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Mycotoxin-contaminated diets and an adsorbent affect the performance of Nellore bulls finished in feedlots
- L. Custodio, L. F. Prados, D. N. Figueira, A. Yiannikouris, E. M. Gloria, V. B. Holder, J. E. Pettigrew, E. Santin, F. D. Resende, G. R. Siqueira
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Mycotoxins are present in almost all feedstuffs used in animal nutrition but are often ignored in beef cattle systems, even though they can affect animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mycotoxins and a mycotoxin adsorbent (ADS) on performance of Nellore cattle finished in a feedlot. One hundred Nellore cattle (430 ± 13 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors consisted of two diets with either natural contamination (NC) or exogenous contamination (EC) and the presence (1 g/kg of DM; ADS) or absence of a mycotoxin adsorbent. The NC and EC diets had the following contaminations, respectively: 0.00 and 10.0 µg/kg aflatoxins, 5114 and 5754 µg/kg fumonisins, 0.00 and 42.1 µg/kg trichothecenes B, 0.00 and 22.1 µg/kg trichothecenes A and 42.9 and 42.9 µg/kg fusaric acid. At the beginning of the experiment, all animals were weighed, and four randomly selected animals were slaughtered to evaluate the initial carcass weight. After 97 days of treatment, all animals were weighed and slaughtered. There was no interaction among factors for the DM intake (DMI; P = 0.92); however, there was a tendency for the EC diets to decrease the DMI by 650 g/day compared to animals fed NC diets (P = 0.09). There was a trend for interaction among factors (P = 0.08) for the average daily gain (ADG), where the greatest ADG was observed for cattle fed the NC diet (1.77 kg), and the lowest was observed for those fed the EC diet (1.51 kg). The NC + ADS and EC + ADS treatments presented intermediate values for ADG. The animals fed the NC diet had a greater final BW (596 kg) than animals fed the EC treatment (582 kg; P = 0.04). There was a tendency for interaction among factors for carcass gain (P = 0.08). Similarly to ADG, the highest carcass gain was observed for animals fed the NC diet (1.20 kg), and the lowest was observed for those fed the EC diet (1.05 kg). The NC + ADS and EC + ADS treatments presented intermediate values. The natural contamination groups had greater carcass gain than that of the EC groups, and the use of the ADS recovered part of the weight gain in animals fed the EC diet. In conclusion, mycotoxins at the levels evaluated affected the performance of beef cattle, and adsorbents may mitigate their impact.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonization in the Intensive Care Unit: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes
- Anthony D. Harris, Sarah S. Jackson, Gwen Robinson, Lisa Pineles, Surbhi Leekha, Kerri A. Thom, Yuan Wang, Michelle Doll, Melinda M. Pettigrew, J. Kristie Johnson
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 37 / Issue 5 / May 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2016, pp. 544-548
- Print publication:
- May 2016
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OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization on intensive care unit (ICU) admission, risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization, and the incidence of subsequent clinical culture with P. aeruginosa among those colonized and not colonized.
METHODSWe conducted a cohort study of patients admitted to a medical or surgical intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. Patients had admission perirectal surveillance cultures performed. Risk factors analyzed included comorbidities at admission, age, sex, antibiotics received during current hospitalization before ICU admission, and type of ICU.
RESULTSOf 1,840 patients, 213 (11.6%) were colonized with P. aeruginosa on ICU admission. Significant risk factors in the multivariable analysis for colonization were age (odds ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 1.01–1.03]), anemia (1.90 [1.05–3.42]), and neurologic disorder (1.80 [1.27–2.54]). Of the 213 patients colonized with P. aeruginosa on admission, 41 (19.2%) had a subsequent clinical culture positive for P. aeruginosa on ICU admission and 60 (28.2%) had a subsequent clinical culture positive for P. aeruginosa in the current hospitalization (ICU period and post-ICU period). Of these 60 patients, 49 (81.7%) had clinical infections. Of the 1,627 patients not colonized on admission, only 68 (4.2%) had a subsequent clinical culture positive for P. aeruginosa in the current hospitalization. Patients colonized with P. aeruginosa were more likely to have a subsequent positive clinical culture than patients not colonized (incidence rate ratio, 6.74 [95% CI, 4.91–9.25]).
CONCLUSIONSPrediction rules or rapid diagnostic testing will help clinicians more appropriately choose empirical antibiotic therapy for subsequent infections.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:544–548
Contributors
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- By Syed S. Ali, Nathan Allen, John E. Arbo, Elizabeth Arrington, Ani Aydin, Kenneth R. L. Bernard, Amy Caggiula, Nolan Caldwell, Jennifer L. Carey, Jennifer Carnell, Jayaram Chelluri, Michael N. Cocchi, Cristal Cristia, Vishal Demla, Bram Dolcourt, Andrew Eyre, Shawn Fagan, Brandy Ferguson, Sarah Fisher, Jonathan Friedstat, Brian C. Geyer, Brandon Godbout, Jeremy Gonda, Jeremy Goverman, Ashley L. Greiner, Casey Grover, Carla Haack, Abigail Hankin, John W. Hardin, Katrina L. Harper, Gregory Hayward, Stephen Hendriksen, Daniel Herbert-Cohen, Nadine Himelfarb, Calvin E. Hwang, Jacob D. Isserman, Joshua Jauregui, Joshua W. Joseph, Elena Kapilevich, Feras H. Khan, Sarvotham Kini, Karen A. Kinnaman, Ruth Lamm, Calvin Lee, Jarone Lee, Charles Lei, John Lemos, Daniel J. Lepp, Elisabeth Lessenich, Brandon Maughan, Julie Mayglothling, Kevin McConnell, Laura Medford-Davis, Kamal Medlej, Heather Meissen, Payal Modi, Joel Moll, Jolene H. Nakao, Matthew Nicholls, Lindsay Oelze, Carolyn Maher Overman, Viral Patel, Timothy C. Peck, Jeffrey Pepin, Candace Pettigrew, Byron Pitts, Zubaid Rafique, Chanu Rhee, Jonathan C. Roberts, Daniel Rolston, Steven C. Rougas, Benjamin Schnapp, Kathryn A. Seal, Raghu Seethala, Todd A. Seigel, Navdeep Sekhon, Kaushal Shah, Robert L. Sherwin, Kirill Shishlov, Ashley Shreves, Sebastian Siadecki, Jeffrey N. Siegelman, Liza Gonen Smith, Ted Stettner, Marie Carmelle Tabuteau, Joseph E. Tonna, N. Seth Trueger, Chad Van Ginkel, Bina Vasantharam, Graham Walker, Susan Wilcox, Sandra J. Williams, Matthew L. Wong, Nelson Wong, Samantha Wood, John Woodruff, Benjamin Zabar
- Edited by Kaushal Shah, Jarone Lee, Kamal Medlej, American University of Beirut, Scott D. Weingart
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- Book:
- Practical Emergency Resuscitation and Critical Care
- Published online:
- 05 November 2013
- Print publication:
- 24 October 2013, pp xi-xx
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Slow binocular rivalry in bipolar disorder
- S. M. MILLER, B. D. GYNTHER, K. R. HESLOP, G. B. LIU, P. B. MITCHELL, T. T. NGO, J. D. PETTIGREW, L. B. GEFFEN
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 33 / Issue 4 / May 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 May 2003, pp. 683-692
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Background. The rate of binocular rivalry has been reported to be slower in subjects with bipolar disorder than in controls when tested with drifting, vertical and horizontal gratings of high spatial frequency.
Method. Here we assess the rate of binocular rivalry with stationary, vertical and horizontal gratings of low spatial frequency in 30 subjects with bipolar disorder, 30 age- and sex-matched controls, 18 subjects with schizophrenia and 18 subjects with major depression. Along with rivalry rate, the predominance of each of the rivaling images was assessed, as was the distribution of normalized rivalry intervals.
Results. The bipolar group demonstrated significantly slower rivalry than the control, schizophrenia and major depression groups. The schizophrenia and major depression groups did not differ significantly from the control group. Predominance values did not differ according to diagnosis and the distribution of normalized rivalry intervals was well described by a gamma function in all groups.
Conclusions. The results provide further evidence that binocular rivalry is slow in bipolar disorder and demonstrate that rivalry predominance and the distribution of normalized rivalry intervals are not abnormal in bipolar disorder. It is also shown by comparison with previous work, that high strength stimuli more effectively distinguish bipolar from control subjects than low strength stimuli. The data on schizophrenia and major depression suggest the need for large-scale specificity trials. Further study is also required to assess genetic and pathophysiological factors as well as the potential effects of state, medication, and clinical and biological subtypes.
26 - Is there a single, most-efficient algorithm for stereopsis?
- Colin Blakemore, University of Oxford, K. Adler, M. Pointon
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- Vision
- Published online:
- 05 May 2010
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- 24 January 1991, pp 283-290
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Summary
Introduction
It can be argued that stereopsis has evolved on at least three separate occasions; in mammals, in birds and in machines (see Bishop & Pettigrew, 1986; Pettigrew, 1986). While the evolution of machine algorithms for stereopsis is still occurring, such algorithms have reached a level of sophistication where comparison with animals can be made (see Poggio & Poggio, 1984). When the mammalian, avian and machine systems for stereopsis are compared, some fundamental similarities in organisation emerge despite the many structural differences. In particular, all three systems appear to delay image processing until after information from both eyes is brought together. The surprising fact that stereopsis can occur without prior monocular pattern recognition was already recognised from psychophysical studies on humans and was reinforced by detailed studies of the neural machinery underlying stereopsis in both mammals and birds, not to mention the more recent machine algorithms which also avoid complex form analysis prior to extraction of the stereoscopic information. This chapter deals with the possible reasons behind this common feature of successful stereoscopic systems. Two general lines of argument will be advanced;
i. If the primary role of stereopsis is not the judgement of depth but rather the detection of edges which are invisible to monocular inspection, it is necessary that this edge-detection step precede any attempts at form analysis. This is a teleological argument which can be supported by an examination of the evolutionary context within which some avian groups have acquired stereopsis while other close relatives have not.
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