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Descriptive evaluation of antibody responses to severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in plasma and gingival crevicular fluid in a nursing home cohort—Arkansas, June–August 2020
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- Nicole E. Brown, Amanda K. Lyons, Amy J. Schuh, Megan M. Stumpf, Jennifer L. Harcourt, Azaibi Tamin, Mohammad Ata Ur Rasheed, Lisa Mills, Sandra N. Lester, Natalie J. Thornburg, Kenny Nguyen, Veronica Costantini, Jan Vinjé, Jennifer Y. Huang, Sarah E. Gilbert, Paige Gable, Susan Bollinger, Sarah Sabour, Elizabeth Beshearse, Diya Surie, Caitlin Biedron, Christopher J. Gregory, Nakia S. Clemmons, Brett Whitaker, Melissa M. Coughlin, Kathryn A. Seely, Kelley Garner, Trent Gulley, Tafarra Haney, Atul Kothari, Naveen Patil, Alison Laufer Halpin, L. Clifford McDonald, Preeta K. Kutty, Allison C. Brown
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 43 / Issue 11 / November 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 November 2021, pp. 1610-1617
- Print publication:
- November 2022
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Objective:
To characterize and compare severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–specific immune responses in plasma and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from nursing home residents during and after natural infection.
Design:Prospective cohort.
Setting:Nursing home.
Participants:SARS-CoV-2–infected nursing home residents.
Methods:A convenience sample of 14 SARS-CoV-2–infected nursing home residents, enrolled 4–13 days after real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction diagnosis, were followed for 42 days. After diagnosis, plasma SARS-CoV-2–specific pan-Immunoglobulin (Ig), IgG, IgA, IgM, and neutralizing antibodies were measured at 5 time points, and GCF SARS-CoV-2–specific IgG and IgA were measured at 4 time points.
Results:All participants demonstrated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among 12 phlebotomized participants, plasma was positive for pan-Ig and IgG in all 12 participants. Neutralizing antibodies were positive in 11 participants; IgM was positive in 10 participants, and IgA was positive in 9 participants. Among 14 participants with GCF specimens, GCF was positive for IgG in 13 participants and for IgA in 12 participants. Immunoglobulin responses in plasma and GCF had similar kinetics; median times to peak antibody response were similar across specimen types (4 weeks for IgG; 3 weeks for IgA). Participants with pan-Ig, IgG, and IgA detected in plasma and GCF IgG remained positive throughout this evaluation, 46–55 days after diagnosis. All participants were viral-culture negative by the first detection of antibodies.
Conclusions:Nursing home residents had detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in plasma and GCF after infection. Kinetics of antibodies detected in GCF mirrored those from plasma. Noninvasive GCF may be useful for detecting and monitoring immunologic responses in populations unable or unwilling to be phlebotomized.
29791 Bird-delivered ivermectin as a novel urban West Nile virus prevention strategy
- Karen M Holcomb, Chilinh Nguyen, Nicholas Komar, Brian D Foy, Christopher M Barker
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 5 / Issue s1 / March 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 March 2021, p. 130
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ABSTRACT IMPACT: Successful implementation of this control strategy will result in a commercially available ivermectin-treated birdfeed that the public can use to protect themselves from infection with West Nile virus (WNV) by reducing mosquito survival and thereby suppressing WNV transmission around their homes. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We assessed the efficacy and feasibility of ivermectin (IVM)-treated birds as a mosquito control strategy for local reduction of West Nile virus (WNV) transmission. We conducted a randomized field trial in backyard chickens and developed a mathematical model informed by field data to predict the impact of treated wild birds on transmission. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We placed 48 chickens in four treated and four untreated control flocks in backyards coops across Davis, CA and administered IVM daily in feed to treated flocks (Jul-Sep 2019). We assessed entomological indices weekly (i.e. Culex mosquito abundance, WNV infection prevalence, and parity rate) around each coop, monitored serum IVM levels in treated chickens, and tested for WNV antibodies in all chickens. Shifting our focus to wild birds, we developed a spatially-implicit mathematical model of WNV transmission near IVM-treated birdfeeders. Model parameters for bird movement were based on our telemetry of 27 birds in Fort Collins, CO (Aug-Sep 2020). Using the model, we predicted optimal deployment of treated feeders to provide local WNV control. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: WNV seroconversions were reduced in treated vs. untreated flocks, indicating a reduction in WNV transmission intensity at treated coops (P = 0.03). A sustained, but insignificant reduction in number of infected mosquitoes was observed near treated coops (P = 0.59); small sample sizes and below normal WNV prevalence in the study area limited our power. We anticipate that optimal spacing and number of IVM-treated birdfeeders required for effective WNV control in neighborhoods will depend on feeder usage rates by common bird species irrespective of WNV competence; broad availability of IVM-treated bloodmeals to mosquitoes will be more effective in reducing transmission than targeting the few species responsible for viral amplification. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: IVM is a novel method for controlling zoonotic pathogens in the US and has the potential for targeted mosquito control to reduce pesticide usage. Evaluating spatial deployment of IVM-treated bird feed for local reduction in WNV transmission is a stepping stone to commercial deployment of this WNV control strategy.
4102 Assessment of ivermectin-treated backyard chickens as a novel urban West Nile virus prevention strategy
- Karen Holcomb, Chilinh Nguyen, Brian D. Foy, Christopher M. Barker
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 4 / Issue s1 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 July 2020, pp. 123-124
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: We conducted a randomized field trail to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel vector control strategy that involves treating urban backyard chickens with ivermectin (IVM), a widely used antiparasitic and mosquitocial drug. The goal was to reduce vector mosquito populations and West Nile virus (WNV) transmission. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We placed eight flocks—four treated and four untreated control—of six Lohmann brown chickens (16 month-old) each in backyard coops across Davis, CA and administered IVM in feed daily at treated coops (200 mg IVM/kg feed) for eleven weeks. We monitored entomological indices weekly (i.e. mosquito abundance, WNV infection prevalence, and parity rate) in Culex mosquito populations near (10 m) and far (150 m) from each coop location for the peak WNV transmission season (Jul-Sep 2019). We also monitored serum IVM levels in treated chickens and tested for WNV antibodies in all chickens throughout the study. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Since IVM impacts only mosquitoes that live long enough to take a bloodmeal from a treated chicken, we do not expect to find a marked difference in adult Culex abundance between the two treatment arms, but we expect to find a reduction in WNV infection prevalence and a shift in female mosquito age structure towards younger, uninfected individuals at treated coops. We also anticipate seroconversions in treated chickens to occur at lower rates versus untreated control chickens indicating a reduction in WNV transmission intensity at treated coops. We observed no negative health outcomes from the long-term ingestion of IVM by study chickens. A pathological investigation is underway to compare histological findings between treated and untreated chickens. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: IVM provides the potential for targeted mosquito control. Reduced WNV transmission dynamics here is a stepping stone to a commercial WNV control strategy; IVM-treated feed for wild birds for homeowners’ use to combat WNV transmission in their neighborhoods.
Augmented Reality in Neurosurgery: A Review of Current Concepts and Emerging Applications
- Daipayan Guha, Naif M. Alotaibi, Nhu Nguyen, Shaurya Gupta, Christopher McFaul, Victor X.D. Yang
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 44 / Issue 3 / May 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 April 2017, pp. 235-245
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Augmented reality (AR) superimposes computer-generated virtual objects onto the user’s view of the real world. Among medical disciplines, neurosurgery has long been at the forefront of image-guided surgery, and it continues to push the frontiers of AR technology in the operating room. In this systematic review, we explore the history of AR in neurosurgery and examine the literature on current neurosurgical applications of AR. Significant challenges to surgical AR exist, including compounded sources of registration error, impaired depth perception, visual and tactile temporal asynchrony, and operator inattentional blindness. Nevertheless, the ability to accurately display multiple three-dimensional datasets congruently over the area where they are most useful, coupled with future advances in imaging, registration, display technology, and robotic actuation, portend a promising role for AR in the neurosurgical operating room.
Contributors
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- By Cecil S. Ash, Paul Barach, Ulrike Buehner, M. Ross Bullock, Leonardo Canale, Henry G. Chou, Jeffrey A. Claridge, John J. Como, Armagan Dagal, Martin Dauber, James S. Davis, Shalini Dhir, François Donati, Roman Dudaryk, Richard P. Dutton, Talmage D. Egan, Yashar Eshraghi, John R. Fisgus, Jeff Gadsden, Sugantha Ganapathy, Mark A. Gerhardt, Inderjit Gill, Joseph F. Golob, Glenn P. Gravlee, Marcello Guglielmi, Jana Hambley, Peter Hebbard, Elena J. Holak, Khadil Hosein, Ken Johnson, Matthew A. Joy, George W. Kanellakos, Olga Kaslow, Arthur M. Lam, Vanetta Levesque, Jessica Anne Lovich-Sapola, M. Jocelyn Loy, Peter F. Mahoney, Donn Marciniak, Maureen McCunn, Craig C. McFarland, Maroun J. Mhanna, Timothy Moore, Cynthia Nguyen, Maxim Novikov, E. Orestes O’Brien, Ketan P. Parekh, Claire L. Park, Michael J. A. Parr, Elie Rizkala, Steven Roth, Alistair Royse, Colin Royse, Kasia Petelenz Rubin, David Ryan, Claire Sandstrom, Carl I. Schulman, Rishad Shaikh, Ranjita Sharma, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Peter Slinger, Charles E. Smith, Christopher Smith, Paul Soeding, Rakesh V. Sondekoppam, P. David Soran, Eldar Søreide, Elizabeth A. Steele, Kristian Strand, Dennis M. Super, Kutaiba Tabbaa, Nicholas T. Tarmey, Joshua M. Tobin, Kalpana Tyagaraj, Heather A. Vallier, Sandra Werner, Earl Willis Weyers, William C. Wilson, Shoji Yokobori, Charles J. Yowler
- Edited by Charles E. Smith
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- Book:
- Trauma Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 April 2015
- Print publication:
- 09 April 2015, pp vii-x
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- By Linda S. Aglio, Cyrus Ahmadi Yazdi, Syed Irfan Qasim Ali, Caryn Barnet, Jessica Bauerle, Felicity Billings, Evan Blaney, Beverly Chang, Christopher Chen, Zinaida Chepurny, Hyung Sun Choi, Allison Clark, Lauren J. Cornella, Lisa Crossley, Michael D’Ambra, Galina Davidyuk, Whitney de Luna, Manisha S. Desai, Sukumar P. Desai, Kelly G. Elterman, Michaela K. Farber, Iuliu Fat, Jaida Fitzgerald, Devon Flaherty, John A. Fox, Gyorgy Frendl, Rejean Gareau, Joseph M. Garfield, Andrea Girnius, Laverne D. Gugino, J. Tasker Gundy, Carly C. Guthrie, Lisa M. Hammond, M. Tariq Hanifi, James Hardy, Philip M. Hartigan, Thomas Hickey, Richard Hsu, Mohab Ibrahim, David Janfaza, Yuka Kiyota, Suzanne Klainer, Benjamin Kloesel, Hanjo Ko, Bhavani Kodali, Vesela Kovacheva, J. Matthew Kynes, Robert W. Lekowski, Joyce Lo, Jeffrey Lu, Alvaro A. Macias, Zahra M. Malik, Erich N. Marks, Brendan McGinn, Jonathan R. Meserve, Annette Mizuguchi, Srdjan S. Nedeljkovic, Ju-Mei Ng, Michael Nguyen, Olutoyin Okanlawon, Jennifer Oliver, Krishna Parekh, Jessica Patterson, Christian Peccora, Pete Pelletier, Sujatha Pentakota, James H. Philip, Marc Philip T. Pimentel, Timothy D. Quinn, Elizabeth M. Rickerson, Susan L. Sager, Julia Serber, Shaheen Shaikh, Stanton Shernan, David Silver, Alissa Sodickson, Pingping Song, George P. Topulos, Agnieszka Trzcinka, Richard D. Urman, Rosemary Uzomba, Joshua Vacanti, Assia Valovska, Michael Vaninetti, Scott W. Vaughan, Kamen Vlassakov, Christopher Voscopoulos, Emily L. Wang, Laura Westfall, Zhiling Xiong, Stephanie Yacoubian, Dongdong Yao, Martin Zammert, Maksim Zayaruzny, Jose Luis Zeballos, Natthasorn Zinboonyahgoon, Jie Zhou
- Edited by Linda S. Aglio, Robert W. Lekowski, Richard D. Urman
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- Book:
- Essential Clinical Anesthesia Review
- Published online:
- 05 February 2015
- Print publication:
- 08 January 2015, pp xi-xvi
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- By Tod C. Aeby, Melanie D. Altizer, Ronan A. Bakker, Meghann E. Batten, Anita K. Blanchard, Brian Bond, Megan A. Brady, Saweda A. Bright, Ellen L. Brock, Amy Brown, Ashley Carroll, Jori S. Carter, Frances Casey, Weldon Chafe, David Chelmow, Jessica M. Ciaburri, Stephen A. Cohen, Adrianne M. Colton, PonJola Coney, Jennifer A. Cross, Julie Zemaitis DeCesare, Layson L. Denney, Megan L. Evans, Nicole S. Fanning, Tanaz R. Ferzandi, Katie P. Friday, Nancy D. Gaba, Rajiv B. Gala, Andrew Galffy, Adrienne L. Gentry, Edward J. Gill, Philippe Girerd, Meredith Gray, Amy Hempel, Audra Jolyn Hill, Chris J. Hong, Kathryn A. Houston, Patricia S. Huguelet, Warner K. Huh, Jordan Hylton, Christine R. Isaacs, Alison F. Jacoby, Isaiah M. Johnson, Nicole W. Karjane, Emily E. Landers, Susan M. Lanni, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Lee A. Learman, Nikola Alexander Letham, Rachel K. Love, Richard Scott Lucidi, Elisabeth McGaw, Kimberly Woods McMorrow, Christopher A. Manipula, Kirk J. Matthews, Michelle Meglin, Megan Metcalf, Sarah H. Milton, Gaby Moawad, Christopher Morosky, Lindsay H. Morrell, Elizabeth L. Munter, Erin L. Murata, Amanda B. Murchison, Nguyet A. Nguyen, Nan G. O’Connell, Tony Ogburn, K. Nathan Parthasarathy, Thomas C. Peng, Ashley Peterson, Sarah Peterson, John G. Pierce, Amber Price, Heidi J. Purcell, Ronald M. Ramus, Nicole Calloway Rankins, Fidelma B. Rigby, Amanda H. Ritter, Barbara L. Robinson, Danielle Roncari, Lisa Rubinsak, Jennifer Salcedo, Mary T. Sale, Peter F. Schnatz, John W. Seeds, Kathryn Shaia, Karen Shelton, Megan M. Shine, Haller J. Smith, Roger P. Smith, Nancy A. Sokkary, Reni A. Soon, Aparna Sridhar, Lilja Stefansson, Laurie S. Swaim, Chemen M. Tate, Hong-Thao Thieu, Meredith S. Thomas, L. Chesney Thompson, Tiffany Tonismae, Angela M. Tran, Breanna Walker, Alan G. Waxman, C. Nathan Webb, Valerie L. Williams, Sarah B. Wilson, Elizabeth M. Yoselevsky, Amy E. Young
- Edited by David Chelmow, Virginia Commonwealth University, Christine R. Isaacs, Virginia Commonwealth University, Ashley Carroll, Virginia Commonwealth University
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- Acute Care and Emergency Gynecology
- Published online:
- 05 November 2014
- Print publication:
- 30 October 2014, pp ix-xiv
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- By Tom Abbott, Gareth L. Ackland, Hollman D. Aya, Berthold Bein, Karim Bendjelid, Matthieu Biais, Elizabeth J. Bridges, Maxime Cannesson, Cédric Carrié, Alice Carter, Maurizio Cecconi, Daniel Chappell, Jason H. Chua, Gary Colins, Diego Orbegozo Cortes, Lester A. H. Critchley, Daniel De Backer, Katia Donadello, Eric Edison, Byron D. Fergerson, Tong J. Gan, Michael T. Ganter, Leslie M. Garson, Christoph K. Hofer, Christoph Ilies, James M. Isbell, Matthias Jacob, Mazyar Javidroozi, Zeev N. Kain, Elisa Kam, Gautam Kumar, Yannick Le Manach, Sheldon Magder, Aman Mahajan, Gerard R. Manecke, Paul E. Marik, Joseph Meltzer, Debra R. Metter, Timothy E. Miller, Xavier Monnet, Michael Mythen, Rudolph Nguyen, Rupert Pearse, Michael R. Pinsky, Davinder Ramsingh, Steffen Rex, Andrew Rhodes, Joseph Rinehart, Mathieu Sèrié, Aryeh Shander, Nils Siegenthaler, Ann B. Singleton, Faraz Syed, Jean-Louis Teboul, Robert H. Thiele, Shermeen B. Vakharia, Trung Vu, Nathan H. Waldron, David Walker, William Wilson
- Edited by Maxime Cannesson, University of California, Irvine, Rupert Pearse
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- Book:
- Perioperative Hemodynamic Monitoring and Goal Directed Therapy
- Published online:
- 05 September 2014
- Print publication:
- 04 September 2014, pp vii-x
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Decision-making deficits in normal elderly persons associated with executive personality disturbances
- Christopher M. Nguyen, Joseph Barrash, Anna L. Koenigs, Antoine Bechara, Daniel Tranel, Natalie L. Denburg
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 25 / Issue 11 / November 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 August 2013, pp. 1811-1819
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Background:
The problems that some community-dwelling elderly persons develop in real-world decision-making may have disastrous consequences for their health and financial well-being. Investigations across the adult life span have identified personality as an important individual differences variable that is related to decision-making ability. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between personality characteristics, as rated by an informant, and complex decision-making performance among elderly persons. It was hypothesized that deficits in decision-making would be associated with personality characteristics reflecting weak executive functioning (Lack of Planning, Poor Judgment, Lack of Persistence, Perseveration, Lack of Initiative, Impulsivity, and Indecisiveness).
Methods:Fifty-eight elderly persons participated. Their health and cognitive status were deemed intact via comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. The Iowa Scales of Personality, completed by an informant, was used to assess personality characteristics, and the Iowa Gambling Task, completed by the participant, was used to assess complex decision-making abilities.
Results:Longstanding disturbances in executive personality characteristics were found to be associated with poor decision-making, and these disturbances remained predictive of poor decision-making even after taking into consideration demographic, neuropsychological, and mood factors. Acquired personality disturbances did not add significantly to prediction after longstanding disturbances were taken into account. Disturbances in other dimensions of personality were not significantly associated with poor decision-making.
Conclusions:Our study suggests that attentiveness to the personality correlates of difficulties with aspects of executive functioning over the adult years could enhance the ability to identify older individuals at risk for problems with real-world decision-making.
Remote Explosives Detection (RED) by Infrared Photothermal Imaging
- Christopher A. Kendziora, Robert Furstenberg, Robert M. Jones, Michael Papantonakis, Viet Nguyen, R. Andrew McGill
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1405 / 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 January 2012, mrsf11-1405-y03-01
- Print publication:
- 2012
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RED is a technique we have developed for stand-off detection of trace explosives using infrared (IR) photo-thermal imaging [1,2,3]. RED incorporates compact IR quantum cascade lasers tuned to strong characteristic absorption bands and may be used to illuminate explosives present as particles on a surface. An IR focal plane array is used to image the surface and detect any small increase in the thermal emission upon laser illumination. We have previously demonstrated the technique at several meters to 10’s of meters of stand-off distance indoors and in field tests [4,5], while operating the lasers below the eye-safe intensity limit (100 mWcm2) [6]. Sensitivity to traces of explosives as small as a nanogram has been demonstrated. By varying the incident wavelength slightly, we can readily show selectivity between individual explosives such as TNT and RDX. Using a sequence of lasers at different wavelengths, we increase both sensitivity and selectivity. A complete detection protocol can be performed in a sub-second time domain. More recently, RED has been used to emphasize measurements with cooled detectors in addition to examining the utility of filtering the collected thermal emission signal which is rich in analyte-specific spectroscopic information. A next generation RED system and detection algorithm is being developed to take advantage of these more powerful features. This manuscript will include an overview of the approach and recent experimental results.
Contributors
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- By Aakash Agarwala, Linda S. Aglio, Rae M. Allain, Paul D. Allen, Houman Amirfarzan, Yasodananda Kumar Areti, Amit Asopa, Edwin G. Avery, Patricia R. Bachiller, Angela M. Bader, Rana Badr, Sibinka Bajic, David J. Baker, Sheila R. Barnett, Rena Beckerly, Lorenzo Berra, Walter Bethune, Sascha S. Beutler, Tarun Bhalla, Edward A. Bittner, Jonathan D. Bloom, Alina V. Bodas, Lina M. Bolanos-Diaz, Ruma R. Bose, Jan Boublik, John P. Broadnax, Jason C. Brookman, Meredith R. Brooks, Roland Brusseau, Ethan O. Bryson, Linda A. Bulich, Kenji Butterfield, William R. Camann, Denise M. Chan, Theresa S. Chang, Jonathan E. Charnin, Mark Chrostowski, Fred Cobey, Adam B. Collins, Mercedes A. Concepcion, Christopher W. Connor, Bronwyn Cooper, Jeffrey B. Cooper, Martha Cordoba-Amorocho, Stephen B. Corn, Darin J. Correll, Gregory J. Crosby, Lisa J. Crossley, Deborah J. Culley, Tomas Cvrk, Michael N. D'Ambra, Michael Decker, Daniel F. Dedrick, Mark Dershwitz, Francis X. Dillon, Pradeep Dinakar, Alimorad G. Djalali, D. John Doyle, Lambertus Drop, Ian F. Dunn, Theodore E. Dushane, Sunil Eappen, Thomas Edrich, Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, Jason M. Erlich, Lucinda L. Everett, Elliott S. Farber, Khaldoun Faris, Eddy M. Feliz, Massimo Ferrigno, Richard S. Field, Michael G. Fitzsimons, Hugh L. Flanagan Jr., Vladimir Formanek, Amanda A. Fox, John A. Fox, Gyorgy Frendl, Tanja S. Frey, Samuel M. Galvagno Jr., Edward R. Garcia, Jonathan D. Gates, Cosmin Gauran, Brian J. Gelfand, Simon Gelman, Alexander C. Gerhart, Peter Gerner, Omid Ghalambor, Christopher J. Gilligan, Christian D. Gonzalez, Noah E. Gordon, William B. Gormley, Thomas J. Graetz, Wendy L. Gross, Amit Gupta, James P. Hardy, Seetharaman Hariharan, Miriam Harnett, Philip M. Hartigan, Joaquim M. Havens, Bishr Haydar, Stephen O. Heard, James L. Helstrom, David L. Hepner, McCallum R. Hoyt, Robert N. Jamison, Karinne Jervis, Stephanie B. Jones, Swaminathan Karthik, Richard M. Kaufman, Shubjeet Kaur, Lee A. Kearse Jr., John C. Keel, Scott D. Kelley, Albert H. Kim, Amy L. Kim, Grace Y. Kim, Robert J. Klickovich, Robert M. Knapp, Bhavani S. Kodali, Rahul Koka, Alina Lazar, Laura H. Leduc, Stanley Leeson, Lisa R. Leffert, Scott A. LeGrand, Patricio Leyton, J. Lance Lichtor, John Lin, Alvaro A. Macias, Karan Madan, Sohail K. Mahboobi, Devi Mahendran, Christine Mai, Sayeed Malek, S. Rao Mallampati, Thomas J. Mancuso, Ramon Martin, Matthew C. Martinez, J. A. Jeevendra Martyn, Kai Matthes, Tommaso Mauri, Mary Ellen McCann, Shannon S. McKenna, Dennis J. McNicholl, Abdel-Kader Mehio, Thor C. Milland, Tonya L. K. Miller, John D. Mitchell, K. Annette Mizuguchi, Naila Moghul, David R. Moss, Ross J. Musumeci, Naveen Nathan, Ju-Mei Ng, Liem C. Nguyen, Ervant Nishanian, Martina Nowak, Ala Nozari, Michael Nurok, Arti Ori, Rafael A. Ortega, Amy J. Ortman, David Oxman, Arvind Palanisamy, Carlo Pancaro, Lisbeth Lopez Pappas, Benjamin Parish, Samuel Park, Deborah S. Pederson, Beverly K. Philip, James H. Philip, Silvia Pivi, Stephen D. Pratt, Douglas E. Raines, Stephen L. Ratcliff, James P. Rathmell, J. Taylor Reed, Elizabeth M. Rickerson, Selwyn O. Rogers Jr., Thomas M. Romanelli, William H. Rosenblatt, Carl E. Rosow, Edgar L. Ross, J. Victor Ryckman, Mônica M. Sá Rêgo, Nicholas Sadovnikoff, Warren S. Sandberg, Annette Y. Schure, B. Scott Segal, Navil F. Sethna, Swapneel K. Shah, Shaheen F. Shaikh, Fred E. Shapiro, Torin D. Shear, Prem S. Shekar, Stanton K. Shernan, Naomi Shimizu, Douglas C. Shook, Kamal K. Sikka, Pankaj K. Sikka, David A. Silver, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Emily A. Singer, Ken Solt, Spiro G. Spanakis, Wolfgang Steudel, Matthias Stopfkuchen-Evans, Michael P. Storey, Gary R. Strichartz, Balachundhar Subramaniam, Wariya Sukhupragarn, John Summers, Shine Sun, Eswar Sundar, Sugantha Sundar, Neelakantan Sunder, Faraz Syed, Usha B. Tedrow, Nelson L. Thaemert, George P. Topulos, Lawrence C. Tsen, Richard D. Urman, Charles A. Vacanti, Francis X. Vacanti, Joshua C. Vacanti, Assia Valovska, Ivan T. Valovski, Mary Ann Vann, Susan Vassallo, Anasuya Vasudevan, Kamen V. Vlassakov, Gian Paolo Volpato, Essi M. Vulli, J. Matthias Walz, Jingping Wang, James F. Watkins, Maxwell Weinmann, Sharon L. Wetherall, Mallory Williams, Sarah H. Wiser, Zhiling Xiong, Warren M. Zapol, Jie Zhou
- Edited by Charles Vacanti, Scott Segal, Pankaj Sikka, Richard Urman
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- Book:
- Essential Clinical Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 January 2012
- Print publication:
- 11 July 2011, pp xv-xxviii
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Quantifying Interhospital Patient Sharing as a Mechanism for Infectious Disease Spread
- Susan S. Huang, Taliser R. Avery, Yeohan Song, Kristen R. Elkins, Christopher C. Nguyen, Sandra K. Nutter, Alaka A. Nafday, Curtis J. Condon, Michael T. Chang, David Chrest, John Boos, Georgiy Bobashev, William Wheaton, Steven A. Frank, Richard Piatt, Marc Lipsitch, Robin M. Bush, Stephen Eubank, Donald S. Burke, Bruce Y. Lee
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 31 / Issue 11 / November 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 1160-1169
- Print publication:
- November 2010
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Background.
Assessments of infectious disease spread in hospitals seldom account for interfacility patient sharing. This is particularly important for pathogens with prolonged incubation periods or carrier states.
Methods.We quantified patient sharing among all 32 hospitals in Orange County (OC), California, using hospital discharge data. Same-day transfers between hospitals were considered “direct” transfers, and events in which patients were shared between hospitals after an intervening stay at home or elsewhere were considered “indirect” patient-sharing events. We assessed the frequency of readmissions to another OC hospital within various time points from discharge and examined interhospital sharing of patients with Clostridium difficile infection.
Results.In 2005, OC hospitals had 319,918 admissions. Twenty-nine percent of patients were admitted at least twice, with a median interval between discharge and readmission of 53 days. Of the patients with 2 or more admissions, 75% were admitted to more than 1 hospital. Ninety-four percent of interhospital patient sharing occurred indirectly. When we used 10 shared patients as a measure of potential interhospital exposure, 6 (19%) of 32 hospitals “exposed” more than 50% of all OC hospitals within 6 months, and 17 (53%) exposed more than 50% within 12 months. Hospitals shared 1 or more patient with a median of 28 other hospitals. When we evaluated patients with C. difficile infection, 25% were readmitted within 12 weeks; 41% were readmitted to different hospitals, and less than 30% of these readmissions were direct transfers.
Conclusions.In a large metropolitan county, interhospital patient sharing was a potential avenue for transmission of infectious agents. Indirect sharing with an intervening stay at home or elsewhere composed the bulk of potential exposures and occurred unbeknownst to hospitals.
Rogues' Gallery of Contributing Authors
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- By Ramon Abola, Rishimani Adsumelli, Syed Azim, Tazeen Beg, Helene Benveniste, Louis Chun, Ramtin Cohanim, Dominick Coleman, Joseph Conrad, Tommy Corrado, Jason Daras, Michelle DiGuglielmo, Vedan Djesevic, Andrew Drollinger, Kathleen Dubrow, Brian Durkin, Ralph Epstein, Christopher J. Gallagher, Xiaojun Guo, Sofie Hussain, Ron Jasiewicz, Anna Kogan, Ursula Landman, Rany Makaryus, Daryn Moller, Tate Montgomery, Matthew Neal, Khoa Nguyen, Marco Palmieri, Shaji Poovathor, Eric Posner, Deborah Richman, Andrew Rozbruch, Misako Sakamaki, Joy Schabel, Bharathi Scott, Peggy Seidman, Shiena Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Ellen Steinberg, Neera Tewari, Jane Yi, Jonida Zeqo, Peter Chung, John Denny, Steven H. Ginsberg, Jeremy Grayson, Jonathan Kraidin, Stephen Lemke, Tejal Patel, Salvatore Zisa, Charles Cowles, Marc Rozner, Shawn Banks, Deborah Brauer, Lebron Cooper, V. Samepathi David, Steve Gayer, Steven Gil, Eric A. Harris, Murlikrishna Kannan, Michael C. Lewis, David A. Lindley, Carlos M. Mijares, Sana Nini, Shafeena Nurani, Sujatha Pentakota, Edgar Pierre, Amy Klash Pulido, Michael Rossi, Miguel Santos, Nancy Setzer-Saade, Adam Sewell, Omair H. Toor, Ashish Udeshi, Patricia Wawroski, Lauren C. Berkow, Dan Berkowitz, Ramola Bhambhani, Kerry K. Blaha, Veronica Busso, Adam J. Carinci, Paul J. Christo, R. Blaine Easley, Ralph J. Fuchs, Samuel M. Galvagno, Nishant Gandhi, Andrew Goins, Robert S. Greenberg, Sayeh Hamzehzadeh, Theresa L. Hartsell, Eugenie Heitmiller, Jeremy M. Huff, Brijen L. Joshi, Sapna Kudchadkar, Jennifer K. Lee, Ira Lehrer, Peter Lin, Justin Lockman, Christine L. Mai, Christina Miller, Nanhi Mitter, Gillian Newman, Daniel Nyhan, Lale Odekon, Rabi Panigrahi, Melissa Pant, Alexander Papangelou, Mark Rossberg, Adam Schiavi, Steven J. Schwartz, Deborah A. Schwengel, Brandon M. Togioka, Tina Tran, Emmett Whitaker, Bradford D. Winters, Christopher Wu, Elena J. Holak, Paul S. Pagel
- Edited by Christopher J. Gallagher, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Michael C. Lewis, University of Miami School of Medicine, Deborah A. Schwengel
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- Book:
- Core Clinical Competencies in Anesthesiology
- Published online:
- 06 July 2010
- Print publication:
- 12 April 2010, pp xi-xii
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Contributors
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- By Matthew L. Albert, Joseph M. Antony, Karina Apricò, Miles H. Beaman, Bruce J. Brew, Nicole Bye, Leonard H. Calabrese, Tina Chadha, Anthony L. Cunningham, Heather Donaghy, George F. Duna, Britta Engelhardt, Reinhard Hohlfeld, David N. Irani, Bevyn Jarrott, Martin Kerschensteiner, Andrew J. Kornberg, Thomas Kossmann, Claudia F. Lucchinetti, Justin C. McArthur, Edgar Meinl, Danny A. Milner, Trine H. Mogensen, Cristina Morganti-Kossmann, Phuong Nguyen, Carolyn F. Orr, Lars Østergaard, Christopher Power, Natalie Prow, Shanu F. Roemer, Stephen J. Rogerson, Laveniya Satgunaseelan, Nicoline Schiess, Lisa Walter, Hartmut Wekerle, Edwina J. Wright, Eppie M. Yiu
- Edited by Trevor Kilpatrick, Richard M. Ransohoff, Steven Wesselingh, Monash University, Victoria
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- Book:
- Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System
- Published online:
- 05 July 2016
- Print publication:
- 29 October 2009, pp vii-viii
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Population genetic studies on the Australian freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor (Crustacea: Parastacidae) using allozyme and RAPD markers
- Thuy T. T. Nguyen, Christopher P. Burridge, Christopher M. Austin
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- Journal:
- Aquatic Living Resources / Volume 18 / Issue 1 / January 2005
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 March 2005, pp. 55-64
- Print publication:
- January 2005
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Allozyme and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) variation was surveyed in the freshwater crayfish Cherax destructor Clark, an ecologically and commercially important species that is widespread throughout the freshwater systems of central Australia. At the intra-population level, allozymes revealed a similar level of variation to that found in other freshwater crayfish; RAPDs showed less diversity than allozymes, which was unexpected. At the inter-population level, both techniques revealed significant population structure, both within and between drainages. RAPD results were consistent with phylogeographic patterns previously identified using mtDNA. Although allozyme data showed little geographic pattern in relation to genetic variation based on multidimensional-scaling (MDS) plots on matrices of genetic distance, results of AMOVA and Mantel tests indicated significant population structuring. Each of the mtDNA lineages proposed in a previous study also showed significant genetic structure at similar levels as revealed by RAPDs but different levels by allozymes. These results reject hypotheses previously put forward on genetic homogenisation within the species due to wide-scale translocation. The implications of the findings for conservation and aquaculture of C. destructor are also discussed.
Optical Simulations of the Effects of Transparent Conducting Oxide Interface Layers on Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Performance
- Gelio M. Ferreira, Andre S. Ferlauto, Pablo I. Rovira, Chi Chen, Hien V. Nguyen, Christopher R. Wronski, Robert W. Collins
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 664 / 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 March 2011, A24.6
- Print publication:
- 2001
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Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) analysis of so-called “specular” (macroscopically smooth) and “textured” (macroscopically rough) thin film amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) based solar cell structures demonstrates the need to incorporate interface layers into the multilayer stack in order to simulate the observed Stokes vector of the specularly-reflected beam. In most cases, these layers can be attributed to microscopic roughness (e.g., at the SnO2/p-layer/i-layer interface in a-Si:H p-i-n solar cells), as verified by atomic force microscopy (AFM). In limited cases, the layers may include regions wherein chemical intermixing also occurs (e.g., at the ZnO/Ag interface in back-reflectors), particularly for overlying films prepared by sputtering. In spite of the clear evidence for the existence of interface layers, they have been neglected in previous simulations of the optical quantum efficiency (QE) of the solar cells. In this study, we incorporate the experimentally- observed characteristics of interface layers as input into optical models for the p-i-n solar cell structure. In this way, we demonstrate the beneficial effects of SnO2/p/i interface microroughness as an anti-reflector and the detrimental effects of the ZnO/Ag interlayer as a parasitic absorber.