19 results
Response of Navy Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Grown in Rotation to Clomazone, Imazethapyr, Bentazon, and Acifluorften
- Karen A. Renner, Gary E. Powell
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- Journal:
- Weed Science / Volume 40 / Issue 1 / March 1992
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 127-133
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The response of ‘C-20’ navy bean and ‘Frankenmuth’ soft white winter wheat grown in rotation to clomazone, imazethapyr, bentazon, and acifluorfen was examined. Clomazone at 560 and 430 g ai ha−1 plus 800 g ai ha−1 pendimethalin and 2000 g ai ha−1 chloramben visibly injured navy bean in 1 of 2 yr. However, navy bean seed moisture at harvest and yield was not reduced compared to the weed-free control. PPI and PRE treatments of 70 g ai ha−1 imazethapyr did not injure navy bean or reduce yield. Imazethapyr applied POST at 70 g ha−1 plus nonionic surfactant visibly injured navy bean. The addition of urea ammonium nitrate to imazethapyr enhanced visible injury and seed moisture compared to nonionic surfactant alone in 1 of 2 yr. However, seed yield was not reduced. Seed moisture at harvest was greater following treatment with 430 g ai ha−1 acifluorfen plus nonionic surfactant or urea ammonium nitrate and 140 and 280 g ha−1 acifluorfen plus 840 g ai ha−1 bentazon in 1 of 2 yr compared to the weed-free control, but yield was not reduced. Wheat yield was reduced in 2 of 2 and 1 of 2 yr by 560 g ha−1 and 430 g ha−1 clomazone, respectively, plus pendimethalin plus chloramben compared to the weed-free control. Wheat yield was not reduced by imazethapyr, bentazon, or acifluorfen.
Weed Control in Potato (Solanum tuberosum) with Rimsulfuron and Metribuzin
- Karen A. Renner, Gary E. Powell
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 12 / Issue 2 / June 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 406-409
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Field studies were conducted for 3 yr to determine weed and potato response to preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) applications of rimsulfuron, metribuzin, and rimsulfuron plus metribuzin. Preemergence applications of rimsulfuron at 27 g ai/ha and POST applications at 18 g/ha controlled barnyardgrass, redroot pigweed, and wild buckwheat. Common lambsquarters was controlled by PRE or POST applications of metribuzin or a tank mixture of 18 g/ha rimsulfuron plus 140 g ai/ha of metribuzin. ‘Russet Burbank’ potato was relatively tolerant to all rimsulfuron, metribuzin, and rimsulfuron plus metribuzin applications, and potato yield was not reduced compared to the hand-weeded control.
Response of Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) to Herbicide Residues in Soil
- Karen A. Renner, Gary E. Powell
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 5 / Issue 3 / September 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 622-627
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Herbicides can persist in the soil and injure sensitive crops planted in the years following herbicide application. The response of sugarbeet to clomazone, imazaquin, imazethapyr, and chlorimuron residues in soil was examined. Clomazone at 1.1 or 2.2 kg ai ha-1 did not reduce yield of sugarbeet planted 1 or 2 yr after application. Imazaquin at 0.07 to 0.28 kg ai ha-1, and imazethapyr at 0.09 to 0.14 kg ai ha-1, can reduce yield of sugarbeet planted 1 yr after application. Imazaquin at 0.07 to 0.14 kg ha-1 caused 28 to 47% sugarbeet injury and imazethapyr at 0.09 kg ha-1 caused 54% injury 2 yr after application in soybean. A 25% yield loss occurred from the imazethapyr treatment. Sugarbeet injury 2 yr after application was greatest when sugarbeet also was planted the year following soybean. Chlorimuron at 0.02 to 0.08 kg ai ha-1 plus linuron at 0.4 to 0.9 kg ai ha-1 reduced yield of sugarbeet planted 1 yr after application when compared with linuron alone, regardless of soil pH. Visible sugarbeet injury of 38 to 66% was still evident from chlorimuron plus linuron treatments 2 yr after application. Sugarbeet should not be planted less than 25 mo following imazaquin, imazethapyr, or chlorimuron application.
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Control in Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris)
- Karen A. Renner, Gary E. Powell
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- Journal:
- Weed Technology / Volume 5 / Issue 1 / March 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 June 2017, pp. 97-102
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Velvetleaf control in sugarbeet by clomazone and commercially available sugarbeet herbicides was investigated in greenhouse and field studies. In greenhouse studies, clomazone at 0.07 and 0.04 kg ai ha-1 controlled 97 and 69% of velvetleaf, respectively, with little visible sugarbeet injury. Adding clomazone to pyrazon, TCA, ethofumesate, pyrazon plus TCA, or TCA plus ethofumesate increased velvetleaf control but increased visible sugarbeet injury. In field studies, clomazone at 0.07 kg ha-1 did not enhance sugarbeet injury. However, velvetleaf was not controlled by clomazone alone or clomazone plus pyrazon, ethofumesate, combinations of pyrazon plus TCA, pyrazon plus ethofumesate, or pyrazon plus TCA plus ethofumesate. Cycloate preplant incorporated plus pyrazon preemergence followed by postemergence herbicides controlled velvetleaf in all 3 yr of research. Postemergence herbicides increased velvetleaf control from soil-applied herbicides in 1987 and 1988.
Contributors
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- By Krista Adamek, Ana Luisa K. Albernaz, J. Marcio Ayres†, Andrew J. Baker, Karen L. Bales, Adrian A. Barnett, Christopher Barton, John M. Bates, Jennie Becker, Bruna M. Bezerra, Júlio César Bicca-Marques, Richard Bodmer, Jean P. Boubli, Mark Bowler, Sarah A. Boyle, Christini Barbosa Caselli, Janice Chism, Elena P. Cunningham, José Maria C. da Silva, Lesa C. Davies, Nayara de Alcântara Cardoso, Manuella A. de Souza, Stella de la Torre, Ana Gabriela de Luna, Thomas R. Defler, Anthony Di Fiore, Eduardo Fernandez-Duque, Stephen F. Ferrari, Wilsea M.B. Figueiredo-Ready, Tracy Frampton, Paul A. Garber, Brian W. Grafton, L. Tremaine Gregory, Maria L. Harada, Amy Harrison-Levine, Walter C. Hartwig, Stefanie Heiduck, Eckhard W. Heymann, André Hirsch, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Gareth Jones, Richard F. Kay, Martin M. Kowalewski, Shawn M. Lehman, Laura Marsh, Jesús Martinez, William A. Mason, Hope Matthews, Wynlyn McBride, Shona McCann-Wood, W. Scott McGraw, D. Jeffrey Meldrum, Sally P. Mendoza, Nohelia Mercado, Russell A. Mittermeier, Mirjam N. Nadjafzadeh, Marilyn A. Norconk, Robert Gary Norman, Marcela Oliveira, Marcelo M. Oliveira, Maria Juliana Ospina Rodríguez, Erwin Palacios, Suzanne Palminteri, Liliam P. Pinto, Marcio Port-Carvalho, Leila Porter, Carlos Portillo-Quintero, George Powell, Ghillean T. Prance, Rodrigo C. Printes, Pablo Puertas, P. Kirsten Pullen, Helder L. Queiroz, Luis Reginaldo R. Rodrigues, Adriana Rodríguez, Alfred L. Rosenberger, Anthony B. Rylands, Ricardo R. Santos, Horacio Schneider, Eleonore Z.F. Setz, Suleima S.B. Silva, José S. Silva Júnior, Andrew T. Smith, Marcelo C. Sousa, Antonio S. Souto, Wilson R. Spironello, Masanaru Takai, Marcelo F. Tejedor, Cynthia L. Thompson, Diego G. Tirira, Raul Tupayachi, Bernardo Urbani, Liza M. Veiga, Marianela Velilla, João Valsecchi, Jean-Christophe Vié, Tatiana M. Vieira, Suzanne E. Walker-Pacheco, Rob Wallace, Patricia C. Wright, Charles E. Zartman
- Edited by Liza M. Veiga, Universidade Federal do Pará, Brazil, Adrian A. Barnett, Roehampton University, London, Stephen F. Ferrari, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brazil, Marilyn A. Norconk, Kent State University, Ohio
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- Book:
- Evolutionary Biology and Conservation of Titis, Sakis and Uacaris
- Published online:
- 05 April 2013
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- 11 April 2013, pp xii-xv
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WESTERN RHYACIONIA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE, OLETHREUTINAE) PINE TIP MOTHS TRAPPED USING SYNTHETIC SEX ATTRACTANTS
- Robert E. Stevens, Charles Sartwell, Thomas W. Koerber, Gary E. Daterman, Lonne L. Sower, Jerry A. Powell
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 112 / Issue 6 / 01 June 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2012, pp. 591-603
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Synthetic sex attractants were used to trap Rhyacionia pine tip moths throughout the western United States in spring and early summer 1977 and 1978. Some species were shown to have much wider distributions than previously known. Among species responding to (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate, R. zozana was collected over most of the area, with new records for Washington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and South Dakota; R. neomexicana was found for the first time in Utah, as was R. salmonicolor in New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah; R. monophylliana in Nevada and Utah; R. jenningsi in New Mexico; and R. multilineata in Arizona and Oregon. Among species caught in traps baited with (E,E)-8,10 dodecadienyl acetate, R. busckana was found widely through the Northwest, for the first time in Montana and Wyoming, and R. fumosana was captured throughout the Rocky Mountain states, with new records for Montana, Utah, and Nevada. Sets of two previously unknown zozana -like moths were collected. One is closely associated with the typical form in Oregon and California; the other is a pinyon associate in Colorado and New Mexico.
4 - Gas diffusion characteristics of polymer–clay nanocomposites
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Book:
- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
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- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp 35-48
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Summary
Potential of polymer–clay nanocomposites as barrier materials
Early in the development of polymer–clay nanocomposites it was recognized that, due to the platy morphology of the smectic nanoparticles, the gas permeability of the composite would be altered considerably from that of the pure polymer. This improved barrier has major applications potential in the food and pharmaceutical industries. These composites have the additional advantage of maintaining clarity of display of packaged foods or medicines. The fundamental origin of the barrier properties exhibited by polymer–clay nanocomposites appears to derive largely from the physical morphology of the nanocomposites, but in some notable cases, this cannot be explained by the physical barrier of the nanoparticles.
The number and types of applications utilizing the barrier properties of polymer–clay nanocomposites are significant. In general terms the majority of applications involve the protection of food or drugs from the ingress of either oxygen or water vapor. In the area of flexible food packaging, the nanocomposites will not only protect the food from spoilage and improve shelf life, but also should allow down-gauging in applications where the existing packaging barrier is sufficient. Because of the size and refractive index of the clay nanoparticles, the packaging will also be transparent.
1 - Introduction
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
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- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp 1-3
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Summary
Can one imagine the utility of a dispersed-phase reinforcement for polymers that has a thickness of 1 nm, a platelike morphology with minimal dimensions of 150 to 200 nm, robust with a modulus of 180 GPa, nontoxic (FDA classification of GRAS; generally regarded as safe for a majority of applications), a surface area in excess of 750 m2/g, a charge suitable for altering its hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance at will, and a refractive index similar to polymer so that the nanoparticles will appear transparent in the polymer composite? How difficult would it be to prepare such a particle?
This particle is naturally occurring and found around the world. It is easily mined and purified. The reactor for the particle was a volcano. The ash from many volcanoes was spread around the earth during an intense period of activity many millions of years ago. This ash was transformed into clay (montmorillonoids or smectites) by natural processes, into uncharged species (talc and pyrophyllite) and charged species through isomorphic substitution of the crystal structure (hectorite, montmorillonite, saponite, suconite, volchonskoite, vermiculite, and nontronite).
Montmorillonite serves as the principle mineral for the development of polymer–clay nanocomposites discussed in this book. A misunderstanding of the terms bentonite (the ore or rock) and montmorillonite (the mineral) are pervasive in the literature. We will focus on utilizing the mineral name. The composition of montmorillonite can be described by imagining a sandwich structure with the top and bottom layers composed of silica dioxide tetrahedral structures.
3 - Analytical methods utilized in nanocomposites
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Book:
- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
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- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp 23-34
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Summary
In polymer–clay nanocomposites, to truly reach the ultimate in property improvements requires full exfoliation. A fully exfoliate composite yields the maximum interfacial interaction between the nanoparticle and polymer matrix. In order to produce optimally exfoliated systems requires that direct methods be available to measure the level of exfoliation. The ideal analytical method should be rapid, nondestructive, applicable to many sample matrices, low cost, and should require minimal sample preparation. The only method that fits these criteria is wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). This method, however, has some major drawbacks that will be discussed in detail in this chapter.
The other analytical methods for confirming the level of exfoliation include scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The utility and limitations of these three microscopy techniques for measuring exfoliation in nanocomposites will be discussed in detail with specific examples in this chapter.
There are also a number of indirect methods to measure the level of exfoliation but all of them require a direct method with which to standardize them. As examples, two methods, melt viscosity and tensile modulus, will illustrate the indirect methods. Unfortunately, the overall area has not received a great deal of attention, with limited numbers of publications on the subject [1–3].
Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
- Gary W. Beall, Clois E. Powell
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- Published online:
- 05 August 2011
- Print publication:
- 07 July 2011
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Written for graduate students, researchers, and practitioners, this book provides a complete introduction to the science, engineering, and commercial applications of polymer-clay nanocomposites. Starting with a discussion of general concepts, the authors define specific terms used in the field, providing newcomers with a strong foundation to the area. The physical and mechanical properties of polymer-clay nanocomposites are then described, with chapters on thermodynamics and kinetics, engineering properties, barrier properties, and flame retardancy. Mechanisms underpinning observed effects, such as UV resistance, solvent resistance, and hardness, are also explained. In-depth discussions of clay and clay surface treatment, fabrication, and characterization of nanocomposites are provided, and particular emphasis is placed on the proper use and interpretation of analytical techniques, helping readers to avoid artifacts in their own work. With commercial applications discussed throughout, and experimental results connected with theory, this is an ideal reference for those working in polymer science.
5 - Engineering properties of polymer–clay nanocomposites theory and theory validation
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
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- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp 49-67
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Contents
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
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- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp v-viii
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Frontmatter
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
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- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp i-iv
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8 - Flame retardancy
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
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- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp 156-182
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Summary
An early observation by Blumstein [1] indicated that montmorillonite present in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate to produce polymer–clay composites significantly increased the thermal stability of the methyl methacrylate polymer in relation to polymethyl methacrylate prepared without the montmorillonite present. The polymer within the galleries of the montmorillonite was reported to have significantly higher thermal stability. Speculation on the cause of this enhanced thermal stability focused on restricted polymer chain mobility in the galleries and the prevention of oxygen diffusion into the galleries. The presence of oxygen during the thermal degradation of polymer–clay nanocomposites will be demonstrated to be a significant independent variable relating to the thermal degradation.
Little further activity is found in the literature until the advent of the importance of exfoliated layered clays in the dramatic enhancement of polymer mechanical performance at low concentrations was reported [2]. Subsequent systematic evaluations of the thermal stability of polymer–clay nanocomposites were initiated by Jeff Gilman's group at NIST and Emmanuel Giannelis' group at Cornell, with remarkable results. This work led to a dramatic increase in scientific investigations focused on the structure–property relationships of polymer–clay nanocomposites to thermal stability and flame retardancy.
An excellent review of the work on the flame retardancy of polymer nanocomposites was published in 2007 [3]. This chapter will focus on the evaluation of the proposed mechanisms for enhanced thermal stability of polymer–clay nanocomposites, the proposed relationships between enhanced thermal stability of polymer–clay nanocomposites and flame retardancy, and the synergies that develop between traditional flame retardants for polymers and polymer–clay nanocomposites.
6 - Variables associated with polymer–clay processing in relation to reinforcement theory
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
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- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp 68-94
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Summary
The polymer as a significant independent variable in the mechanical performance of polymer–clay nanocomposites
Chavarria and Paul [1] performed a complete evaluation of a comparison of the significant variables that relate to the successful exfoliation of organomontmorillonite in nylon 6 with the utility of these variables in the preparation of organomontmorillonite–nylon 6,6 polymer nanocomposites. The equipment and protocol for these evaluations were identical to those found in reference [1] with nylon 11 and 12. The same nylon 6 was evaluated (B135WP). The molecular weight of the nylon 6 was measured to be Mn = 29 300 by intrinsic viscosity. This is slightly different from the reported viscosity, Mn = 31 100, in reference [1]. The same organomontmorillonite (montmorillonite exchanged with octadecytrimethyl quaternary ammonium ion at 95 meq/100 g of montmorillonite) was employed in both studies. The nylon 6,6 was produced by DuPont, Zytel 42A. The molecular weight was not reported.
The production of nylon 6,6 is significantly different from the ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactam to produce nylon 6. Hexanedioic acid (adipic acid) is neutralized with hexamethylenediamine in a 50% aqueous solution. The pH is carefully monitored in order to ensure the proper stoichiometry of dicarboxylic acid and diamine.
2 - Thermodynamics and kinetics of polymer–clay nanocomposites
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Book:
- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
- Published online:
- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp 4-22
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Summary
In order for nanocomposites to be useful, they must be thermodynamically stable. It is therefore critical to ensure that clay nanoparticles have surfaces that interact with polymer in a way that yields exfoliated structures that do not spontaneously phase separate. Although some intercalated–exfoliated systems may yield useful improvements in properties, the exfoliated state is still the ultimate goal in producing a nanocomposite with the ultimate property enhancements.
The rate at which intercalation/exfoliation occurs is also of some importance in ensuring that a nanocomposite can be made on a timescale that is commercially viable. Since the level of exfoliation is critical in order that the maximum change in properties in nanocomposites is reached, the ability to measure the level of exfoliation is of paramount importance.
In this chapter, the thermodynamics of intercalation/exfoliation will be discussed in detail, including surface modification of clays, processing strategies, and the enthalpic and entropic components of the intercalation/exfoliation process. In addition, the kinetics related to intercalation/exfoliation will be presented. Finally, a critical evaluation of the analytical methods utilized commonly to determine the level of intercalation/exfoliation will be given.
Clay surface compatibility with polymers
Smectite clay structure
The discussion of clay surface compatibility with polymers in this section will focus primarily on montmorillonite as the example clay. The characteristics discussed will only vary by degree for other smectic clays.
Index
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Book:
- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
- Published online:
- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp 183-185
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7 - The relationships of polymer type specificity to the production of polymer–clay nanocomposites
- Gary W. Beall, Texas State University, San Marcos, Clois E. Powell, Texas State University, San Marcos
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- Fundamentals of Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites
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- 05 August 2011
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- 07 July 2011, pp 95-155
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Summary
Complexity of polyolefin–montmorillonite nanocomposites
Preparing polyolefin–montmorillonite nanocomposites presents another challenge in relation to the preparation of block copolymer–montmorillonite nanocomposites found in Chapter 6. An excellent example of the complexity of exfoliating organomontmorillonite into a pure hydrocarbon polymer is found in the work by Hotta and Paul [1]. Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE; Dowlex 2032 manufactured by Dow Chemical) was melt blended with two different organomontmorillonites (Cloisite 20A and montmorillonite exchanged with trimethyl hydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium ion). The importance of blending maleic anhydride grafted LLDPE (LLDPE–g–MA; 0.9 wt. % MA content; Fusabond MB266D produced by DuPont, Canada) with LLDPE as regards achieving exfoliation was determined in this study.
The procedures and equipment that were employed in this work were identical to those utilized by Fornes and Paul in the preparation of melt-blended nylon 6–montmorillonite nanocomposites described in Chapter 5. As one may anticipate from the studies in Chapters 5 and 6, the more hydrophobic Cloisite 20A was more efficient in producing exfoliated composites. The presence of the LLDPE–g–MA in the polymer blend further encouraged the exfoliation of Cloisite 20A. When the weight ratio of LLDPE–g–MA to Cloisite 20A is increased to 4 and subsequently to 11, the WAXS indicated good exfoliation with a loading of 4.6 and 4.9 wt.%, respectively, of montmorillonite (determined by incineration of the polymer composite in an oven). The TEM for the composite with a ratio of 11 at 4.9% montmorillonite indicated good exfoliation.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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