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Climate change impacts on the coral reefs of the UK Overseas Territory of the Pitcairn Islands: resilience and adaptation considerations
- Susana Lincoln, Benjamin Cowburn, Ella L. Howes, Silvana Birchenough, John K. Pinnegar, Stephen Dye, Paul Buckley, Charles Sheppard, Colette C.C. Wabnitz, Leo X.C. Dutra, Jennifer Graham, Simeon Archer-Rand, Emily Hardman, Georg H. Engelhard, Bryony L. Townhill
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- Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom / Volume 102 / Issue 7 / November 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 November 2022, pp. 535-549
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The coral reefs of the Pitcairn Islands are in one of the most remote areas of the Pacific Ocean, and yet they are exposed to the impacts of anthropogenic climate change. The Pitcairn Islands Marine Protected Area was designated in 2016 and is one of the largest in the world, but the marine environment around these highly isolated islands remains poorly documented. Evidence collated here indicates that while the Pitcairn Islands' reefs have thus far been relatively sheltered from the effect of warming sea temperatures, there is substantial risk of future coral decalcification due to ocean acidification. The projected acceleration in the rate of sea level rise, and the reefs' exposure to risks from distant ocean swells and cold-water intrusions, add further uncertainty as to whether these islands and their reefs will continue to adapt and persist into the future. Coordinated action within the context of the Pitcairn Islands Marine Protected Area can help enhance the resilience of the reefs in the Pitcairn Islands. Options include management of other human pressures, control of invasive species and active reef interventions. More research, however, is needed in order to better assess what are the most appropriate and feasible options to protect these reefs.
Polygenic Score × Intervention Moderation: An application of discrete-time survival analysis to modeling the timing of first tobacco use among urban youth
- Rashelle J. Musci, Katherine E. Masyn, George Uhl, Brion Maher, Sheppard G. Kellam, Nicholas S. Ialongo
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- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 27 / Issue 1 / February 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 February 2015, pp. 111-122
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The present study examines the interaction between a polygenic score and an elementary school-based universal preventive intervention trial. The polygenic score reflects the contribution of multiple genes and has been shown in prior research to be predictive of smoking cessation and tobacco use (Uhl et al., 2014). Using data from a longitudinal preventive intervention study, we examined age of first tobacco use from sixth grade to age 18. Genetic data were collected during emerging adulthood and were genotyped using the Affymetrix 6.0 microarray. The polygenic score was computed using these data. Discrete-time survival analysis was employed to test for intervention main and interaction effects with the polygenic score. We found a main effect of the intervention, with the intervention participants reporting their first cigarette smoked at an age significantly later than controls. We also found an Intervention × Polygenic Score interaction, with participants at the higher end of the polygenic score benefitting the most from the intervention in terms of delayed age of first use. These results are consistent with Belsky and colleagues' (e.g., Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007; Belsky & Pleuss, 2009, 2013; Ellis, Boyce, Belsky, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2011) differential susceptibility hypothesis and the concept of “for better or worse,” wherein the expression of genetic variants are optimally realized in the context of an enriched environment, such as provided by a preventive intervention.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. 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Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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The Clay Pebble Bed of Ancon, Ecuador
- George Sheppard, G. H. S. Bushnell
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- Geological Magazine / Volume 69 / Issue 6 / June 1932
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- 01 May 2009, pp. 284-286
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Chert Deposits in Ecuador, South America
- George Sheppard
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- Geological Magazine / Volume 65 / Issue 8 / August 1928
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- 01 May 2009, pp. 343-353
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The following notes have been recorded with the idea of showing that a field relationship exists between true chert veins or aggregations, and certain igneous intrusions. Beyond the fact that the cherts have been formed probably as the result of some hydrothermal agency, usually associated with, and occasionally the result of, volcanic episodes, it is not possible to enter more fully into the geological origin of this form of silica. Microscopic fossils have been observed and recorded from the cherts of Santa Elena, but the presence of these organisms may be accounted for by the fact that certain Radiolaria are able to exist in waters of a fairly high temperature, it is also possible that these fossils may have been abstracted from the vein walls of the country rock during the secondary process of infilling by crypto-crystalline silica.
The Occurrence of Gypsum in the Tertiary Clays and Sandstones of Ecuador
- George Sheppard
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- Geological Magazine / Volume 64 / Issue 7 / July 1927
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- 01 May 2009, pp. 298-308
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Gypsum or selenite is one of the commonest “decomposition” minerals found in connexion with the exposed surfaces of the Tertiary rocks in southern Ecuador. With the possible exception of the coarser grits and conglomerates, the normal sandstones are usually veined extensively by sheets of this mineral; it also occurs in a fibrous form (plates), in agglomerations of minute scalenohedrons, flake-like folia parallel to the bedding, and also in beautiful rosette-like or “stellate” groupings. In the typical clay shales or “gredas” the distribution of gypsum is not so general, though crystals or irregular groups of imperfectly shaped crystals occur on the weathered slopes or screes. In many localities, where a steep talus slope of shale forms the foot of a superimposing sandstone cliff, the scree itself is invariably covered with broken plates of gypsum in such profusion that from a distance it has the appearance of irregular masses of ice or glass. The platy form (which usually consists of parallel laminae with vertical fibres) is probably the most common and, in reality, each plate has been formed after the manner of a typical vein deposit.
Igneous and Associated Rocks from the Andes of Eastern Ecuador
- George Sheppard
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- Geological Magazine / Volume 67 / Issue 8 / August 1930
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- 01 May 2009, pp. 361-371
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The suite of volcanic and metamorphic rocks described in this paper were collected by the writer in the early part of 1929. With the exception of the micaceous slate (Pl. XVIII, Fig. 3), which was found in situ along the valley of the Rio Patate near Guadaloupe, all the specimens were obtained near the Cascada de Agoyan, a locality a few miles downstream from Baños along the Rio Pastaza.
The Occurrence of Boulders in the Tertiary Formations of Ecuador, South America
- George Sheppard
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- Geological Magazine / Volume 62 / Issue 8 / August 1925
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- 01 May 2009, pp. 368-369
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Along certain of the coast sections in the province of Manabi, Ecuador, a series of large igneous boulders (of a coarse granitic type) occurs in situ among normal Tertiary sandstones. Tertiary sediments form the greater part of the “littoral” or coast belt of this country. One of the masses of rock referred to above had a weight, at least, of twenty tons—an exceptional size for an undoubted constituent member of a sandstone or a conglomerate.
Metamorphic Rocks of the Eastern Andes near Cuenca, Ecuador
- George Sheppard, G. H. S. Bushnell
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- Geological Magazine / Volume 70 / Issue 7 / July 1933
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- 01 May 2009, pp. 321-330
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The object of the present paper is to describe certain metamorphic rocks which occur in the eastern cordillera of the Ecuadorian Andes, immediately to the east of the interandine basin of Cuenca (Fig. 1). The latter region contains a series of late Tertiary volcanic breccias, followed by hard white shales which are overlain in their turn, and possibly in part replaced laterally by the massive, white, saccharoidal and tuffaceous sandstones of Azogues, in the composition of which rearranged volcanic ash and detritus play a large part (Fig. 2). These beds, originally described collectively as the Azogues Sandstone by Wolf (1),1 were considered to be of Wealden age upon the evidence of a meagre lacustrine fauna discovered by the same author, and subsequently described by Dr. Geinitz, of Dresden, which were found in the more shaly sandstones of the group. A more extensive collection of fossils made by the present writers from the same beds and localities was submitted to Dr. W. B. Marshall, of the United States National Museum, who reports that it consists largely of new genera and species, and that the age cannot be later than the Pliocene, and it may be earlier (2). These beds are thrown generally into a series of relatively gentle folds, having a north-south trend, but occasionally they are found in a more highly disturbed condition as, for example, on the Biblian-Azogues road, where they are sometimes seen to be vertical. The strike of the folding shows that it is a product of pressure from the same direction as that which accompanied the main Andean uplift.
Further Observations on the Clay Pebble Bed of Ancon (Ecuador)
- George Sheppard
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 64 / Issue 5 / May 1927
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- 01 May 2009, pp. 227-236
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(1) The clay pebble bed of Ancon (Ecuador) is essentially a true deposit, probably formed, in the first place, by the denudation of an Eocene land surface under abnormal climatic conditions.
It has not been formed primarily by overthrusting or shearing, although these tectonic phenomena have undoubtedly affected the deposit at a later stage of its history.
(2) The clay pebble bed does not attain a thickness of more than three hundred feet, and it is included in about eighteen hundred feet of uniform clay shales and sandstones. The evidence collected from the drilling of boreholes suggests that recumbent folding has taken place in this area. No other explanation can satisfactorily account for the presence of two (or three) phases of the clay pebble bed in the same borehole. (Fig. 1.)
(3) Whilst stratification is not usually present in the clay pebble bed, a certain linear arrangement of the constituent materials has been detected which indicates a flowage in the deposit prior to consolidation. Later folding, however, has obliterated most of the evidences of original accumulation.
(4) Irregularities in the present attitude of the clay pebble bed and its associated strata (such as, for example, the upper limit of the clay pebble bed transgressing the bedding planes of the superincumbent strata, the upper limit apparently being a thrust plane from which minor thrusts branch into the upper block, the presence of transitional stages, etc., where the tearing away of the sole of the upper block is visible) can all be explained by an appreciation of the special tectonics of this area, which includes the theory of recumbent folding.
The Western Andes and their Relation to the Tertiary Coast-Belt, Ecuador
- George Sheppard
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- Geological Magazine / Volume 68 / Issue 11 / November 1931
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- 01 May 2009, pp. 481-494
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THE object of the present paper is to give some geological description of the western range of the Andes, and the Tertiary formations which are developed along the Pacific coast. References are also made to the plutonic and other types of igneous rocks which are known to occur and have not been described hitherto. During the past four years the author has made a complete traverse of the Andes in Ecuador, viz, from Babahoya to Guaranda, thence to Riobamba and Baños, including the entrance to the Oriente.
Geology of the Interandine Basin of Cuenca, Ecuador
- George Sheppard
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 71 / Issue 8 / August 1934
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- 01 May 2009, pp. 356-370
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The region which forms the subject of this paper is in the southern part of the Republic of Ecuador (Fig. 1) in the Provinces known as Canar and Azuay, and is situated between the two principal cordilleras of the Andes at an elevation of about 8,500 feet above sea-level.
Fast Detection of Perkinsus Marinus, a Prevalent Pathogen of Oysters and Clams from Sea Waters
- Yu-Lin Wang, B.H. Chu, K.H. Chen, Chih-Yang Chang, Tanmay P. Lele, George Papadi, James K. Coleman, Barbara J. Sheppard, Chris F. Dungan, S. J. Pearton, J.W. Johnson, F. Ren
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1202 / 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 January 2011, 1202-I09-10
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- 2009
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Antibody-functionalized, Au-gated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were used to detect Perkinsus marinus. The antibody was anchored to the gate area through immobilized thioglycolic acid. The AlGaN/GaN HEMT were grown by a molecular beam epitaxy system (MBE) on sapphire substrates. Infected sea waters were taken from the tanks in which Tridacna crocea infected with P. marinus were living and dead. The AlGaN/GaN HEMT showed a rapid response of drain-source current in less than 5 seconds when the infected sea waters were added to the antibody-immobilized surface. The recyclability of the sensors with wash buffers between measurements was also explored. These results clearly demonstrate the promise of field-deployable electronic biological sensors based on AlGaN/GaN HEMTs for Perkinsus marinus detection.
Depressive symptoms over first grade and their response to a developmental epidemiologically based preventive trial aimed at improving achievement
- Sheppard G. Kellam, George W. Rebok, Lawrence S. Mayer, Nick Ialongo, Cynthia R. Kalodner
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- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 6 / Issue 3 / Summer 1994
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 October 2008, pp. 463-481
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This article is about the course of depressive symptoms during a classroom-based randomized preventive field trial aimed at improving reading achievement among first-grade children in an urban population of mixed ethnicity and lower middle to low socioeconomic status. In the fall, children reported high levels of depressive symptoms, a risk factor for major depressive disorder. There was a linear relationship in the fall between depressive symptoms and achievement test scores. Among male children in intervention classrooms whose gain in achievement was at least the national average, depression from fall to spring was decreased, compared to those whose achievement gain was lower. Among female children both in the control and in the intervention classrooms, there was also a significant relationship between gain in achievement and the course of depression.
The clinical and public health value of non-culture methods in the investigation of a cluster of unexplained pneumonia cases
- C. L. SHEPPARD, J. E. SALMON, T. G. HARRISON, M. LYONS, R. C. GEORGE
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- Journal:
- Epidemiology & Infection / Volume 136 / Issue 7 / July 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 August 2007, pp. 922-927
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During 2003, a cluster of initially unexplained pneumonia cases (two fatal) occurred in patients aged <50 years in a British city. Routine culture tests were inconclusive, however, pneumococcal infection was suspected and the putative outbreak was investigated using non-culture methods. Clinical samples from ten patients were tested by pneumococcal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), or Binax NOW® pneumococcal urine antigen test and serotype-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Lung samples from the deceased patients were PCR positive and yielded different MLST types. Two patients in one family group were serotype 1 pneumococcal antigen positive. Two further patients were serotype 1 antigen positive, and one serotype 4 positive. Two antigen-positive cases were also serum PCR positive. Non-culture methods confirmed the disease aetiology in six cases. Serotype and MLST results showed no single outbreak, but a family cluster of cases in a high background of pneumococcal pneumonia, providing important epidemiological data that would not otherwise have been available.