34 results
Head and Neck Cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines, Sixth Edition
- Jarrod J Homer, Stuart C Winter, Elizabeth C Abbey, Hiba Aga, Reshma Agrawal, Derfel ap Dafydd, Takhar Arunjit, Patrick Axon, Eleanor Aynsley, Izhar N Bagwan, Arun Batra, Donna Begg, Jonathan M Bernstein, Guy Betts, Colin Bicknell, Brian Bisase, Grainne C Brady, Peter Brennan, Aina Brunet, Val Bryant, Linda Cantwell, Ashish Chandra, Preetha Chengot, Melvin L K Chua, Peter Clarke, Gemma Clunie, Margaret Coffey, Clare Conlon, David I Conway, Florence Cook, Matthew R Cooper, Declan Costello, Ben Cosway, Neil J A Cozens, Grant Creaney, Daljit K Gahir, Stephen Damato, Joe Davies, Katharine S Davies, Alina D Dragan, Yong Du, Mark R D Edmond, Stefano Fedele, Harriet Finze, Jason C Fleming, Bernadette H Foran, Beth Fordham, Mohammed M A S Foridi, Lesley Freeman, Katherine E Frew, Pallavi Gaitonde, Victoria Gallyer, Fraser W Gibb, Sinclair M Gore, Mark Gormley, Roganie Govender, J Greedy, Teresa Guerrero Urbano, Dorothy Gujral, David W Hamilton, John C Hardman, Kevin Harrington, Samantha Holmes, Jarrod J Homer, Deborah Howland, Gerald Humphris, Keith D Hunter, Kate Ingarfield, Richard Irving, Kristina Isand, Yatin Jain, Sachin Jauhar, Sarra Jawad, Glyndwr W Jenkins, Anastasios Kanatas, Stephen Keohane, Cyrus J Kerawala, William Keys, Emma V King, Anthony Kong, Fiona Lalloo, Kirsten Laws, Samuel C Leong, Shane Lester, Miles Levy, Ken Lingley, Gitta Madani, Navin Mani, Paolo L Matteucci, Catriona R Mayland, James McCaul, Lorna K McCaul, Pádraig McDonnell, Andrew McPartlin, Valeria Mercadante, Zoe Merchant, Radu Mihai, Mufaddal T Moonim, John Moore, Paul Nankivell, Sonali Natu, A Nelson, Pablo Nenclares, Kate Newbold, Carrie Newland, Ailsa J Nicol, Iain J Nixon, Rupert Obholzer, James T O'Hara, S Orr, Vinidh Paleri, James Palmer, Rachel S Parry, Claire Paterson, Gillian Patterson, Joanne M Patterson, Miranda Payne, L Pearson, David N Poller, Jonathan Pollock, Stephen Ross Porter, Matthew Potter, Robin J D Prestwich, Ruth Price, Mani Ragbir, Meena S Ranka, Max Robinson, Justin W G Roe, Tom Roques, Aleix Rovira, Sajid Sainuddin, I J Salmon, Ann Sandison, Andy Scarsbrook, Andrew G Schache, A Scott, Diane Sellstrom, Cherith J Semple, Jagrit Shah, Praveen Sharma, Richard J Shaw, Somiah Siddiq, Priyamal Silva, Ricard Simo, Rabin P Singh, Maria Smith, Rebekah Smith, Toby Oliver Smith, Sanjai Sood, Francis W Stafford, Neil Steven, Kay Stewart, Lisa Stoner, Steve Sweeney, Andrew Sykes, Carly L Taylor, Selvam Thavaraj, David J Thomson, Jane Thornton, Neil S Tolley, Nancy Turnbull, Sriram Vaidyanathan, Leandros Vassiliou, John Waas, Kelly Wade-McBane, Donna Wakefield, Amy Ward, Laura Warner, Laura-Jayne Watson, H Watts, Christina Wilson, Stuart C Winter, Winson Wong, Chui-Yan Yip, Kent Yip
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 138 / Issue S1 / April 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2024, pp. S1-S224
- Print publication:
- April 2024
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An overview of the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition’s position statement on nutrition and older adults living in the community
- Margie van Dijk, Adrienne Cullum, Gillian Swan, Emma Peacock, Gill Fine, Siân Robinson, Harry McArdle, Angus Walls, Stella Walsh
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 126 / Issue 8 / 28 October 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 December 2020, pp. 1164-1167
- Print publication:
- 28 October 2021
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PP22 How Do Health System Leaders Use Evidence To Inform Action?
- Matthew D Mitchell, C Michael White, Jeanne-Marie Guise, Lionel Bañez, Craig Umscheid, Lisa Hartling, Suchitra Lyer, Amanda Borsky, Nancy Berkman, Karen Robinson, Sydne Newberry, Celia Fiordalisi, Jillian Henderson, Gillian Sandlers-Schmidler
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care / Volume 34 / Issue S1 / 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 January 2019, pp. 74-75
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Introduction:
The US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) program sponsors the development of systematic reviews to inform clinical policy and practice. The EPC program sought to better understand how health systems identify and use this evidence.
Methods:Representatives from eleven EPCs, the EPC Scientific Resource Center, and AHRQ developed a semi-structured interview script to query a diverse group of nine Key Informants (KIs) involved in health system quality, safety and process improvement about how they identify and use evidence. Interviews were transcribed and qualitatively summarized into key themes.
Results:All KIs reported that their organizations have either centralized quality, safety, and process improvement functions within their system, or they have partnerships with other organizations to conduct this work. There was variation in how evidence was identified, with larger health systems having medical librarians and central bureaus to gather and disseminate information and smaller systems having local chief medical officers or individual clinicians do this work. KIs generally prefer guidelines, especially those with treatment algorithms, because they are actionable. They like systematic reviews because they efficiently condense study results and reconcile conflicting data. They prefer information from systematic reviews to be presented as short digestible summaries with the full report available on demand. KIs preferred systematic reviews from reputable entities and those without commercial bias. Some of the challenges KIs reported include how to resolve conflicting evidence, the generalizability of evidence to local needs, determining whether the evidence is up-to-date, and the length of time required to generate reviews. The topics of greatest interest included predictive analytics, high-value care, advance care planning, and care coordination. To increase awareness of AHRQ EPC reviews, KIs suggest alerting people at multiple levels in a health-system when new evidence reports are available and making reports easier to find in common search engines.
Conclusions:Systematic reviews are valued by health system leaders. To be most useful they should be easy to locate and available in different formats targeted to the needs of different audiences.
The Tribunals and the Renaissance of International Criminal Law: Three Themes
- Darryl Robinson, Gillian MacNeil
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- Journal:
- American Journal of International Law / Volume 110 / Issue 2 / April 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 191-211
- Print publication:
- April 2016
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We are delighted to participate in this symposium on the legacy of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda (Tribunals; respectively, ICTY and ICTR). We have been asked to offer reflections on the Tribunals’ impact on substantive international criminal law (ICL)—in particular, the definitions of crimes and the modes of liability. Given the enormity of the topic, we can offer only a cursory and impressionist sketch of the terrain, and draw attention to a few intriguing features along the way. We will not attempt to survey the Tribunals’ jurisprudence or the related academic literature. Instead, our aim is simply to highlight three themes underlying the Tribunals’ elaboration of substantive legal standards. For the nonspecialist, this sketch may provide a helpful overview of the evolution of ICL. For the specialist, this sketch may bring into slightly sharper relief some underlying patterns in the Tribunals’ work. We will also offer some broader thoughts about the Tribunals in the overall arc of ICL, and how their structure and priorities have left a lasting, distinctive imprimatur on ICL.
Contributors
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- By Robert Bates, Pedro Dal Bó, Sebastian Galiani, Scott Gehlbach, Gillian K. Hadfield, Pamela Jakiela, Edmund J. Malesky, Claude Ménard, Joel Mokyr, Elinor Ostrom, Steven C. A. Pincus, James A. Robinson, Ernesto Schargrodsky, Kenneth A. Shepsle, Mary M. Shirley, John Joseph Wallis, Barry R. Weingast
- Edited by Sebastian Galiani, University of Maryland, College Park, Itai Sened, Washington University, St Louis
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- Book:
- Institutions, Property Rights, and Economic Growth
- Published online:
- 05 April 2014
- Print publication:
- 17 April 2014, pp vii-viii
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Seeking respite: issues around the use of day respite care for the carers of people with dementia
- ANDREW ROBINSON, EMMA LEA, LYNN HEMMINGS, GILLIAN VOSPER, DAMHNAT McCANN, FELICITY WEEDING, ROGER RUMBLE
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- Journal:
- Ageing & Society / Volume 32 / Issue 2 / February 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 March 2011, pp. 196-218
- Print publication:
- February 2012
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Ageing in Place policies have transferred responsibility for many frail elderly people and those living with dementia from residential to in-home care. Despite this placing a greater obligation on families, in Australia carers continue to under-use day respite services. This qualitative design study identified issues around the use of day respite care from the perspective of the family carer, focusing on barriers to attendance and strategies to facilitate attendance. Telephone interviews were held in 2007 with Tasmanian carers whose family member refused to attend day respite care (ten carers) and those whose family member attended (17). Carers considering day respite care were often overwhelmed by the quantity of information, confused about the process, and worried about the recipient's safety in an unfamiliar environment. They felt anxious about public acknowledgement of the condition leading to fear of embarrassment. Day respite care users appreciated the break it provided them and the opportunity for their family member to socialise. To facilitate a greater uptake of day respite care, reliable information sources and strategies to help carers deal with the emotions they face on a daily basis, together with a wider social acceptance of dementia, are important. Furthermore, carers need an opportunity to talk with others, enabling them to gain support from those who have successfully introduced a family member to day respite care.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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On the road again: Patient perspectives on commuting for palliative care
- Barbara Pesut, Carole A. Robinson, Joan L. Bottorff, Gillian Fyles, Sandra Broughton
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- Journal:
- Palliative & Supportive Care / Volume 8 / Issue 2 / June 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2010, pp. 187-195
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Objective:
The aim of this research project was to gain an understanding of the experiences of rural cancer patients who commute to an urban cancer center for palliative care.
Method:The study utilized a mixed method design. Fifteen individuals with a palliative designation participated in semi-structured interviews and filled out the Problems and Needs in Palliative Care Questionnaire.
Results:Qualitative findings included three major themes: cultures of rural life and care, strategies for commuting, and the effects of commuting. Participants valued their rural lifestyles and gained significant support from their communities. Strategies included preparing for the trip with particular attention to pain management, making the most of time, and maintaining significant relationships. Establishing a routine helped to offset the anxiety of commuting. Commuting was costly but the quality of life and supportive relationships obtained through treatment were significant benefits. Questionnaire data suggested that participants were experiencing a number of problems but few indicated they desired more professional attention to those problems.
Significance of Results:Rural lifestyles are often an important part of overall well-being and commuting for care is both costly and complex. Health care providers should assist individuals to weigh the relative contributions of staying in their rural locale versus commuting for care to their overall quality of life. Palliative-care individuals in this study indicated a number of ongoing problems but were not inclined to seek further assistance from health care providers in addressing those problems. Clinicians should actively inquire about problems and further research is needed to understand why patients are reluctant to seek help.
Sleep electroencephalograms in young children with autism with and without regression
- Gillian Baird, Richard O Robinson, Stuart Boyd, Tony Charman
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- Journal:
- Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology / Volume 48 / Issue 7 / July 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 June 2006, pp. 604-608
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- July 2006
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A link has been postulated between regressive autism and the spectrum of epileptic encephalopathic conditions including Landau-Kleffner syndrome with the suggestion that subclinical epilepsy may be causative of regression in autism. This is an audit of investigation using sleep electroencephalograms (EEG) in 64 children (56 males, 8 females; mean age 35.6mo [SD 8.2mo]; range 18–48mo) with autism. No child had a history suggestive of epilepsy. Thirty-nine of the children presented with regressive autism and 20 of the participants showed some epileptiform abnormality. There was no significant difference in epileptiform activities in those who showed regression compared with those who did not. No child showed electrical status epilepticus with continuous spike-wave discharges in slow sleep. There was no evidence that these cases of autism with and without regression were associated with epileptic encephalopathy. The significance of epileptiform discharges without epilepsy in the sleep EEG in autism remains unknown.
eight - Communicating in divorced families
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
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- Bristol University Press
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- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 79-88
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter explores how, and to what extent, the three generations in our group of divorced families communicated with each other about marriage breakdown and its consequences. First, it looks at the way that parents warned their own parents about their impending separation, and then investigates what the grandchildren told their mothers, fathers and grandparents about their relationships with the ‘other side’ of their divided families. The chapter also investigates whether or not children were used as conduits for the flow of information between the two sides of the divorced family.
Telling grandparents about the planned separation
Although grandparents were not asked directly when and how they were told about the breakdown of their child’s marriage, the interview guide included questions about their relationships with grandchildren before and after the separation. Almost half the grandparents interviewed mentioned their surprise at learning of their child’s separation. It was common for parents to hide their marriage problems from their own parents and the news of the separation often came as a shock to grandparents. Parents admitted that they were reluctant to take grandparents into their confidence, but their explanations made it clear that this was neither symptomatic of a lack of affection nor a failure to anticipate the likely effects of their separation on the wider family. A rather similar conclusion, it may be recalled, was made as a result of the investigation of children’s reluctance to confide in their grandparents when they felt upset or worried about family break-up (see Chapter Three).
The deliberate concealment of problems might be interpreted as evidence that parents did not consider grandparents to be involved. However, divorced couples were also concerned about disappointing their parents; they were worried about invoking their displeasure and anxious to protect them from the pain of their divorce – feelings that are characteristic of many parent–child relationships. The interview data revealed that most mothers had worried needlessly and were pleasantly surprised by their parents’ reactions to being told that the marriage had ended. For example, Alfie’s mother recalled:
Really, my parents could have said to me, ‘What are you doing, splitting up? This is so wrong! Don’t be ridiculous! For goodness sake, pull yourself together!’ . But they listened to what I had to say. And, rightly or wrongly, they love me and they told me so.
three - Grandparents’ relationships with grandchildren: continuity and change
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 21-32
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Summary
A changing relationship
In Chapter Two, we discussed some of the factors that previous studies have indicated influence the nature of grandparents’ relationships with their grandchildren. In this chapter, we ask: ‘What importance do grandchildren attach to their relationship with their grandparents and how might these relationships be affected by divorce? And, ‘is there evidence of continuity in the grandparent–grandchild relationship in divorced families as well as evidence of change as the result of family break-up?’.
Grandparent’s relationships with their grandchildren
The studies reviewed in Chapter Two made it clear that grandparent age is related to the frequency of grandparents’ contact with their grandchildren and that older grandchildren have less contact with their grandparents. But does this mean that they are not as emotionally close to their grandparents? Here, we begin by considering the views of some teenage grandchildren and their feelings about their grandparents. They reported that they have close relationships with their grandparents, but this assertion was often accompanied by apparently contradictory evidence of a growing emotional distance. Being ‘close to grandparents’ could mean seeing them regularly, enjoying their company, sharing intimacies and expressing affection. However, we discovered that the phrase need not imply anything about frequency of contact and was used on occasion to mean ‘nurturing positive feelings’. Evidence from divorced parents suggested that older grandchildren saw their grandparents less frequently than their younger brothers and sisters. Mothers, we discovered, occasionally reminded their children that they had not seen their grandparents for some time and persuaded them to accompany them on a visit to their grandparents’ home. They reported a gradual reduction in their children’s contact with their grandparents. Most felt that this did not mean that relationships could no longer be described as ‘close’ or that grandchildren and grandparents felt less affection for each other. It was, in parents’ opinions, understandable that the relationship should change.
Alfie’s mother had been separated for two years before her decree nisi was granted over four years ago. She had a particularly close relationship with her parents who lived about a mile away and had been very supportive of her and her three children, aged 12, 16 and 18. She commented that the maternal grandparents’ ‘unconditional love’ had taught her a lot about bringing up her own children.
Also available from The Policy Press
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 167-169
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nine - Taking sides
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
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- Bristol University Press
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- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 89-102
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Summary
Introduction
Following parental separation and divorce, grandparents in our study usually sympathised with their adult child and criticised the behaviour of their ex-son or ex-daughter-in-law. However, this was not the only strategy and, although it is recognised that divorce is a difficult process, some couples appeared to achieve reasonably harmonious arrangements and a minority of grandparents demonstrated that their non-partisan approach could also make a contribution to harmony. Most, however, did not think about the longer-term implications of their relationships with an ex-child-in-law. They were often angry and some were bitterly partisan in their feelings. Some grandparents took sides after the break-up and continued to harbour strong feelings of resentment for their sons or daughters-in-law long after their child’s marriage had ended. Parents often reported that their own parents had ceased contact with their exspouse because they held him or her responsible for the failure of the marriage. This was often presented as a natural feeling and one that might reasonably be expected of grandparents in a divorced family.
Grandparents’ partisan feelings
Twenty-five grandparenting couples and 11 lone grandparents in 30 different families were interviewed in the course of the research. There were 21 interviews with maternal grandparents and 15 with paternal grandparents. Five maternal and two paternal grandparents took an apparently neutral stance when asked about their relationship with their ex-child-in-law. They said that they were ‘civil’ and ‘polite’ to their child’s ex-spouse or explained that there was ‘no contact but no animosity’. In nine grandparent interviews (five with maternal and four with paternal grandparents) it was clear that they had retained friendly relationships with their divorced child’s ex-spouse. However, more than half of our grandparents (11 maternal and 9 paternal) expressed resentment.
Grandparents’ resentment
Ann’s parents and maternal and paternal grandparents were all interviewed. Ann is eight years old and has a three-year-old brother. Ann has learning difficulties (this aspect of her relationship with her grandparents was discussed in Chapter Four of this book).
Ann’s parents divorced two years ago and Ann’s father had a new partner. Ann’s mother had maintained friendly relationships with the paternal grandparents but the maternal grandparents were angry with their ex-son-in-law. Ann’s mother took Ann and her brother to see her ex-husband’s parents almost every week.
Appendix - The families and the research methods
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
-
- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 155-160
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Summary
Choice of method
This research project took a qualitative approach. It emphasised the content of conversations and their hermeneutic analysis. This meant that the focus of attention was on the analysis of connected chunks of speech in the form of verbatim interview transcripts that were scrutinised for the presence of recurring themes and issues. Miles and Huberman (1994) have provided a list of what they see as the most important features of qualitative data. It includes features that influenced our decision to use qualitative methodology rather than postal questionnaires or interviews that might have sought answers to specific questions about grandparenting in divorced families. The most significant feature is what Miles and Huberman (1994, p 10) describe as “the inherent flexibility of qualitative data and their capacity to be varied as the study proceeds”. This was important because our study set out with few specific questions in mind. It was planned as a piece of exploratory research and aimed to apply a Grounded Theory approach (see Chapter One) by checking whether predictions generated within the data were confirmed when more interview transcripts were available for analysis. Qualitative data analysis presented itself as the most appropriate approach and the best method to achieve the study’s objectives (see Chapter One, p 4 of this book).
The families
The first group of parents that took part in the study was identified from divorce court records in six courts in South Wales and the West of England. Letters were sent to 162 parents who had divorced in 1997 and reminder letters were sent and telephone calls were made in an effort to boost the number that could be interviewed. Acceptances (see Table A1) were received from 36 parents in 34 different families and appointments were made to interview at least one parent in 29 different families. (Issues of cost, distance and a variety of other circumstances meant that some parents were not contacted.) All of these parents who had been granted a decree nisi in the first half of 1997 had participated in previous studies of divorce conducted by the university, but many had moved away and could not be contacted.
seven - Grandparenting in divorced families: rights and policies
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
-
- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 71-78
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Summary
Grandparents and parental divorce
Research suggests that good quality contact between children in divorced families and their non-resident parent and grandparents is beneficial to their long-term adjustment (see Dunn and Deater-Deckard, 2001). There is a general conclusion that children’s continuing contact with both parents is likely to be helpful in enabling them to avoid adverse reactions to their parents’ divorce (Rodgers and Pryor, 1998). Marriage breakdown, however, can have negative effects on relationships between grandparents and grandchildren, and grandparents on the father’s side of the family may see their grandchildren less frequently or, in some circumstances, lose touch with them entirely.
In their study of 86 members of the Grandparents’ Federation in Britain, Drew and Smith (1999) asked whether grandparents, whose contact with their grandchildren had been lost as a result of divorce, were ‘innocent victims’ or ‘agents in cross-generational family dysfunction’. Their study hypothesised that grandparents who had been deprived of contact with their grandchildren also had disturbed relationships with other family members. This might suggest, for example, that their difficulties with their sons and daughters-in-law were simply a symptom of wider personality and communication problems that made it difficult for them to form satisfactory relationships with others. The authors were unable to say whether grandparents were victims of divorce or “agents of their own misfortune” (Drew and Smith, 1999, p 210), but added that the general tenor of their findings pointed to them being “victims”. However, grandparents who join a grandparent organisation are a special group in the sense that they are likely to have experienced conflict and to regard grandparenting as an important aspect of their lives. Our study, in contrast, investigated grandparenting that took place on a broad range of family circumstances and did not have a particular focus on families in conflict. Nevertheless, it did explore the feelings of a small number of grandparents who were deprived of contact and we comment (see Chapter Eleven) on their strategies for coping with the problem.
Cherlin and Furstenberg (1992), borrowing a phrase from Troll (1983), describe grandparents as the ‘family watchdogs’. These authors explain that the extended family comes into its own at times of crisis and not at times of ‘health and prosperity’.
Index
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
-
- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2022
- Print publication:
- 07 January 2004, pp 161-166
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Frontmatter
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
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- Bristol University Press
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- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp i-ii
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four - Activities with grandparents
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 33-46
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Summary
Introduction
Our interviews sought to discover what happens when grandparents and grandchildren spend time together. Our focus in this chapter is on grandchildren who have regular face-to-face contact with grandparents and the importance they and their grandparents attach to the grandparent–grandchild relationship.
The grandparents’ perceptions
Grandparents who saw their grandchildren regularly reported that they went shopping, shared meals, accompanied grandchildren on family outings, went for walks and talked to them about school and their other activities. There were few differences between maternal and paternal grandparents in the activities they shared with their grandchildren; however, seven in ten maternal grandparents (but no paternal grandparents) reported that they helped grandchildren with schoolwork. Two thirds of the maternal grandparents, but only one third of the paternal grandparents felt that they ever talked seriously to their grandchildren. It may be that helping grandchildren with learning or engaging them in serious conversation (particularly about family matters or other sensitive issues) was ill-suited to the role that some grandparents played. Paternal grandparents were less likely than maternal grandparents to enjoy the sustained contact that made these activities possible. They may also have wanted to avoid the accusation of interference in their grandchild’s upbringing and preferred, therefore, to retain a light-hearted tone while their grandchildren were with them.
Half of the maternal grandparent group stated that they were involved in teaching or encouraging their grandchildren in hobbies, games and sports. Grandfathers reported that they were involved in outdoor sports, computing, country walks and active pursuits with their grandchildren, but grandmothers frequently restricted themselves to ‘traditionally female’ activities in the home. Although the paternal grandparents interviewed said that they did not help children with schoolwork, they were just as likely to report that they encouraged their grandchildren’s leisure activities.
The focus of grandparents’ attention
The evidence suggests that grandchildren, on their regular visits to their grandparents, were usually expected to amuse themselves by watching television or playing in the vicinity of their grandparents’ home while their grandparents talked to their adult child. As a result, it was quite common for children to have reservations about their visits to their grandparents. When Wendy (aged 12) was asked, “Does grandma talk to you a lot when you go there?”, she replied, “She’s always busy. She never sits down”.
ten - ‘Being there’: grandparents’ financial, emotional and childcare support
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2022
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- 07 January 2004, pp 103-120
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Summary
Introduction
This chapter examines the range and extent of support that grandparents provided for parents and grandchildren, particularly after a marriage breakdown. We explore parents’ assumptions about grandparents’ support roles and consider the views of grandparents and their grandchildren about the help that they provided. In particular, we discuss how far grandparents were considered to be under an obligation to provide support, and how they responded to ‘a sense of duty’.
Grandparents were usually willing to support their adult children at moments of crisis. Most parents turned to their own parents for help in coping with the immediate effects of separation and divorce. Maternal grandparents were often anxious to do what they could to ameliorate the effects of the divorce. Consequently, they became more involved in childcare and saw their grandchildren more frequently.
Table 3 summarises the results of asking parents how often their children currently saw their grandparents, and how often they saw them when the couple was still married. In most cases, a parent reported their child’s contact with grandparents on both sides of the family. In 28 of the 44 families, only the mother was interviewed and in 11 families only the father was interviewed. There were five families in which both parents were interviewed. It was possible in these cases to use the evidence from two parents to confirm the accuracy of the totals provided. Information was obtained from 42 of the 44 families about maternal grandparents’ contact but the information about paternal grandparenting was less complete.
The frequencies reported have been converted to annual totals for ease of comparison. Table 3 demonstrates that there was not much difference between the frequency of contact of maternal and paternal grandparents before the divorce. However, as might be expected, there was an increase after the divorce in the numbers of paternal grandparents who rarely or never saw their grandchildren and a decline in the numbers who had very frequent contact. The evidence of this study is that maternal grandparents’ childcare duties were likely to increase after their daughter’s divorce and those who were in frequent contact before their daughter’s separation were likely to intensify their involvement. In contrast, paternal grandparents usually had to depend on their son for contact but some fathers did not have contact, and some of those who did were unwilling to take their children to their grandparents’ home.
one - Introduction
- Neil Ferguson
- With Gillian Douglas, Nigel Lowe, Mervyn Murch, Margaret Robinson
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- Book:
- Grandparenting in Divorced Families
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 January 2022
- Print publication:
- 07 January 2004, pp 1-8
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Summary
This is a book about grandparents whose sons or daughters have divorced. It discusses the findings of a two-year interdisciplinary research study at Cardiff University. The project was supported by a grant from the Nuffield Foundation and the research was completed in May 2001. The project set out to explore family members’ perceptions of the impact of divorce on grandparenting. The study was designed to provide a tri-generational perspective and information was gathered from interviews with parents, children and maternal and paternal grandparents. In this chapter we aim to provide a description of the research and explain why we believe it is important to discover more about grandparents’ roles in divorced families.
Introduction
The breakdown of a marriage usually involves major readjustments for parents and children and a realignment of the network of contacts with friends and family. Mothers may need to make changes to the once familiar pattern of daily life and this often involves recruiting grandparents to provide support. Researchers have commented on the establishment of ‘matrilineal’ families, or what Aldous (1995, p 108) describes as “the female tilt in the kinship structure”. This refers to the marked tendency of mothers, children and maternal grandparents to form close alliances. Following a divorce, the mother normally becomes the resident parent (the parent responsible for the day-to-day care of the children), and the paternal grandparent connection is likely to break should fathers fail to maintain contact and keep the connection alive. Maternal grandparents who may have seen themselves as a latent resource during the marriage (see Riley and Riley, 1993) find themselves called into service when their daughter and son-in-law decide that they no longer want to live together. Bengtson (2001, p 5) concluded that “For many Americans, multigenerational bonds are becoming more important than nuclear family ties for well-being and support over the course of their lives”. The process of negotiating post-divorce parenthood is rarely easy because most parents are ill prepared for the changes (Smart and Neale, 1999). When help is needed, parents often turn to their own parents. Our project investigated the role that grandparents play in families and the effect of parental divorce on their relationships with grandchildren.