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A randomised controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy for improving quality of life in people with muscle diseases
- Michael Rose, Christopher D. Graham, Nicola O'Connell, Chiara Vari, Victoria Edwards, Emma Taylor, Lance M. McCracken, Aleksander Radunovic, Wojtek Rakowicz, Sam Norton, Trudie Chalder
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 53 / Issue 8 / June 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 February 2022, pp. 3511-3524
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Abstract
BackgroundChronic muscle diseases (MD) are progressive and cause wasting and weakness in muscles and are associated with reduced quality of life (QoL). The ACTMuS trial examined whether Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) as an adjunct to usual care improved QoL for such patients as compared to usual care alone.
MethodsThis two-arm, randomised, multicentre, parallel design recruited 155 patients with MD (Hospital and Depression Scale ⩾ 8 for depression or ⩾ 8 for anxiety and Montreal Cognitive Assessment ⩾ 21/30). Participants were randomised, using random block sizes, to one of two groups: standard medical care (SMC) (n = 78) or to ACT in addition to SMC (n = 77), and were followed up to 9 weeks. The primary outcome was QoL, assessed by the Individualised Neuromuscular Quality of Life Questionnaire (INQoL), the average of five subscales, at 9-weeks. Trial registration was NCT02810028.
Results138 people (89.0%) were followed up at 9-weeks. At all three time points, the adjusted group difference favoured the intervention group and was significant with moderate to large effect sizes. Secondary outcomes (mood, functional impairment, aspects of psychological flexibility) also showed significant differences between groups at week 9.
ConclusionsACT in addition to usual care was effective in improving QoL and other psychological and social outcomes in patients with MD. A 6 month follow up will determine the extent to which gains are maintained.
Translating RDoC to real-world impact in developmental psychopathology: A neurodevelopmental framework for application of mental health risk calculators
- Leigha A. MacNeill, Norrina B. Allen, Roshaye B. Poleon, Teresa Vargas, K. Juston Osborne, Katherine S. F. Damme, Deanna M. Barch, Sheila Krogh-Jespersen, Ashley N. Nielsen, Elizabeth S. Norton, Christopher D. Smyser, Cynthia E. Rogers, Joan L. Luby, Vijay A. Mittal, Lauren S. Wakschlag
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 33 / Issue 5 / December 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 December 2021, pp. 1665-1684
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The National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework has prompted a paradigm shift from categorical psychiatric disorders to considering multiple levels of vulnerability for probabilistic risk of disorder. However, the lack of neurodevelopmentally based tools for clinical decision making has limited the real-world impact of the RDoC. Integration with developmental psychopathology principles and statistical methods actualize the clinical implementation of RDoC to inform neurodevelopmental risk. In this conceptual paper, we introduce the probabilistic mental health risk calculator as an innovation for such translation and lay out a research agenda for generating an RDoC- and developmentally informed paradigm that could be applied to predict a range of developmental psychopathologies from early childhood to young adulthood. We discuss methods that weigh the incremental utility for prediction based on intensity and burden of assessment, the addition of developmental change patterns, considerations for assessing outcomes, and integrative data approaches. Throughout, we illustrate the risk calculator approach with different neurodevelopmental pathways and phenotypes. Finally, we discuss real-world implementation of these methods for improving early identification and prevention of developmental psychopathology. We propose that mental health risk calculators can build a needed bridge between the RDoC multiple units of analysis and developmental science.
The Helmet and the Crown: The Bayeux Tapestry, Bishop Odo and William the Conqueror
- Stephen D. Church
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- Book:
- Anglo-Norman Studies XLIII
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 14 January 2023
- Print publication:
- 24 June 2021, pp 123-150
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Summary
Who commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry? And where was it intended to be displayed? These questions are fundamental to any historical interpretation of the tapestry. The traditional view is that it was commissioned by Bishop Odo (1049–1097) for his cathedral at Bayeux, where it is first documented in an inventory of 1476. An alternative hypothesis is that he ordered it for the great hall of one of his castles or palaces, either in Normandy or in England. In recent years, the net has been cast much wider. Various possible locations have been suggested, both ecclesiastical and secular, and a number of patrons have been proposed. These include Archbishop Stigand; Archbishop Lanfranc; Abbot Scolland and/or the monks of St Augustine’s Abbey, Canterbury; Count Eustace of Boulogne; King Edward’s widow, Queen Edith; and Adela of Blois. None of these has found widespread acceptance. In a recent article, I presented new evidence to show, not merely that the tapestry was intended for Bayeux Cathedral, but that it was designed to hang in a specific position in the nave. In the present paper I shall explore some of the implications of this proposition for our understanding of the patronage, function and message of the tapestry.
The Bayeux Cathedral Tapestry
Bayeux Cathedral has an unusually complex architectural history, the earlier phases of which have still not been fully elucidated. Little survives of the eleventh-century cathedral, which was begun before 1050 and consecrated in 1077 (Fig. 1). The crypt can still be seen, east of the crossing, and the two massive western towers still stand, incorporated into the reconfigured Gothic west end. In addition, significant elements of the eleventh-century crossing piers were recorded during major restoration in the 1850s, together with the remains of the easternmost pier of both the north and south arcades of the nave. Fortunately, enough is known to reconstruct the essential features of the nave, in both plan and elevation.
The two western towers were originally joined not just by the original eleventh-century façade wall, but by a second north–south wall on the line of the east faces of the towers. The space thus created between the towers formed a vaulted atrium with a first-floor chapel above.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- Edited by Michel Janssen, University of Minnesota, Christoph Lehner, Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, Berlin
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Companion to Einstein
- Published online:
- 05 May 2014
- Print publication:
- 19 May 2014, pp xi-xiv
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Caregiver personality predicts rate of cognitive decline in a community sample of persons with Alzheimer's disease. The Cache County Dementia Progression Study
- Maria C. Norton, Christine Clark, Elizabeth B. Fauth, Kathleen W. Piercy, Roxane Pfister, Robert C. Green, Christopher D. Corcoran, Peter V. Rabins, Constantine G. Lyketsos, JoAnn T. Tschanz
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 25 / Issue 10 / October 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 July 2013, pp. 1629-1637
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Background:
Environmental influences on the rate of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression have received little attention. Our objective was to test hypotheses concerning associations between caregiver personality traits and the rate of AD progression.
Methods:Care receivers (CR) were 161 persons with AD from a population-based dementia progression study; 55 of their caregivers were spouses and 106 were adult children. Cognitive status of the CR was measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination every six months, over an average of 5.6 (range: 1–14) years. Linear mixed models tested rate of cognitive decline as a function of caregiver personality traits from the NEO Five-Factor Inventory.
Results:Significantly faster cognitive decline was observed with higher caregiver Neuroticism overall; however, in stratified models, effects were significant for adult child but not spouse caregivers. Neuroticism facets of depression, anxiety, and vulnerability to stress were significantly associated with faster decline. Higher caregiver Extraversion was associated with slower decline in the CR when caregivers were adult children but not spouses.
Conclusions:For adult child caregivers, caregiver personality traits are associated with rate of cognitive decline in CRs with AD regardless of co-residency. Results suggest that dementia caregiver interventions promoting positive care management strategies and ways to react to caregiving challenges may eventually become an important complement to pharmacologic and other approaches aimed at slower rate of decline in dementia.
Lastingham and the Architecture of the Benedictine Revival in Northumbria
- Edited by David Bates, University of East Anglia
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- Book:
- Anglo-Norman Studies 34
- Published by:
- Boydell & Brewer
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
- Print publication:
- 19 July 2012, pp 63-104
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Summary
At first sight the village church at Lastingham, set upon a hillock on the edge of the moors with the ground dropping away to the east, looks like a standard Norman parish church with later additions (Figure 1). The exterior has an eastern apse, preceded by a forebay, with Romanesque detailing: a string-course with billet and other abstract ornament beneath round-headed windows. The aisles have tracery windows of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century date, and the tower is fifteenth century. It could pass muster as any ordinary parish church; but further inspection reveals something very rare. The apse is two-storied, a lower central window indicating the presence of a crypt within, and in the forebay on each side a low mural arch allows light into the crypt through a small eastward-facing window (Figure 2). On entering the church, we are presented towards the west with four large Romanesque piers designed to support the crossing of a substantial cruciform church (Figure 3). What we are dealing with, in fact, is not a simple parish church, but a partly completed Benedictine abbey church later converted for parochial use. We are doubly fortunate, not only that the monastic fabric has survived (albeit somewhat altered from the original design), but that there is documentary evidence that testifies to the brief period in the early 1080s in which it must have been raised, and the reasons why it was never completed.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. 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List of Tables
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Contents
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St William of York
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St William of York achieved the unique distinction of being elected archbishop of York twice and being canonised twice. Principally famous for his role in the York election dispute and the miracle of Ouse bridge, William emerges from this, the first full-length study devoted to him, as a significant figure in the life of the church in northern England and an interesting character in his own right. William's father, Herbert the Chamberlain, was a senior official in the royal treasury at Winchester who secured William's initial preferment at York; the importance of family connections, particularly after his cousin Stephen became king, forms a recurring theme. Dr Norton describes how he was early on involved in the primacy dispute with Canterbury, and after his father attempted to assassinate Henry I, he spent some years abroad with Archbishop Thurstan. William knew some of the earliest Yorkshire Cistercians, who were subsequently among his fiercest opponents during his first episcopate, which is here reconsidered in the light of new evidence: he emerges from the affair with much greater credit, St Bernard with correspondingly less. Retiring to Winchester after his deposition, he was elected archbishop a second time in 1153, but died the next year amid suspicions of murder. Miracles at his tomb in 1177 led to his veneration as a saint. The book concludes with the bull of canonisation issued by Pope Honorius III in 1226. CHRISTOPHER NORTON is Professor of the History of Art, University of York.
3 - Archbishop William: The First Archiepiscopate
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William fitzHerbert was not the first choice to succeed Archbishop Thurstan in the see of York. Two or three other names had been put forward previously but had fallen by the wayside. It was an inauspicious start to an ill-fated archiepiscopate. The saga which unfolded over the following fourteen years was acted out by an international cast of characters which included no fewer than five successive popes, diverse archdeacons, bishops, cardinals and papal legates, Benedictines, Augustinians and Cistercians, and lay people of all ranks of society from the king downwards. Among them were several men who came to be revered as saints, in addition to William himself. The story involved legal arguments and political manoeuvres, bitter controversies and physical violence, unexpected coincidences and extraordinary reversals of fortune. It threw up along the way allegations of simony, unchaste living, intrusion, forgery, assault, arson and murder – a combination of worldly vice and spiritual wickedness in high places sufficient to fill the pages of many a modern novel. Recent scholarship has done much to elucidate the circum-stances and chronology of this most unhappy episode in the history of the church of York, and there is more to be added still; yet the protagonist himself remains very much an enigma.
In a classic article first published in 1936, Dom David Knowles disentangled the threads of evidence relating to what he called ‘the case of St William of York’. He established a reliable chronology of the election dispute, which remains the basis for all subsequent discussions. Some years later C. H. Talbot published a dossier of previously unknown letters of Bernard of Clairvaux which clarified certain phases of the dispute, and further evidence brought to light shortly afterwards by Dom Adrian Morey revealed something of the long aftermath of the affair. In the 1970s Derek Baker published a lengthy analysis of the sources and suggested some minor amendments to Knowles's chronology. The course of events is now reasonably clear, but their interpretation is much more controversial. The period from the death of Thurstan to William's consecration (1140–3) and the years of his first archiepiscopate (1143–7) form the subject of the present chapter. His exile (1147–53) followed by his return and death (1153–4) will be discussed in the next chapter.
2 - William the Treasurer
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William fitzHerbert's early career has received little attention. Archdeacons and canons were seldom considered worthy of individual mention in contemporary accounts of ecclesiastical affairs. It was not until the election dispute propelled William onto the international arena that he came to prominence in twelfth-century chronicles, and modern historians, understandably enough, have focused almost exclusively on the bitter and long-drawn-out controversies which surrounded his election to the archiepiscopate. However, the three decades which he spent as treasurer of York Minster and archdeacon of the East Riding, though sparsely documented, are by no means as obscure as has been supposed. Nor are they lacking in controversies, incidents and dramas replete with interest in their own right. But there is more than that: these years constitute not merely a prelude to, but also a means to understanding William's final, controversial period as arch-bishop. Many of the issues and personalities which were so prominent during his archiepiscopate had already appeared, in one guise or another, at earlier stages in his life. A study of William the treasurer is an essential introduction to William the archbishop.
The office of treasurer of York Minster was established by the first Norman archbishop, Thomas of Bayeux (1070–1100). In the years around 1090 he reorganised the Minster clergy and instituted the dean and chapter as the corporate body responsible for the running of the cathedral. The constitution (if it is not anachronistic to talk in such precise terms) was similar to that established at other secular cathedrals at about the same time. Along with the dean, the precentor and the master of the schools (later known as the chancellor), the treasurer was one of the four dignitaries of the Minster. All four had certainly come into existence by 1093, and Ranulph, the first treasurer, possibly occurs as early as 1091. Thomas of Bayeux also introduced archdeacons to the diocese of York. The archdeacons were not members of the cathedral chapter ex officio, but it was customary for them to hold one of the Minster prebends, and this gave them a seat in chapter. The archdeaconry of the East Riding, uniquely, was held in tandem with the office of Minster treasurer. Thus Ranulph the treasurer was also archdeacon of the East Riding, as were William fitzHerbert and all of his successors as treasurer down to 1218, when Archbishop Walter de Gray separated the two offices.
Miscellaneous Frontmatter
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Epilogue
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The papal canonisation was the high point of William's international reputation. The universal proclamation of his sanctity was greeted by an almost universal lack of interest. A few months later Francis of Assisi died. The rapid and international spread of his cult, like that of St Dominic, was assisted by the order which he founded and responded to the mood of the times. By contrast, William was a conventional figure from the past with no popular appeal and no institutional support outside York. The generation of those who remembered him finally passed away around the time of his canonisation. The disputes of the 1140s which had aroused such passions both locally and internationally were now of remote interest. The fame of his miracles scarcely spread beyond the boundaries of the province of York. His feast-day was entered into the calendar of the church of York, but even at St Mary's Abbey, York, it was thirty years before he was accorded an annual liturgical commemoration, and only then at the instigation of an ambitious new abbot who originated from elsewhere. In 1284 the relics of St William in York Minster were translated in the presence of Edward I, and in the early fourteenth century a splendid new tomb-shrine was constructed at the east end of the nave. The cult was sustained throughout the years at the Minster, but William's reputation was limited, the later history of his cult essentially a local affair beyond the purview of the present study.
In the fifteenth century the cult of St William underwent something of a national revival, being promoted for political reasons by clerical supporters of the Lancastrians. The most striking memorial of this somewhat unexpected renewal of interest in the twelfth-century archbishop is the immense St William window in York Minster. Created in about 1415, its one hundred panels illustrating the life and miracles of William fitzHerbert constitute one of the largest pictorial cycles of the life of a saint ever attempted. The current restoration of the damaged panels of glass is bringing vividly back to life one of the most ambitious and unusual stained glass windows to have survived from medieval Europe. St William still has the capacity to surprise!
1 - William fitzHerbert
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William's life revolved around the ancient cathedral cities of Winchester and York. He was brought up at Winchester, he was consecrated archbishop there, and it was to Winchester that he retreated for a number of years towards the end of his life. As a young man he moved to York, where he held the post of treasurer of the Minster for many years until he became arch-bishop, and it was to York that he ultimately returned to vindication and to death. Buried within the walls of the Minster, he was raised in due course to the ranks of the saints, and came to bear the name of his adopted city as St William of York. The move from Winchester to York was engineered by his father, who secured for him his initial appointment, and his family connections continued to affect the progress of his career almost until the end. It is therefore appropriate to begin in the traditional manner with some account of his family and background.
Family background
William was the son of Herbert the Chamberlain and his wife, Emma. There has been no scholarly unanimity about their antecedents, but both Herbert and Emma, it appears, were illegitimate offspring of leading French comital families (Genealogical Table 1). Herbert's father was probably Count Herbert II of Maine, the last of the ruling counts of Maine. The son of Count Hugh II (†1051) and grandson of Herbert Wake-Dog (†1036), Herbert II succeeded to the title as a boy. In 1061, following his mother's advice, he came to an arrangement with Duke William of Normandy whereby, in the event of his dying without an heir, the county of Maine would pass to the Norman dukes. Shortly afterwards, Count Herbert conveniently died without having married. Herbert the Chamberlain is believed to have been a young illegitimate son of his, who would have fallen into the hands of Duke William along with the county of Maine. Brought up apparently under William's tutelage, he made a career for himself in the royal administration in England, rising to become a senior treasury official and intimate advisor of Henry I. William fitzHerbert owed his appointment to York to his father's influence at court.
Appendix A - The Family and Estates of Herbert the Chamberlain
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Much of what we can discern about William fitzHerbert's life and career revolves around his family connections. His father, Herbert the Chamberlain, was instrumental in securing his appointment to the treasurership at York, and William maintained links with other members of his family until the end of his life. The churches which he acquired derived from his family's estates, and he probably maintained an interest in some of the family properties, particularly those in Yorkshire, throughout his life. The evidence of direct relevance to William himself has been discussed at appropriate points in the preceding chapters, but much of the evidence only makes sense in the light of occasional references in widely dispersed documents, often of much later date. By assembling it into some sort of coherent order, it has proved possible to illuminate the family and the estates of one of the most successful of the royal officials at the court of the Norman kings, and their descent. I shall consider firstly Herbert the Chamberlain's family tree (Genealogical Tables 1–3), and secondly his estates.
William's father, Herbert, was chamberlain to William the Conqueror, William Rufus and Henry I, and his career has been outlined above. But there has been no consensus about his origins. John of Hexham states in passing that William fitzHerbert was a kinsman of King Roger of Sicily. John was writing only about a decade after William's death, before the emergence of the cult of St William, and is considered a generally reliable witness. William of Newburgh, another well-informed northern writer of the end of the twelfth century, says that William was of noble extraction. Neither author, however, expatiates further on his family. The early thirteenth-century Vita of St William asserts that he was the son of the most powerful and energetic Count Herbert, and very similar wording is to be found in two versions of the later-fourteenth-century continuation of the York a count, and William of Malmesbury, in his account of Herbert the Chamberlain's attempt on Henry I's life, states that the ringleader (whom he does not name) was a man of low birth who rose to fame in the royal treasury. Such eminent authorities as Bilson and Hollister have dismissed the York evidence as worthless hagiographical invention.
Appendix B - Paulinus of Leeds and the Family of Ralph Nowell
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Paulinus of Leeds seems to have played a key role in promoting the cult of St William and was a considerable figure in his own right. The confusion that surrounds both his career and his family connections has obscured from view what must be considered one of the most interesting York dynasties of the period. Paulinus was the son of Ralph Nowell, bishop of the Orkneys. He was himself at one point offered a bishopric, which he declined, and he ended his life as master of St Peter's Hospital in York (also known as St Leonard's Hospital), one of the richest hospitals in the country. Like his father, he continued the old tradition of clerical marriage. His son Ralph adopted his grandfather's surname but not his clerical calling, and emerged as one of the leading citizens of York. His name is associated with one of the defining moments in the emergence of corporate government within the city. The three generations of the Nowell family (alias Noel, Novell or Nuvell) were prominent York figures for well over a century, and impinged upon the story of St William at several crucial moments. It may be useful to gather the evidence together in one place (Genealogical Table 4).
Ralph Nowell the elder is the least problematic of the three so far as the evidence is concerned, but by no means the least interesting. The outlines of his career are reasonably well known, and need not be rehearsed at length. He was a contemporary of William fitzHerbert, and first enters the history of the church of York at about the same time. He was consecrated bishop of the Orkneys by Archbishop Thomas II in 1109 x 1114. It is far from certain that he ever succeeded in establishing himself at the head of his diocese. At any rate, if he did, it was only for a short period, and most of his life was passed in exile from his diocese, involved in the affairs of the church of York. He was treated as one of the Scottish bishops by Pope Calixtus II at the time of the Council of Reims, and, in the context of Archbishop Thurstan's attempts during the 1120s to establish York's claims over the Scottish dioceses, strenuous efforts were made, with papal support, to re-instate Ralph at the head of his diocese.
Miscellaneous Endmatter
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4 - Archbishop William: The Second Archiepiscopate
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William retired to Winchester, the city of his youth which he had left almost forty years before to pursue his career at York. It was a natural choice of refuge. The principal estates of his family were in Hampshire, and his brother Herbert held a number of properties in the city – albeit of considerably lesser value than those held by his father Herbert the Chamberlain c. 1110. And it was at Winchester that he would find his closest ecclesiastical ally in the southern province, his cousin, Henry of Blois. Although no longer holding the pre-eminent position within the English church which he had enjoyed as papal legate, as bishop of Winchester and brother of the king Henry of Blois was still a force to be reckoned with in the affairs of the realm, and was a dominant presence in the life of the city. And he was always inclined to help the members of his wider family when it lay within his power to do so. Henry received William with honour, gave him a house and provided for his daily needs.
The house where William stayed, to begin with at least, can be located from the 1148 survey of Winchester carried out for Henry of Blois. It stood at the very centre of the city, on the south side of High Street and on the northern edge of the cathedral precinct, near the church of St Lawrence (Fig. 16). William had known this part of the city intimately in his youth, and it must have evoked memories both sweet and painful not only of his own early years but also of his father's successes and final humiliation, for the house where William stayed had been built on part of the site of the former royal palace in the centre of Winchester, which Herbert the Chamberlain must have frequented on official business for years on end. The palace site, indeed the whole area between the cathedral and the High Street, had undergone extensive redevelopment since the start of the century (Fig. 3). The New Minster community, hard up against the north side of the Old Minster, had been preparing to move to their new site at Hyde around the time William was appointed to his position at York, and the land which they vacated was added to the cathedral precinct.