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Earwigs (Dermaptera) from the Mesozoic of England and Australia, described from isolated tegmina, including the first species to be named from the Triassic
- Richard S. Kelly, Andrew J. Ross, Edmund A. Jarzembowski
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- Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh / Volume 107 / Issue 2-3 / June 2016
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- 01 February 2018, pp. 129-143
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- June 2016
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Dermaptera (earwigs) are described from the Triassic of Australia and England, and from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of England. Phanerogramma heeri (Giebel) is transferred from Coleoptera and it and Brevicula gradus Whalley are re-described. Seven new taxa are named based on tegmina: Phanerogramma australis sp. nov. and P. dunstani sp. nov. from the Late Triassic of Australia; P. gouldsbroughi sp. nov. from the Triassic/Jurassic of England; Brevicula maculata sp. nov. and Trivenapteron moorei gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Jurassic of England; and Dimapteron corami gen et sp. nov. and Valdopteron woodi gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous of England. Phanerogramma, Dimapteron and Valdopteron are tentatively placed in the family Dermapteridae, and Trivenapteron is incertae sedis. Most of the specimens of Phanerogramma heeri are from the Brodie Collection and labelled ‘Lower Lias'; however, some were collected from the underlying Penarth Group, thus this species spans the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. The palaeobiogeography of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic of England is discussed.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Briefly
- Simon Mickleburgh, Martin Fisher, Kirsten Abernethy, David Allen, Rebecca Beale, Natacha Bengone, Kelly Edmunds, Andrew Gordon-Maclean, Alan Harper, Gita Kasthala, Katharine MacDonald, Katie Newton, Amruta Rane, John Robinson
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Far-Infrared Atomic Lines: PDRs or Shocks?
- Margaret Meixner, David Fong, Edmund C. Sutton, Arancha Castro-Carrizo, Valentín Bujarrabal, William B. Latter, Alexander Tielens, Douglas M. Kelly, Michael J. Barlow
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- Symposium - International Astronomical Union / Volume 209 / 2003
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- 26 May 2016, pp. 349-352
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- 2003
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The relative role of the stellar radiation field, the stellar outflows and the interstellar radiation field (ISRF) in transforming the molecular ejecta into atomic gas was the subject of our ISO LWS and SWS spectroscopy study of 24 evolved stars which span the range from AGB stars to proto-planetary nebulae (PPNs) and PNs. The far-infrared (FIR) atomic fine-structure lines are powerful probes of the warm atomic gas in photodissociation regions (PDRs) and shocks. This paper summarizes and compares the ISO spectroscopy studies of carbon-rich (C-rich) and oxygen-rich (O-rich) evolved stars, published by Fong et al. (2001) and Castro-Carrizo et al. (2001), respectively. We find that photodissociation, not shocks, is responsible for the chemical change from molecular to atomic gas.
Working for the Union
- British Trade Union Officers
- John Kelly, Edmund Heery
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994
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This book is a study of the relationship between full-time union officials and shop stewards across the whole of British industry (public and private, manufacturing and services) in 1986–91. It is the first major study of union officials for 20 years, and one of the most detailed studies of workplace collective bargaining and union organisation following the recession of the early 1980s. In the wake of recession, union decline, industrial restructuring, anti-union legislation, and changes in union policies (towards a new realism), Britain is said by some commentators to be entering a new era of industrial relations. This book provides a unique body of evidence that throws new light on this claim, and casts serious doubt on its validity. It combines survey, interview, questionnaire and observation data and thus overcomes the well known limitations of both large-scale surveys and individual case studies.
Part 1 - Introduction
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- Working for the Union
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- 22 October 2009
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Bibliography
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- Working for the Union
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 215-222
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4 - Employment relations
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- 09 June 1994, pp 53-73
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Summary
The purpose of this chapter is to describe, analyze and account for the employment relationship experienced by full-time officers. Accordingly, it reviews recruitment and selection practices, training and development, career opportunities and rewards and employment termination for officers employed by British unions. It also contains information on the personal characteristics of officers who are recruited through and experience these practices. The primary reason for this examination is that the literature on trade unions is replete with claims that officers acquire and advance their distinctive interests as representatives through their employment relationship. For example, within the Marxist tradition the alleged conservatism of officers and their unresponsiveness to members has been related to several features of their employment relationship: appointment, rather than election to office, relatively generous salaries and benefits, considerably in excess of those of their members, and training and socialization in the norms of ‘good industrial relations practice’ (see Kelly, 1988: 161–78). Employment relations may also condition officer interests and behaviour indirectly, by facilitating the selection of officers with particular characteristics. The neglect of ‘equality bargaining’ by British unions, for instance, has been related to the absence of women from officer positions, which in turn has been related to methods of recruitment and the absence of equal opportunities policies within unions (Colling and Dickens, 1989: 29–31). Given arguments of this kind, therefore, it was considered necessary to examine the employment relations and characteristics of officers before turning to an examination of how they actually discharge their role.
Selection
The view that the employment relation of officers determines their behaviour in the job is encountered most forcefully in the debate over methods of officer selection.
2 - Theoretical analyses and empirical studies of trade union officers
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 8-30
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Chapter 1 explained why an analysis of the role, behaviour and values of full-time officers is integral to many of the debates about contemporary British industrial relations. In the present chapter we therefore set out to look at the theoretical and empirical literature on union officers with three aims in mind. First, we want to outline and evaluate the major theoretical approaches that have been used to understand trade union organization, and the role of the officer within the union. Secondly, we want to summarize the current state of knowledge about union full-time officers in Britain, though from time to time we shall also refer to comparative material. Finally, we shall outline the main features of our own approach to the explanation of union officer organization and behaviour.
Some of the most contentious issues in the study of trade union organization were first highlighted by the Webbs in their classic studies Industrial Democracy (1902) and The History of Trade Unionism (1920). The local craft societies of the early nineteenth century became transformed into large, national organizations, and with the change in size came a change in structure. The ‘primitive democracy’ of mass membership meetings gave way to the delegate conference, the elected executive committee and the full-time salaried officer with an increasingly sophisticated division of labour between them. This separation of functions between rank and file members, delegate conference, executive committee and full-time officers led the Webbs to raise two critical questions about trade union organization. What were the relations of power between these different groups within a trade union?
Appendix: Research methods
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 208-211
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The research fell into three parts. First, there were pilot interviews with 41 full-time officers carried out between August and December 1985. Second, there was observation work, conducted between January 1986 and January 1987, and finally there was questionnaire distribution, covering the period January 1986—October 1987 with a follow-up in Summer 1991. The pilot interviews were unstructured as their principal purpose was to familiarize us with the work of the full-time officers. The interviews proved to be particularly illuminating and the local officers in the unions we contacted were extremely helpful. We therefore used the interviews as an occasion to negotiate access for the observation stage of our research. We did speak to some shop stewards, but only on an informal and ad hoc basis, because it soon became clear that selecting a representative sample of stewards who worked with our target officials would be an enormous and complicated undertaking. Our target officials serviced an average of 66 separate bargaining units, containing anywhere from one to 50 shop stewards. Although a separate study of shop steward perceptions of union officials would have been desirable, we decided to rest content with our observation of officer-steward interactions in the meetings we attended.
Our observation work focused on 27 officers (the original plan was ‘25–30’) from four unions (rather than ‘2–3’).
Cambridge Studies in Management
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 229-230
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3 - Full-time officer organization
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 33-52
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Introduction
This chapter is concerned with the basic parameters of organization among full-time officers. It deals with officer numbers, ratios of officers to members and trends in officer employment, as well as with patterns of officer bureaucracy, the degrees of hierarchy, specialization and dispersal of officers. The aim is to describe each of these dimensions of officer organization and both to show and to account for variation in officer organization across unions. The intention is also to describe such variation over time and examine how full-time officer organization in British unions has been affected by the sustained period of union retreat and aggregate membership decline since 1979. One might hypothesize, for example, that decline would be accompanied by a shrinkage in the size of the total officer workforce, a reduction in the number of officer grades within unions, and possibly by an increase in specialization, as unions appointed recruitment and other specialists in response to the drop in membership.
In pursuing the theme of why union officers are organized as they are the group of hypotheses, claims and arguments we have labelled ‘contingency theory’ has greatest relevance. A key argument to be examined is Clegg's (1976: 8–11) contention that forms of union organization are powerfully determined by the structure of collective bargaining and by variations in the level of bargaining in particular. This would suggest that unions which are primarily engaged in industry-level bargaining, like those in the public sector, will have fewer officers, larger numbers of members per officer and more centralized, less spatially dispersed patterns of officer bureaucracy. Other contingencies, however, may also exert an influence.
Notes
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 212-214
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Contents
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- Working for the Union
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp vii-vii
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7 - Bargaining objectives
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- 09 June 1994, pp 123-143
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Summary
Introduction
Collective bargaining with employers is the most time-consuming activity of many trade union officers, and is often their principal point of contact With their unions' membership. Not surprisingly therefore theories of union behaviour have generated a relatively large body of predictions about the bargaining behaviour of officers. For theories of bureaucracy and oligarchy, the union officer acts as a moderating force within the bargaining process, dampening down the unrealistic aspirations of stewards and members, narrowing and accommodating their demands to the economic position of the employers, and avoiding recourse to sanctions proscribed by procedures and statute law. We would consequently expect to find a considerable degree of conflict between stewards and union officers.
The theory of polyarchy suggests that union officers are strongly motivated to retain or enhance their control over the bargaining process. They will consequently prove highly sensitive to any threats to their bargaining rights and will demonstrate a strong preference for procedural objectives (as compared with substantive objectives) and procedural arguments. Contingency theorists have paid particular attention to the structural determinants of officer behaviour, such as workplace size, sophistication of steward organization, collective bargaining structures, trade union policy and bargaining scope. These variables have been used to explain the degree of officer involvement in bargaining and the independence of workplace organization, but they have rarely been used to explain the precise relations between officers and stewards within the bargaining process. Contingency theory therefore directs our attention to a series of structural influences on behaviour but without offering any clear-cut hypotheses about the direction of influence.
8 - The bargaining process
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 144-172
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Summary
Introduction
In this chapter we look more closely at the process and outcomes of collective bargaining. We start by examining the general approach to bargaining adopted by officers and, as in chapter 7, proceed to examine the determinants of these approaches, looking in turn at inter-union differences, the nature of the issues involved, the values of officers and the structural properties of unions and companies. We then look more closely at the systems of argument used by officers; at the conditions under which industrial action is threatened; at moves toward final settlement; at the outcomes of bargaining; and finally we consider the power base of the officer in dealing with shop stewards and union members.
The bargaining process
Approaches to bargaining
Officers approached collective bargaining in many different ways: some were very friendly and discussed personal matters with their management counterparts both before and after bargaining sessions (see Table 8.1). One managerialist officer even invited two of his management counterparts back to the union office and proceeded to gossip about a number of their shop stewards. Others (particularly regulationists) adopted a neutral and formal approach, eschewing the ‘cosy chats’ of their often older and more conservative fellow-officers, and disparaging what they frequently referred to as ‘knife and fork’ bargaining, conducted over the dinner table. Officers in Watson's (1988) study also criticized those who become over-friendly with the employer, and in very similar terms: ‘We all know of officers who go about with a knife and fork in their top pocket’ (Watson, 1988: 141).
1 - Introduction: trade unions and industrial relations
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- Working for the Union
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 3-7
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Summary
One of the major resources of any trade union movement is the cadre of full-time officers employed to service its membership. British trade unions currrently employ about 3000 full-time officers (FTOs) to represent the interests of members both collectively, through negotiations and consultation, and individually, through procedures and at tribunals. Full-time officers can play a key role in shaping the responses of union members to management initiatives; they can have an impact on workplace union organization; and they have often been seen as key recruiting agents for unions in unorganized companies. The salary costs of the officer workforce now make up the single largest item of total union expenditure. Yet despite their importance little is known about union full-time officers, and in the past 30 years they have been the subject of only three major studies: Trade Union Officers (Clegg, Killick and Adams, 1961); Workplace and Union (Boraston, Clegg and Rimmer, 1975); and Managers of Discontent (Watson, 1988). Industrial relations research in this period concentrated on a variety of other actors: shop stewards in the 1960s and 1970s, government incomes and legal policies from the early 1970s, and employers from the 1980s. The present study aims to fill this serious gap in our knowledge by presenting a wide range of data on the numbers, organization, activities and values of full-time union officers. To this end we used a variety of research methods – interviews, questionnaires and non-participant observation – in a cross-section of unions and employment sectors.
Our second aim was to contribute to theoretical debates about union organization in which the concept of ‘bureaucracy’ has played a prominent role.
Part 2 - The parameters of union work
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- Working for the Union
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 31-32
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Index of names
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- Working for the Union
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 223-225
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6 - Organizing
- John Kelly, London School of Economics and Political Science, Edmund Heery
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- Working for the Union
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- 22 October 2009
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- 09 June 1994, pp 101-122
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Introduction
Organizing workers in trade unions is an aspect of the work of union officers which increased greatly in salience in the 1980s, as a result of the decline in aggregate union membership. Most large unions in Britain have sought to encourage greater officer involvement in recruitment and, accordingly, the first aim of this chapter is to describe the kinds of recruitment activity in which local officers become engaged. An important distinction which has to be drawn in analysing this activity is between direct recruitment, where approaches to prospective members are made by officers themselves, and indirect recruitment, where officers support and encourage recruitment by lay representatives.
Recruitment, however, is only one part of the organizing responsibilities of officers, and a second concern of the chapter is to describe the work of officers in building, sustaining and shaping organization among existing union members. In part this work can be viewed as directed at raising and maintaining the capacity of trade unions to operate effectively in the workplace. However, it also often involves an attempt to shape union character, in that officers transmit norms of appropriate union behaviour in relations with members, employers and other unions to workplace representatives.
In addition to describing the organizing work of officers, the purpose of the chapter is to test a number of hypotheses about union organizing, derived from theoretical models of officer behaviour. The theory of bureaucracy, for instance, would lead one to expect that officers would be both anxious to limit the autonomy of workplace organization and concerned to offer tutelage to stewards in the norms of ‘good industrial relations’.