g ai ha-1 followed by 14C-halosulfuron under controlled laboratory conditions. Amount of 14C-halosufuron was quantified in leaf wash, treated leaf, scion shoot, rootstock shoot, and root at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h after treatment (HAT) using liquid scintillation spectrometry. No differences were observed between transplant types with regard to absorption and translocation of 14C-halosulfuron. Absorption of 14C-halosulfuron increased with time, reaching 10 and 74% of applied at 6 and 96 HAT, respectively. Translocation of 14C-halosulfuron was limited to the treated leaf, which reached maximum (66% of applied) at 96 HAT, whereas minimal (<4% of applied) translocation occurred in scion shoot, rootstock shoot, and root. Tomato plants metabolized halosulfuron faster compared to eggplant regardless of grafting. Of the total amount of 14C-halosulfuron absorbed into the plant, 9 to 14% remained in the form of the parent compound in tomato compared with 25 to 26% in eggplant at 48 HAT. These results indicate that grafting did not affect absorption, translocation, and metabolism of POST halosulfuron in tomato and eggplant.
Response of Drought-Stressed Grafted and Nongrafted Tomato to Postemergence Metribuzin
- Sushila Chaudhari, Katherine M. Jennings, David W. Monks, David L. Jordan, Christopher C. Gunter, Frank J. Louws
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 31 / Issue 3 / June 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2017, pp. 447-454
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Tomato grafting is practiced worldwide as an innovative approach to manage stress from drought, waterlogging, insects, and diseases. Metribuzin is a commonly used herbicide in tomato but has potential to cause injury after application if plants are under stress. The influence of metribuzin on grafted tomato under drought-stress has not been studied. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in Raleigh, NC to determine the tolerance of drought-stressed grafted and non-grafted tomato to metribuzin. The tomato cultivar ‘Amelia’ was used as the scion in grafted tomato, and for the non-grafted control. Two hybrid tomato ‘Beaufort’ and ‘Maxifort’ were used as rootstocks for grafted plants. Drought-stress treatments included: no drought-stress; 3 d of drought-stress before metribuzin application with no drought-stress after application (3 d DSB); and 3 d of drought-stress before metribuzin application with 3 d of drought-stress after application (3 d DSBA). Metribuzin was applied at 550 g ai ha−1. No difference in injury from metribuzin was observed in grafted and non-grafted plants. However, at 7 and 14 d after metribuzin treatment (DMT), less injury was observed on tomato in the 3 d DSBA treatment (5 and 2% injury, respectively) than on plants in the 3 d DSB treatment (15 and 8% injury, respectively) or those that were never drought-stressed (18 and 11% injury, respectively). Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance measured prior to metribuzin application were reduced similarly in grafted and non-grafted tomato subjected to drought-stress. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of grafted and non-grafted tomato at 7 DMT was not different among drought-stress treatments or metribuzin treatments. Grafted and non-grafted tomato plants under drought-stress exhibit similar tolerance to metribuzin. The risk of metribuzin injury to grafted tomato under drought-stress is similar to non-grafted tomato.
Response of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) Grafted onto Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Rootstock to Herbicides
- Sushila Chaudhari, Katherine M. Jennings, David W. Monks, David L. Jordan, Christopher C. Gunter, Nicholas T. Basinger, Frank J. Louws
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 30 / Issue 1 / March 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 207-216
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Tomato rootstocks have been successfully used for eggplant production. However, the safety of herbicides registered in tomato has not been tested on grafted eggplant, which is a combination of tomato rootstock and eggplant scion. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine response of grafted eggplant on tomato rootstock to napropamide, metribuzin, halosulfuron, trifluralin, S-metolachlor, and fomesafen herbicides. In greenhouse experiments, herbicide treatments included pretransplant S-metolachlor (400 and 800 g ai ha−1), pre- or posttransplant metribuzin (140 and 280 g ai ha−1), and posttransplant halosulfuron (18 and 36 g ai ha−1). In field experiments, herbicide treatments included pretransplant fomesafen (280 and 420 g ai ha−1), halosulfuron (39 and 52 g ha−1), metribuzin (280 and 550 g ha−1), napropamide (1,120 and 2,240 g ai ha−1), S-metolachlor (800 and 1,060 g ha−1), and trifluralin (560 and 840 g ai ha−1). The eggplant cultivar ‘Santana' was used as the scion and nongrafted control, and two hybrid tomatoes ‘RST-04−106-T' and ‘Maxifort' were used as rootstocks for grafted plants. In both greenhouse and field experiments, there was no difference between grafted and nongrafted eggplant in terms of injury caused by herbicides. Metribuzin posttransplant at 140 and 280 g ha−1 caused 94 and 100% injury to grafted and nongrafted eggplant 4 wk after treatment. In field experiments, pretransplant fomesafen, napropamide, S-metolachlor, and trifluralin caused less than 10% injury and no yield reduction in grafted and nongrafted eggplant. However, metribuzin caused injury and yield reduction in both grafted and nongrafted eggplant. Metribuzin at 550 g ha−1 caused 60 and 81% plant stand loss in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Halosulfuron reduced yield 24% in both grafted and nongrafted eggplant compared to nontreated control in 2013 but did not reduce yield in 2014. The pretransplant S-metolachlor, napropamide, fomesafen, and trifluralin are safe to use on eggplant grafted onto tomato rootstock, and will be a valuable addition to the toolkit of eggplant growers.
Response of Grafted Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to Herbicides
- Sushila Chaudhari, Katherine M. Jennings, David W. Monks, David L. Jordan, Christopher C. Gunter, Frank J. Louws
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 29 / Issue 4 / December 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 800-809
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Tomato grafting has gained increased attention in the United States as an alternative to methyl bromide to control soilborne pests and diseases. Although several herbicides are registered in tomato production, a lack of information exists on the effect of herbicides on grafted tomato. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine herbicide tolerance of grafted tomato. In greenhouse experiments, halosulfuron (27, 54, and 108 g ai ha−1), metribuzin (280, 560, and 1,120 g ai ha−1), and S-metolachlor (1,070, 2,140, and 3,200 g ai ha−1) were applied posttransplant to nongrafted ‘Amelia' and Amelia scion grafted onto ‘Maxifort' or ‘RST-04-106-T' tomato rootstocks. Although herbicide injury was observed, no differences were observed in grafted and nongrafted tomato response including visible injury assessments, plant height, and fresh weight. Tomato injury at 3 wk after herbicide application increased from 3 to 12, 1 to 87, and 0 to 37% as rate of halosulfuron, metribuzin, and S-metolachlor increased, respectively. In field experiments under plasticulture, herbicides applied pretransplant included fomesafen (280 and 420 g ai ha−1), halosulfuron (39 and 54 g ha−1), metribuzin (280 and 560 g ha−1), napropamide (1,120 and 2,240 g ha−1), S-metolachlor (800 and 1,070 g ha−1), and trifluralin (560 and 840 g ai ha−1). Amelia was used as the scion and the nongrafted control. ‘Anchor-T', ‘Beaufort', or Maxifort tomato were used as rootstocks for grafted plants. Fomesafen, halosulfuron, napropamide, and trifluralin initially caused greater injury to grafted tomato than to nongrafted tomato regardless of rootstock (Anchor-T, Beaufort, or Maxifort). However, by 4 wk after treatment, all grafted and nongrafted plants had recovered from herbicide injury. A transplant type-by-herbicide interaction was not observed for yield, but grafted A-Maxifort tomato produced greater total and marketable yield than nongrafted Amelia tomato. Grafted tomato exhibited similar tolerance as nongrafted tomato for all herbicides applied post- and pretransplant.
Critical Period for Weed Control in Grafted and Nongrafted Fresh Market Tomato
- Sushila Chaudhari, Katherine M. Jennings, David W. Monks, David L. Jordan, Christopher C. Gunter, Samuel J. McGowen, Frank J. Louws
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 64 / Issue 3 / September 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 523-530
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Field experiments were conducted to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in nongrafted ‘Amelia’ and Amelia grafted onto ‘Maxifort’ tomato rootstock grown in plasticulture. The establishment treatments (EST) consisted of two seedlings each of common purslane, large crabgrass, and yellow nutsedge transplanted at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 wk after tomato transplanting (WAT) and remained until tomato harvest to simulate weeds emerging at different times. The removal treatments (REM) consisted of the same weeds transplanted on the day of tomato transplanting and removed at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 12 WAT to simulate weeds controlled at different times. The beginning and end of the CPWC, based on a 5% yield loss of marketable tomato, was determined by fitting log-logistic and Gompertz models to the relative yield data representing REM and EST, respectively. In both grafted and nongrafted tomato, plant aboveground dry biomass increased as establishment of weeds was delayed and tomato plant biomass decreased when removal of weeds was delayed. For a given time of weed removal and establishment, grafted tomato plants produced higher biomass than nongrafted. The delay in establishment and removal of weeds resulted in weed biomass decrease and increase of the same magnitude, respectively, regardless of transplant type. The predicted CPWC was from 2.2 to 4.5 WAT in grafted tomato and from 3.3 to 5.8 WAT in nongrafted tomato. The length (2.3 or 2.5 wk) of the CPWC in fresh market tomato was not affected by grafting; however, the CPWC management began and ended 1 wk earlier in grafted tomato than in nongrafted tomato.
Contributors
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- By Sofya Abazyan, Saskia S. Arndt, Jonathon C. Arnold, Sandra Beeské, Odd-Geir Berge, Valerie J. Bolivar, David Borchelt, Marie-Françoise Chesselet, Yoon H. Cho, Angelo Contarino, John C. Crabbe, Wim E. Crusio, Bianca De Filippis, Mara Dierssen, Stephanie C. Dulawa, Emily C. Eastwood, Haim Einat, Raul R. Gainetdinov, David Gordon, Guy Griebel, F. Scott Hall, John H. Harkness, Christopher Janus, Zhengping Jia, Nirit Kara, Tim Karl, Martien J. H. Kas, Federica Klaus, Robert Lalonde, Glenda Lassi, Giovanni Laviola, Iddo Magen, Stephen C. Maxson, Douglas Ashley Monks, Rebecca E. Nordquist, Lucy R. Osborne, Tamara J. Phillips, Alisdair R. Philp, Marina R. Picciotto, Susanna Pietropaolo, Mikhail V. Pletnikov, Christopher R. Pryce, James L. Resnick, Laura Ricceri, Frans Sluyter, Emily Y. Smith, Ichiro Sora, Tatyana D. Sotnikova, Rebecca C. Steiner, Ortrud K. Steinlein, Catherine Strazielle, Enejda Subashi, Ashlyn Swift-Gallant, Aki Takahashi, Kevin Talbot, Stewart Thompson, Valter Tucci, F. Josef van der Staay, Gertjan van Dijk, Nancy S. Woehrle
- Edited by Susanna Pietropaolo, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, Frans Sluyter, University of Portsmouth, Wim E. Crusio, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris
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- Book:
- Behavioral Genetics of the Mouse
- Published online:
- 05 October 2014
- Print publication:
- 25 September 2014, pp ix-xii
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1 - Behind the Curtains, Under the Covers, Inside the Tent: Textile Items and Narrative Strategies in Anglo-Saxon Old Testament Art
- Edited by Robin Netherton, Gale R. Owen-Crocker
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- Book:
- Medieval Clothing and Textiles 10
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 14 February 2023
- Print publication:
- 17 April 2014, pp 1-24
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Summary
It is easy to dismiss representations of textile items in Anglo-Saxon manuscript art as incidental: A pair of curtains, bedclothes, or a tent might be read as nothing more than decorative embellishments. When examined more closely, however, such items may take on an important role in the structuring of a visual narrative, or their deployment may even become, in effect, commentary or discourse. Moreover, it can be demonstrated that some textile items are used strategically to compel the viewer toward interacting intellectually and/or emotionally with what is on the page.
The research of Catherine Karkov has done much to dispel the notion that the drawings that form part of Old Testament narratives in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts are merely illustrations of the text. In her study of Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Junius 11, for example, she explains and demonstrates the idea of “a metonymic compilation of text and illustration” which creates a “dialogue that echoes back and forth throughout the manuscript.” This is a useful way of understanding how image-text relationships produce discourse: As images trigger associations with words, and vice versa, the mind of the active reader-viewer absorbs the echoing dialogue, and as a consequence the reader-viewer is propelled into an exercise of hermeneutic endeavour. Stephen Nichols perhaps hints at something more. He remarks on the “two kinds of literacy” within “the dynamic of the medieval manuscript matrix,” observing how “reading text and interpreting visual signs […] offer a dual route of penetration to the underside of consciousness.” In essence, this essay attempts to penetrate both the consciousness of the artist and that of the reader-viewer. Its particular angle is the analysis of representations of everyday textile items as part of narrative strategies. Appreciating these strategies opens up our understanding of artistic intent and audience reception in the Anglo-Saxon period. Several scenes from two late-Anglo-Saxon manuscripts, scenes that are in actuality sexual narratives, will provide the focus for this study. The manuscripts are the Illustrated Old English Hexateuch and MS Junius 11.
Curtains that Reveal
Anyone who has been to a theatre production can relate to the metaphor of the revealing curtain: The drawing back of theatrical curtains may reveal the identity of an individual, perhaps a villain or a hero; or it may open up to the audience an imagined world, perhaps a private, inner space; or it may stimulate anticipation in some other way.
Contributors
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- By Nicholas B. Allen, Joan Rosenbaum Asarnow, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Ronald E. Dahl, Joanne Davila, Laura M. DeRose, Lea R. Dougherty, Nancy Eisenberg, Erika E. Forbes, Wyndol Furman, Paul Gilbert, Julia A. Graber, Danielle M. Hessler, Erin C. Hunter, Chris Irons, Lynn Fainsilber Katz, Amanda Kesek, Daniel N. Klein, Annette M. La Greca, Rebecca S. Laptook, Reed W. Larson, Primrose Letcher, Peter M. Lewinsohn, Marc D. Lewis, Christine McDunn, James W. McKowen, Christopher S. Monk, Amanda Sheffield Morris, Thomas M. Olino, Tomáš Paus, Daniel S. Pine, Ann V. Sanson, John R. Seeley, Lisa B. Sheeber, Rebecca Siegel, Jennifer S. Silk, Diana Smart, Martha C. Tompson, Julie Vaughan, Brennan J. Young, Philip David Zelazo
- Edited by Nicholas B. Allen, University of Melbourne, Lisa B. Sheeber
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- Book:
- Adolescent Emotional Development and the Emergence of Depressive Disorders
- Published online:
- 14 September 2009
- Print publication:
- 20 November 2008, pp ix-xiv
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