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Assessing Bias in Cognitive Testing for Older Adults with Sensory Impairment: An Analysis of Differential Item Functioning in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging (BLSA) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS)
- E. Nichols, J.A. Deal, B.K. Swenor, A.G. Abraham, N.M. Armstrong, M.C. Carlson, M. Griswold, F.R. Lin, T.H. Mosley, P.Y. Ramulu, N.S. Reed, S.M. Resnick, A.R. Sharrett, A.L. Gross
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 28 / Issue 2 / February 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 April 2021, pp. 154-165
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Objectives:
Vision and hearing impairments affect 55% of people aged 60+ years and are associated with lower cognitive test performance; however, tests rely on vision, hearing, or both. We hypothesized that scores on tests that depend on vision or hearing are different among those with vision or hearing impairments, respectively, controlling for underlying cognition.
Methods:Leveraging cross-sectional data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study (ARIC-NCS), we used item response theory to test for differential item functioning (DIF) by vision impairment (better eye presenting visual acuity worse than 20/40) and hearing impairment (better ear .5–4 kHz pure-tone average > 25 decibels).
Results:We identified DIF by vision impairment for tests whose administrations do not rely on vision [e.g., Delayed Word Recall both in ARIC-NCS: .50 logit difference between impaired and unimpaired (p = .04) and in BLSA: .62 logits (p = .02)] and DIF by hearing impairment for tests whose administrations do not rely on hearing [Digit Symbol Substitution test in BLSA: 1.25 logits (p = .001) and Incidental Learning test in ARIC-NCS: .35 logits (p = .001)]. However, no individuals had differences between unadjusted and DIF-adjusted measures of greater than the standard error of measurement.
Conclusions:DIF by sensory impairment in cognitive tests was independent of administration characteristics, which could indicate that elevated cognitive load among persons with sensory impairment plays a larger role in test performance than previously acknowledged. While these results were unexpected, neither of these samples are nationally representative and each has unique selection factors; thus, replication is critical.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Responses of weanling pigs to spray-dried animal plasma added to simple diets containing varying levels of soya-bean meal
- J. L. Hartke, G. A. Apgar, K. E. Griswold, B. N. Jacobson, T. L. Rosenthal, T. A. Guthrie
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- Journal:
- Animal Science / Volume 77 / Issue 1 / August 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 August 2016, pp. 73-78
- Print publication:
- August 2003
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A total of 276 crossbred pigs were used in three trials to determine if feeding spray-dried animal plasma (SDAP) in simple phase 1 piglet diets with differing soya-bean meal (SBM) levels can influence performance or immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels specific to the antigenic soya proteins, glycinin and β-conglycinin. Pigs were blocked according to initial body weight and equalized across treatments according to gender and ancestry. Blocks of pigs were then randomly assigned to one of three treatments in a completely randomized block design. The dietary treatments were as follows: (1) 10% +: 100 g/kg SBM with 75 g/kg SDAP; (2) 20% +: 200 g/kg SBM with 75 g/ kg SDAP; (3) 20%-: 200 g/kg SBM without SDAP. Pigs were given treatment diets for 14 days, followed by a common diet for the duration of the trials (35 days). Average daily gain (ADG) and gain to food (G: F) ratios were not affected by dietary treatments. Average daily food intake (ADFI), however, was greater for pigs given 10% + as compared with 20% + and 20%- (P < 0.05) during days 0 to 14 post weaning. Addition of SDAP increased ADFI (P < 0.01) and tended to increase ADFI when added to diets containing 200 g/kg of soya-bean meal (P = 0.06). No differences were detected in soya-specific IgG levels during any collection period. These data suggest that SDAP addition to simple phase 1 piglet diets increased ADFI during the first 2 weeks, but did not alter ADG or food efficiency. There was no indication that SDAP addition altered IgG titres against the soya-bean proteins, glycinin and β-conglycinin.
Domain structures in Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 and PbTiO3 thin films
- L. D. Madsen, E. M. Griswold, L. Weaver
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- Journal:
- Journal of Materials Research / Volume 12 / Issue 10 / October 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 January 2011, pp. 2612-2616
- Print publication:
- October 1997
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The microstructure of Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 (PZT) and PbTiO3 (PT) thin films deposited by the sol-gel method and chemical vapor deposition, respectively, were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Domains with ∼7 and ∼20 nm widths were found for the PZT and PT thin films, respectively. The traditional parallel twin or wedge-type structures found in bulk ceramics have been observed in thin films. Differences between observed grain sizes and previous studies of similar compounds (in bulk form) are accounted for by geometrical considerations related to crystallographic factors. Finally, a classification scheme for domains in PZT and PT thin films based on these and other published results of several researchers is presented. Domain sizes varied according to three categories: mono-domains (2–50 nm in diameter), domains in spherulite lamellae (28–130 nm wide), and twins in conventional large grains (5–150 nm wide). The mono-domains are related to small grain sizes, while the lamellae are a function of the nucleation and growth associated with sol-gel processing.
The Effects of Accelerated Stress Conditions on Electromigration Failure Kinetics and Void Morphology
- S. Bauguess, L. H. Liu, M. L. Dreyer, M. Griswold, E. Hurley
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 428 / 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 February 2011, 93
- Print publication:
- 1996
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Accelerated life testing has long been used to measure the electromigration reliability of integrated circuit (IC) metallization systems. In order to establish or verify electromigration design rules for IC products the measured data is extrapolated over a wide range of operating conditions using phenomenological models. These models assume that the components of the diffusional flux, thermal stress and resulting void morphology are independent of test/operating condition. In this paper, electromigration void morphology and failure criteria are studied over a range of stress conditions and microstructures for non-layered AlCu and AlCuSi metallurgies. The failure criteria, defined as the average change in conductor resistance prior to an open circuit condition, was strongly dependent on test current density. Moreover, the nature of the relationship between failure criteria and current density was governed by the linewidth (W) relative to the median grain size (D50). This dependence can be explained qualitatively in terms of the Blech Effect.
Measuring Fatigue in PZT Thin Films
- D. J. Johnson, D. T. Amm, E. Griswold, K. Sreenivas, G. Yi, M. Sayer
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 200 / 1990
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 February 2011, 289
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- 1990
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Small signal dielectric response is reported for a variety of PZT thin film samples. Small and large signal responses, recorded simultaneously during the fatiguing of PZT thin films, are used to identify distinct fatigue mechanisms. Microcracking or electrode delamination less than 100 Å is sufficient to explain the high correlation between the dielectric permittivity and remanent polarization during fatigue.
Some American Views on the Operation of Marine Radar
- E. J. Isbister, W. R. Griswold
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Navigation / Volume 2 / Issue 2 / February 1949
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 January 2010, p. 155
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- February 1949
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More than 1200 American radar equipments have been fitted to ships and this paper gave same American views on its operation; the views put forward were not necessarily different from those held in this country but certain experiences of inland navigation and blind pilotage which would be new to British operators were described. It was stated that when commercial production of marine radar started in the U.S., opinion was divided on the relative merits of 3 cm. and 10 cm. radar, some manufacturers concentrating on one and some on the other. Although 10 cm. equipment is still manufactured, all manufacturers now have a 3 cm. radar in production.
Certain advantages of radar assisted navigation were mentioned and these included the ability to determine another vessel's course and speed by plotting and the considerable saving in fuel and time that could be achieved by the accurate knowledge of the ship's position in coastal waters no matter what the weather.
Anomalous propagation in the Great Lakes region was described as being so common that shipmasters often regard the increased range of radar in the area as being the normal range of the set.
The use of radar by tugs on the Mississippi and its tributary the Ohio was described. Here up to fifteen barges of 100 ft. are ‘shoved’ by the tugs into narrow locks in weather which sometimes conceals half the tow. The small bump in the trace, representing the lock, is recognized by the pilots. One of the outstanding problems of this form of radar navigation was stated to be that the bridges (of which there are 1700 over the Mississippi) were such good reflectors that discrimination between them was not possible at a mile, at which distance the tow gets into position to pass between the piers.