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Agricultural Research Service Weed Science Research: Past, Present, and Future
- Stephen L. Young, James V. Anderson, Scott R. Baerson, Joanna Bajsa-Hirschel, Dana M. Blumenthal, Chad S. Boyd, Clyde D. Boyette, Eric B. Brennan, Charles L. Cantrell, Wun S. Chao, Joanne C. Chee-Sanford, Charlie D. Clements, F. Allen Dray, Stephen O. Duke, Kayla M. Eason, Reginald S. Fletcher, Michael R. Fulcher, John F. Gaskin, Brenda J. Grewell, Erik P. Hamerlynck, Robert E. Hoagland, David P. Horvath, Eugene P. Law, John D. Madsen, Daniel E. Martin, Clint Mattox, Steven B. Mirsky, William T. Molin, Patrick J. Moran, Rebecca C. Mueller, Vijay K. Nandula, Beth A. Newingham, Zhiqiang Pan, Lauren M. Porensky, Paul D. Pratt, Andrew J. Price, Brian G. Rector, Krishna N. Reddy, Roger L. Sheley, Lincoln Smith, Melissa C. Smith, Keirith A. Snyder, Matthew A. Tancos, Natalie M. West, Gregory S. Wheeler, Martin M. Williams, Julie Wolf, Carissa L. Wonkka, Alice A. Wright, Jing Xi, Lew H. Ziska
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 71 / Issue 4 / July 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 August 2023, pp. 312-327
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- Article
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) has been a leader in weed science research covering topics ranging from the development and use of integrated weed management (IWM) tactics to basic mechanistic studies, including biotic resistance of desirable plant communities and herbicide resistance. ARS weed scientists have worked in agricultural and natural ecosystems, including agronomic and horticultural crops, pastures, forests, wild lands, aquatic habitats, wetlands, and riparian areas. Through strong partnerships with academia, state agencies, private industry, and numerous federal programs, ARS weed scientists have made contributions to discoveries in the newest fields of robotics and genetics, as well as the traditional and fundamental subjects of weed–crop competition and physiology and integration of weed control tactics and practices. Weed science at ARS is often overshadowed by other research topics; thus, few are aware of the long history of ARS weed science and its important contributions. This review is the result of a symposium held at the Weed Science Society of America’s 62nd Annual Meeting in 2022 that included 10 separate presentations in a virtual Weed Science Webinar Series. The overarching themes of management tactics (IWM, biological control, and automation), basic mechanisms (competition, invasive plant genetics, and herbicide resistance), and ecosystem impacts (invasive plant spread, climate change, conservation, and restoration) represent core ARS weed science research that is dynamic and efficacious and has been a significant component of the agency’s national and international efforts. This review highlights current studies and future directions that exemplify the science and collaborative relationships both within and outside ARS. Given the constraints of weeds and invasive plants on all aspects of food, feed, and fiber systems, there is an acknowledged need to face new challenges, including agriculture and natural resources sustainability, economic resilience and reliability, and societal health and well-being.
Two - Race, Multiraciality, and the Election of Barack Obama: Toward a More Perfect Union?
- Edited by Andrew J. Jolivette, San Francisco State University
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- Book:
- Obama and the Biracial Factor
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 01 September 2022
- Print publication:
- 01 February 2012, pp 31-60
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Summary
The rule of hypodescent: some theoretical Considerations
The rule of hypodescent is a social code that designates racial group membership of the first-generation offspring of unions between European Americans and Americans of color exclusively based on their background of color. Successive generations of individuals who have European American ancestry combined with a background of color, however, have more flexibility in terms of self-identification (Daniel, 2002, 2012; Lee and Bean, 2011; Root, 1998). The one-drop rule of hypodescent designates as black everyone with any African American ancestry (“one drop of blood”) and precludes any choice in self-identification (Davis, 1991).
The dominant European Americans began enforcing rules of hypodescent in the late 1600s as part of anti-miscegenation legislation aimed at prohibiting interracial intimacy, particularly racial intermarriage, as well as defining multiracial offspring as black in attempt to preserve so-called white racial “purity” and white racial privilege. Hypodescent conveniently exempted white landowners (particularly slaveholders) from the legal obligation of passing on inheritance and other benefits of paternity to their multiracial offspring. Most of these progeny originated in coercive sexual relations involving extended concubinage or rape of indentured or slave women of African descent (Davis, 1991; Spickard, 1989).
Colonial codes varied in terms of the ancestral quanta defining blackness. The one-drop rule gained currency as the informal or “commonsense” (Omi and Winant, 1994, p. 106) definition between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries. It did not become a normative part of the legal apparatus in the United States until the early twentieth century (circa 1915) (Davis, 1991). The rule has supported legal and informal barriers not only to interracial intimacy and racial self-identification but also racial equality in most aspects of social life. At the turn of the twentieth century, this culminated in Jim Crow segregation.
Those proscriptions were officially dismantled beginning in the mid-1950s and culminated in the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the 1965 Voting Rights Act, the 1968 Fair Housing Act, and the 1967 Loving v. Virginia decision, which removed the last laws prohibiting interracial marriage. The United States has repudiated notions of racial “purity”that supported the ideology of white supremacy. Rules of hypodescent have been removed from the statutes of all states.
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