3 results
58 Highly Educated Professionals with Dementia: More than just Physicians
- John F Linck, Julia E Maietta, Christopher T Copeland
-
- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, p. 569
-
- Article
-
- You have access Access
- Export citation
-
Objective:
Findings from cognitive screenings have resulted in lower-than-expected scores amongst late-career physicians (Moutier et al., 2013). Similar to healthy aging samples and those with mild cognitive impairment, inconsistencies in self-report and objective neuropsychological functioning have been noted in physicians (Nasreddine et al., 2005). Little research has focused on neuropsychological functioning of other highly educated groups, including PhD and JD degrees. We addressed a lack of normative cognitive performance data for populations with advanced degrees by exploring cognitive test scores in a mixed clinical sample of adults.
Participants and Methods:Archival data are from 208 neuropsychology clinic outpatients with 20 years of education (Mage=67.7, SDage=12.3; 25% female; 95% White). Academic degrees were PhD (35.6%), JD (28.4%), MD/DO (21.6%), and 6% other. Referrals sources were physicians (93.8%), licensing boards/employers (3.8%), self-referrals (1.4%), and attorneys (1.0%). Employment status was 55.3% employed and 44.7% not employed. Final DSM-5 neurocognitive diagnosis (NCD) status was: no NCD (45.2%), mild NCD (35.6%), and major NCD (19.2%). Etiologies were: possible Alzheimer’s disease (41.2%), unspecified (13.2%), and possible vascular (12.3%). Chi-square tests denoted diagnostic status differences between degree type and employment status. ANOVAs denoted differences in global cognitive and intellectual functioning (on the Repeatable Battery for Neuropsychological Status [RBANS] Total Index, Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV), Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence-II [WASI-II] FSIQ-4 and FSIQ-2) between degree types. Cumulative frequency rates for low scores in the entire sample on normally distributed tests of general intellectual and cognitive functioning were computed for -1.0, -1.5, -2.0, and -2.5 standard deviations (SDs) at or below the population mean.
Results:NCD diagnosis did not differ by degree (X2[14]=8.73, p=.848) but did differ by employment status (x2[2]=40.98, p<.001, cp=0.44). Employment rate was highest for the no NCD group (66.0%), followed by mild NCD (37.8%), and major NCD (7.5%). For cases below retirement age (<65 years), employment status did not significantly differ between NCD diagnostic groups (x2[2]=5.97, p=.050). Low scores on an FSIQ measure were: -1 SD (7.0%), -1.5 SD (2.6%), -2.0 SD (0.9%), and -2.5 SD (0.0%) compared to general cognitive test scores which demonstrated 42.5% at -1 SD, 30.5% at -1.5 SD, 19.0% at -2.0 SD, and 9.2% at -2.5 SD below the population mean.
Conclusions:The high-education literature is limited to medical degree samples. This sample included multiple degree types. Unsurprisingly, employment rates were higher for healthy versus impaired samples; however, employment rates were similar across these groups for people below retirement age. Our findings suggest that cognitively impaired people with 20 years of education often perform at or near the general population average on tests of general intellectual functioning but below the general population average on tests of general cognitive functioning. Future work should include base rates of low scores on a broader array of cognitive tests across diagnostic groups.
Simulation and flow physics of a shocked and reshocked high-energy-density mixing layer
- Jason D. Bender, Oleg Schilling, Kumar S. Raman, Robert A. Managan, Britton J. Olson, Sean R. Copeland, C. Leland Ellison, David J. Erskine, Channing M. Huntington, Brandon E. Morgan, Sabrina R. Nagel, Shon T. Prisbrey, Brian S. Pudliner, Philip A. Sterne, Christopher E. Wehrenberg, Ye Zhou
-
- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 915 / 25 May 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 March 2021, A84
-
- Article
- Export citation
-
This paper describes a computational investigation of multimode instability growth and multimaterial mixing induced by multiple shock waves in a high-energy-density (HED) environment, where pressures exceed 1 Mbar. The simulations are based on a series of experiments performed at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and designed as an HED analogue of non-HED shock-tube studies of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability and turbulent mixing. A three-dimensional computational modelling framework is presented. It treats many complications absent from canonical non-HED shock-tube flows, including distinct ion and free-electron internal energies, non-ideal equations of state, radiation transport and plasma-state mass diffusivities, viscosities and thermal conductivities. The simulations are tuned to the available NIF data, and traditional statistical quantities of turbulence are analysed. Integrated measures of turbulent kinetic energy and enstrophy both increase by over an order of magnitude due to reshock. Large contributions to enstrophy production during reshock are seen from both the baroclinic source and enstrophy–dilatation terms, highlighting the significance of fluid compressibility in the HED regime. Dimensional analysis reveals that Reynolds numbers and diffusive Péclet numbers in the HED flow are similar to those in a canonical non-HED analogue, but conductive Péclet numbers are much smaller in the HED flow due to efficient thermal conduction by free electrons. It is shown that the mechanism of electron thermal conduction significantly softens local spanwise gradients of both temperature and density, which causes a minor but non-negligible decrease in enstrophy production and small-scale mixing relative to a flow without this mechanism.
Contributors
-
- By Nicholas P. Allan, Adrian Angold, Caroline L. Bokhorst, Sam Cartwright-Hatton, Peter Cooper, William Copeland, E. Jane Costello, Cathy Creswell, Helen L. Egger, Thalia C. Eley, Alaattin Erkanli, Andy P. Field, Antonio Castro Fonseca, Alice M. Gregory, Julie A. Hadwin, Annette M. La Greca, Ryan R. Landoll, Kathryn J. Lester, Christopher J. Lonigan, Heidi J. Lyneham, Katharina Manassis, Luci M. Motoca, Peter Muris, Lynne Murray, Laurel Pelligrino, Sean Perrin, Beth M. Phillips, Courtney Pierce, Daniel S. Pine, Helena M. Purkis, Ron M. Rapee, Shirley Reynolds, Wendy K. Silverman, Patrick Smith, James Stacey, Philip D. A. Treffers, John T. Walkup, P. Michiel Westenberg, Charlotte Wilson, Shauna B. Wilson, William Yule
- Edited by Wendy K. Silverman, Florida International University, Andy P. Field, University of Sussex
-
- Book:
- Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
- Published online:
- 07 September 2011
- Print publication:
- 25 August 2011, pp ix-xii
-
- Chapter
- Export citation