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Outcome of patients fed via a nasogastric tube retained with a bridle loop: do bridle loops reduce the requirement for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion and 30-day mortality?
- R. D. Johnston, L. O'Dell, M. Patrick, A. T. Cole, R. N. Cunliffe
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the Nutrition Society / Volume 67 / Issue OCE3 / May 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 June 2021, E116
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2358 Expanding our educational reach: Development of a massive open online course (MOOC)
- Nicole L. O’Dell, Eric Fredericksen, Sarah Peyre
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 2 / Issue S1 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2018, pp. 55-56
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Translational Science 101 aims to: (1) Orient the public to the field of clinical and translational science; (2) Provide a brief overview of each phase of translation (T0-T4); (3) Provide real-world examples of clinical and translational researchers and research projects that have directly impacted patients; (4) Provide learners with information on how they can become involved in clinical and translational science through many different avenues (study volunteer, student, faculty member, or study coordinator). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The primary audience for Translational Science 101 is the general public and media outlets who are interested in learning more about clinical and translational science and how this research is improving population health. The University of Rochester Clinical and Translational Science Institute created the course in order inform the public about the field of clinical and translational science, orient the public to the types of research that fall under the translational science umbrella, and demonstrate how translational research impacts populations. The Coursera Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) platform was selected to host the course in order promote the greatest level of exposure and also to expand the educational reach of the UR-CTSI to new external audiences. The course was constructed from scratch utilizing the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework, an approach that is often utilized to guide the design and construction of asynchronous online coursework. CoI highlights the elements of social presence, cognitive presence and teaching presence as key factors impacting the educational experience learners have when enrolled in an online course. Discussion boards, embedded quizzes, and end of module quizzes were integrated in to the course design to promote learner engagement, collaborative learning, and interactions among learners. The “storytelling” instructional strategy is the backbone of the Introduction to Clinical Science modules, with various researchers from the University of Rochester Medical Center explaining their lines of research and how the research impacts patients and communities. Educational research has shown that there are many benefits to including storytelling in instruction (Green, 2004; Geanellos, 1996), including: (1) Stories create interest: The narrative structure increases learner interest and engagement as they are drawn in to a good story. (2) Stories create a more personal link between the learner and the content: Storytelling allows exploration of shared lived experiences without the demands of practice and allows students to make connections between the shared experiences and their own previous experiences and knowledge. (3) Stories provide a structure for remembering course materials: The inclusion of stories facilitates remembering because it is easier to remember a story rather than a list of disparate facts, and stories evoke vivid mental images which are an excellent cue for recall. (4) Stories are a familiar and accessible form of sharing information: Storytelling aids in overall learner understanding as it is a nonthreatening way of sharing information. Storytelling can also enhance course discussions as students feel more at ease discussing a story than discussing abstract or new concepts that they are still in the process of mastering. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Introduction to Translational Science was launched on October 16, 2017, and is automatically scheduled to begin a new session every 3 weeks. To date the course has reported the following analytics: (1) 2308 learners have visited the course page, (a)476 learners have enrolled in the course; (b) 244 learners are currently active in the course; (c) 11 learners have completed all of the requirements of the course. (2)Learners by Continent, (a) North America 31%; (b) Asia 30%; (c) Europe 23%; (d) Africa 9%;(e) South America 5%; (f) Oceania 2%. (2) Learners by Country: Learners have come from 84 different countries from around the world. The 15 highest enrollment numbers are: (a) USA 25%, (b) India 11%, (c) Egypt 3.7%, (d) United Kingdom 3.4%, (e) Mexico 3.2%, (f) Brazil 2.8%, (g) China 2.8%, (h) Saudi Arabia 2.2%, (i) Spain 2.2%, (j) Germany 1.7%, (k) Russian Federation 1.7%, (l) Malaysia 1.5%, (m) Turkey 1.5%, (n) Italy 1.5%, and (o) Canada 1.5%. (3) Gender: 48% women and 50% men. (4) Age: (a) 13–17: 0.72%, (b) 18–24: 19.6%, (c) 25–34: 44%, (d) 35–44: 14.4%, (e) 45–54: 8.6%, (f) 55–64: 7.2%, (g) 65+: 3.6%. (5)Highest Education Level o Doctorate Degree: 17%; (a) Professional School Degree: 14%; (b) Master’s Degree: 31%; (c) Bachelor’s Degree: 27%; (d) Associate’s Degree: 2.3%; (e) Some College But No Degree: 4.5%; (f) High School Diploma: 3.8%; (g) Some High School: 0.75%. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) platform offers new, exciting opportunities for CTSA institutions to create courses and trainings that are accessible by learners all over the world. This greatly expands the educational reach that the CTSA education programs can have, moving beyond hub-focused or consortium-focused education to a much broader audience. The expansion of educational reach can promote increased visibility of the CTSA program, encourage collaborations amongst researchers at different institutions, and also inform the public about clinical and translational science, potentially fostering advancement opportunities.
Epidemiological Effectiveness and Cost of a Fungal Meningitis Outbreak Response in New River Valley, Virginia: Local Health Department and Clinical Perspectives
- Nargesalsadat Dorratoltaj, Margaret L. O’Dell, Paige Bordwine, Thomas M. Kerkering, Kerry J. Redican, Kaja M. Abbas
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 12 / Issue 1 / February 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 June 2017, pp. 38-46
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Objective
We evaluated the effectiveness and cost of a fungal meningitis outbreak response in the New River Valley of Virginia during 2012-2013 from the perspective of the local public health department and clinical facilities. The fungal meningitis outbreak affected 23 states in the United States with 751 cases and 64 deaths in 20 states; there were 56 cases and 5 deaths in Virginia.
MethodsWe conducted a partial economic evaluation of the fungal meningitis outbreak response in New River Valley. We collected costs associated with the local health department and clinical facilities in the outbreak response and estimated the epidemiological effectiveness by using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted.
ResultsWe estimated the epidemiological effectiveness of this outbreak response to be 153 DALYs averted among the patients, and the costs incurred by the local health department and clinical facilities to be $30,413 and $39,580, respectively.
ConclusionsWe estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $198 per DALY averted and $258 per DALY averted from the local health department and clinical perspectives, respectively, thereby assisting in impact evaluation of the outbreak response by the local health department and clinical facilities. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:38–46)
Clinical Response, Outbreak Investigation, and Epidemiology of the Fungal Meningitis Epidemic in the United States: Systematic Review
- Kaja M. Abbas, Nargesalsadat Dorratoltaj, Margaret L. O’Dell, Paige Bordwine, Thomas M. Kerkering, Kerry J. Redican
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- Journal:
- Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness / Volume 10 / Issue 1 / February 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 December 2015, pp. 145-151
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We conducted a systematic review of the 2012–2013 multistate fungal meningitis epidemic in the United States from the perspectives of clinical response, outbreak investigation, and epidemiology. Articles focused on clinical response, outbreak investigation, and epidemiology were included, whereas articles focused on compounding pharmacies, legislation and litigation, diagnostics, microbiology, and pathogenesis were excluded. We reviewed 19 articles by use of the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework. The source of the fungal meningitis outbreak was traced to the New England Compounding Center in Massachusetts, where injectable methylprednisolone acetate products were contaminated with the predominant pathogen, Exserohilum rostratum. As of October 23, 2013, the final case count stood at 751 patients and 64 deaths, and no additional cases are anticipated. The multisectoral public health response to the fungal meningitis epidemic from the hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, and the public health system at the local, state, and federal levels led to an efficient epidemiological investigation to trace the outbreak source and rapid implementation of multiple response plans. This systematic review reaffirms the effective execution of a multisectoral public health response and efficient delivery of the core functions of public health assessment, policy development, and service assurances to improve population health.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:145–151)
Simulating AXAF Grating Spectra of Accreting White Dwarfs
- Allyn F. Tennant, Kinwah Wu, Stephen L. O'Dell, Martin C. Weisskopf
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 15 / Issue 3 / 1998
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 March 2013, pp. 339-347
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We present simulated AXAF spectra of accreting white dwarfs, using parameters appropriate for magnetic cataclysmic variables. The very high spectral resolution that can be obtained with the High-Energy Transmission Grating of AXAF can resolve the keV X-ray emission lines that characterise the temperature, density and velocity profiles of the shock-heated emission regions of these systems. These simulations demonstrate that actual spectra will allow us to place constraints on the white-dwarf mass and the accretion rate of the systems. The high-resolution spectra also allow the measurement of the velocity of the accretion flow in regions close to the white-dwarf surface.
Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). II. Close linkage on autosome 2 between an esterase and resistance to trichlorphon and pyrethroids
- R. M. Sawicki, A. L. Devonshire, A. W. Farnham, Kate E. O'Dell, G. D. Moores, I. Denholm
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- Journal:
- Bulletin of Entomological Research / Volume 74 / Issue 2 / June 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 July 2009, pp. 197-206
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Widespread slight pyrethroid-resistance in Musca domestica L. on animal farms in southern England was correlated with strong resistance to trichlorphon and to malathion, and with the presence of an esterase, E0·39, detected by electrophoresis. In the laboratory, the frequency of E0·39 increased in response to selection with either pyrethroids or trichlorphon. Genetic analysis confirmed that this esterase, controlled by a gene on autosome 2, was closely linked with moderate resistance to trichlorphon and malathion and weak resistance to pyrethroids. When autosome 2 with the gene for E0·39 was introduced into a strain homozygous for the resistance mechanism super-kdr, resistance to pyrethroids increased by a factor equivalent to the weak resistance conferred by autosome 2 with E0·39 alone. Homozygosity for both mechanisms of resistance, and E0·39, was obtained by selecting the progeny of this cross with permethrin alone, permethrin and trichlorphon, or DDT and trichlorphon, demonstrating that very strong pyrethroid resistance can be achieved through the use of non-pyrethroid insecticides. E0·39 was absent from insecticide-resistant strains of M. domestica from Denmark but was present in several multi-resistant strains from other European countries.
Case 4 - Basic insolvency situation
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven, Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Lionel Smith, James McGill Professor of Law, McGill University Montreal, Canada, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
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- 22 August 2009
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- 03 November 2005, pp 285-340
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Summary
Case
Alternative 1
Tom is a real estate agent. One of the immovables he is trying to sell is an apartment belonging to Samantha. Bill is interested in buying this apartment. To show his seriousness in entering into negotiations, Bill writes a cheque for €10,000 as a deposit, which is to be refundable if the sale does not proceed. On Tom's instructions, Bill makes the cheque payable to Tom, and Tom deposits this cheque into his own bank account. The negotiations between Samantha and Bill break off with no contract, and Bill tells Tom to refund the money. Tom, who has made no withdrawal from the bank account in the intervening time, has become insolvent. Does Bill's claim to his deposit have priority over competing claims, or is he treated as a general creditor? Would it make a difference if Tom were a practising lawyer?
Alternative 2
Tom is a travel agent. He sells tickets from various airlines to his customers. The money paid for the tickets by his customers is deposited in a bank account in Tom's name. When Tom becomes insolvent, some customers already have their tickets and some do not (and those who do not have tickets have no contractual claims against the airlines). The customers who have not been issued tickets claim back their money. The airlines claim payment from the bank account for tickets that have been issued. Tom's general creditors also claim the money in the bank account.
Case 1 - Creation and termination of the management relationship; powers of the manager
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Lionel Smith, James McGill Professor of Law, McGill University Montreal, Canada, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
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- 22 August 2009
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- 03 November 2005, pp 103-217
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Summary
Case
John is a professional investment manager. Sam decides to make use of John's services after learning that he is a skilful manager. In John's office, Sam signs a document granting John full investment powers over a capital value of €2,000,000. The terms of the document indicate that John's powers are to be irrevocable for the term of five years. These powers enable John, inter alia, to buy and sell any kind of asset, including immovables. The document also provides that John will credit all the income produced by the managed capital to Sam's bank account. It stipulates that John will be entitled to deduct an annual fee, calculated as a percentage of the capital value of the managed assets. Sam then writes a cheque payable to John for €2,000,000.
Alternative 1
In the second year of their relationship, Sam reads in a newspaper that John is implicated in the international trafficking of stolen works of art. He does not know whether the allegations are true but he decides to terminate their relationship. He communicates this to John. He demands restitution of the managed assets, as well as a full account of the investments that have been made. Upon John's refusal, Sam sues, asking for: (a) a judicial declaration that the relationship is terminated; (b) a remedy enjoining John from entering into any further transaction related to the assets; (c) a full audit of the previous period; (d) restitution of the managed assets; and (e) damages.
Case 8 - Pensions funds
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven, Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Lionel Smith, Professor of Law, McGill University Canada, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
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- 22 August 2009
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- 03 November 2005, pp 431-455
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Summary
Case
A pension fund for employees of a company, that provides a specified benefit upon retirement, has been running for several years. Both the employer and the employees make contributions to the fund. The managers of the fund are of the opinion that there is a surplus of funds as a result of successful investments.
a. Can the employer suspend making contributions?
b. To whom does the surplus belong?
Discussion
AUSTRIA
An employees' pension fund that provides a specified benefit upon retirement, several years after the employer and the employee have made contributions to the fund, is not a ‘pension fund’ according to the Austrian Investment Fund Act. However, Austrian private law recognises alternative concepts that meet the requirements described in Case 8. These alternatives are based on a specific statute called the Betriebspensionsgesetz (BPG). There are basically three pension fund schemes under s. 2 BPG.
The first scheme is called Pensionskasse (s. 2 Z 1 BPG). This pension scheme is an insurance solution that allows the employer to organise the insurance entity. The insurance entity has its own legal personality based on a specific statute, the Pensionskassengesetz (PKG). Both the employer and the employee pay contributions to the insurance entity on behalf of the employee. The employees can claim benefits upon retirement, regardless of whether they still have an employment contract with the same employer.
The second pension fund scheme is a direct promise pension (direkte Leistungszusage) (s. 2 Z 2 BPG).
Case 7 - Choice of law
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven, Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Lionel Smith, Professor of Law, McGill University Canada, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
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- 22 August 2009
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- 03 November 2005, pp 406-430
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Summary
Case
Jane manages property in the interest of her client, Monica. The property is located in your country, where both Monica and Jane live and are domiciled. In their agreement they introduce a clause stating that their relationship is a trust governed by Jersey law. Litigation arises between them. Jane claims the invalidity of the trust provision of the arrangement, and claims that local law should govern the relationship. What is the result?
Discussion
AUSTRIA
Austria has not ratified the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition. Since both of the parties live and are domiciled in Austria, and the property is located there as well, the proposed relationship does not include any foreign element; this precludes the application of the Austrian conflicts law (IPRG). Therefore, the validity of the ‘choice of law clause’ between Jane and Monica is governed by the general rules of Austrian law.
Due to the contractual autonomy of the parties, the clause is legally valid and Jersey law governs the trust or fiduciary relationship. This, however, is only true as far as the default part of Austrian law is concerned; the parties cannot ‘contract out’ of the application of mandatory provisions of Austrian law. As a result, contractual autonomy permits the applicability of Jersey law regarding the contractual part of the trust, whereas the proprietary or real aspects of the relationship follow the lex rei sitae, which is Austrian law in this case.
Case 2 - Investment duties
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven, Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
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- 03 November 2005, pp 218-246
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Summary
Case
John is a professional investment manager. Sam decides to make use of John's services after learning that he is a skilful manager. In John's office, Sam signs a document granting John full investment powers over a capital value of €2,000,000. The terms of the document indicate that John's powers are to be irrevocable for the term of five years. These powers enable John, inter alia, to buy and sell any kind of asset, including immovables. The document also provides that John will credit all the income produced by the managed capital to Sam's bank account. It stipulates that John will be entitled to deduct an annual fee, calculated as a percentage of the capital value of the managed assets. Sam then writes a cheque payable to John for €2,000,000.
Alternative 1
In the second year of their relationship, Sam learns that John has made very risky investments that have done poorly. As a result, he has lost 50 per cent of the value of the capital. Does Sam have any legal recourse?
Alternative 2
In the second year of their relationship, Sam learns that John does not use his own judgement to make any of the investment decisions. Instead John relies exclusively on the recommendations in a well-known monthly financial newsletter. Does Sam have any legal recourse?
Discussion
AUSTRIA
Alternative 1
The contract between John and Sam is to be qualified as a contract of mandate in accordance with ss. 1002 ff. ABGB.
Case 10 - Multiple debenture holders
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven, Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Lionel Smith, James McGill Professor of Law, McGill University Montreal, Canada, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 03 November 2005, pp 486-504
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Summary
Case
A company, XYZ Ltd, wishes to raise money in the financial markets. It is willing and able to give real security to secure the debt. The transaction must be structured so that XYZ Ltd can issue secured debt instruments to multiple investors, in such a way that each investor holds the same kind of real security over the same assets, and so that the enforcement of the security will be practicable. How can these goals be realised?
Discussion
AUSTRIA
There exists in Austrian law an old statute which governs the transaction. This is the Gesetz vom 24. April 1874 betreffend die gemeinsame Vertretung der Rechte der Besitzer von auf Inhaber lautenden oder durch Indossament übertragbaren Teilschuldverschreibungen und die bücherliche Behandlung der für solche Teilschuldverschreibungen eingeräumten Hypothekarrechte. This statute deals with Teilschuldverschreibungen. These are bonds negotiable on the capital market, issued by the company in situations like those of Case 10.
Such bonds can be secured by a mortgage on the immovable property of the company issuing the bonds. The statute enacts special provisions for such a security. The mortgage is created by presenting a mortgage deed to the court responsible for the land register. This document deed has to be drawn up by the company issuing the bonds. The individual bondholder is not registered in the land register. Only the total amount for which the bonds are issued, the number of bonds issued and the dates at which they are to be paid are registered.
Case 9 - Collective investment schemes
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven, Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Lionel Smith, Professor of Law, McGill University Canada, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
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- 03 November 2005, pp 456-485
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Summary
Case
A financial services company wishes to launch a collective investment scheme. It hopes to choose a vehicle that will allow the free transfer of the interests of investors, and which will permit the rules governing the scheme to be changed where necessary.
What options are available to it?
Discussion
AUSTRIA
Austrian private law recognises one type of collective investment scheme, namely, investment funds that fall under the Austrian Investment Fund Act (InvFG). Austrian investment funds are open-ended funds that work on the principle of risk diversification and lend themselves to an open clientele. It is also possible to create special funds that only have a limited number of investors. All types of Austrian investment funds allow for changes of terms and conditions and for changes of investors, although there is no secondary market for trading the investment fund ‘certificates’. Under the Austrian Investment Fund Act, the investors have the right of redemption.
A change of the terms and conditions of an investment fund, under s. 22(3) InvFG, does not require the consent of the investors, but it must be made in their interest, must be approved by the supervisory board and must be published. Section 22(3) InvFG deals only with the public law of the modification.
Different supervision schemes apply for Austrian investment funds. Supervision under the InvFG includes a bank supervisor, a supervisory board, an investment company (a special bank) and the depository bank. The investment company manages the fund and makes the investment decisions.
Case 5 - Insolvency of investment manager
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven, Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Lionel Smith, Professor of Law, McGill University Canada, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 03 November 2005, pp 341-368
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Summary
Case
Roberto is a professional investment manager. He manages assets in the interest of different clients, namely Simon, Rebecca and Ruth. The managed assets are bought with money transferred to him by his clients. Roberto offers different forms of services: (a) individual management services, under which he is to keep separate the position of each client; (b) participation in a collective investment scheme, whereby the assets managed for his clients are pooled and each participant in the scheme will share pro rata the returns on the collective investments; and (c) shares of an investment company (DEF Ltd) which holds investments chosen by Roberto.
One year after receiving the money from his clients, Roberto becomes personally insolvent. Which of his clients is better off: Simon, who chose option a; Rebecca, who chose option b; or Ruth, who chose option c?
Discussion
AUSTRIA
Option a
Professional investment managers, who offer the individual management services enumerated in s. 1 (1) ((19)) BWG, are not allowed to take over money from their clients. The managed assets are deposited in bank accounts in their clients' names. Professional investment managers do not carry out their services on a fiduciary basis, because they are obliged to act in the name and for the account of their clients. They are direct representatives, who are mandated and authorised by the clients to carry out specific investment services.
Case 3 - Conflict of interest
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven, Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
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- 22 August 2009
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- 03 November 2005, pp 247-284
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Summary
Case
Jacob is managing Esther's assets with full power to sell them. One of the assets he holds on her behalf is an undeveloped piece of land called Blackacre.
Alternative 1
While exploring investment possibilities for Esther, Jacob learns that the zoning rules for the area that includes Blackacre are likely to change in a way that will make land in that area more valuable. A month before the change is announced, Jacob uses his own money to buy Greenacre, an undeveloped piece of land in the same area. When the zoning change is announced, the value of both Blackacre and Greenacre increases by 100 per cent. When Esther becomes aware of what has happened, she seeks an amount corresponding to the increased value of Greenacre from Jacob. She claims that this increase is a wrongful gain from a transaction that created a conflict of interest and duty, since Jacob's duty involves using the information he acquires in managing Esther's assets for her benefit and not for his own gain. Will Esther's claim succeed?
Alternative 2
Jacob owns Greenacre, an undeveloped piece of land in the same area as Blackacre, in his personal capacity. Jacob sells Blackacre to Bill, a member of the zoning board responsible for the planning of the district including both Blackacre and Greenacre. The transaction is at market value.
Case 11 - Securitisation
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven, Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Lionel Smith, Professor of Law, McGill University Canada, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
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- 22 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 03 November 2005, pp 505-532
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Summary
Case
A company, ABC Ltd, lends money on the security of mortgages/hypothecs on immovables. It now wishes to raise money in the financial markets. It wants to use its portfolio of secured loans as security for the transaction. The goals will be that ABC Ltd will not itself become liable on the transaction, and moreover that investors will not be adversely affected by any subsequent insolvency of ABC Ltd. How can the transaction be structured so as to isolate the portfolio of secured loans from the general business of ABC Ltd?
Discussion
AUSTRIA
There are only a few articles on securitisation in the Austrian literature, and no court decision at all. The following remarks therefore have only a preliminary character.
In principle, Austrian law provides all the legal instruments required to structure securitisation transactions. First, it will be necessary to set up a new company, a special purpose vehicle (SPV). In a second step, ABC Ltd shall transfer its secured loans to the SPV. In exchange for them, the SPV shall pay a certain sum to ABC Ltd. To raise the money necessary for this payment, the SPV shall issue bonds to investors. If those investors are the only creditors of the SPV, then the security of the claims assigned to the SPV will also secure the investors' claims. As there is no direct relationship between the investors and ABC Ltd, this company will not be liable for the SPV's debts towards the bondholders.
Case 6 - Tracing
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- By Georg Graf, Professor of Private Law, University of Salzburg, Austria, Monika Hinteregger, Professor of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Manuela Weissenbacher, Assistant to the Chair of Civil Law, University of Graz, Austria, Benoit Allemeersch, Doctoral researcher Catholic, University of Leuven, Belgium; Attorney-at-Law bar of Brussels, Belgium, Alain Verbeke, Professor of Private and Comparative Law, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, Merete Clausen, Attorney-at-Law, Denmark, Lionel Smith, James McGill Professor of Law, McGill University Montreal, Canada, Jarmo Tuomisto, Professor of Civil Law, University of Turku, Finland, François Barrière, Junior Professor, University of Paris II, France, Stefan Grundmann, Professor of Private Law European and International Private and Business Law, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany, George K. Lekkas, Attorney-at-Law, Athens, Greece, Niamh Moloney, Professor of Capital Markets Law, University of Nottingham, England, Eoin O'Dell, Fellow, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, Antonio Gambaro, Professor of Comparative Private Law, State University of Milan, Italy, Michele Graziadei, Professor of Comparative Private Law, University of Eastern Piedmont, Italy, Steve Jacoby, Partner Kremer Associés & Clifford Chance; Lecturer, University of Luxembourg, Marielle Koppenol-Laforce, Attorney-at-Law Houthoff Buruma, NV, Amsterdam the Netherlands, Pedro Pais de Vasconcelos, Professor, University of Lisbon, Portugal, George L. Gretton, Lord President Reid Professor of Law, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, Sergio Cámara Lapuente, Professor of Civil Law, University of La Rioja, Spain, Cristina González Beilfuss, Professor of Private International Law, University of Barcelona, Spain, Torgny Håstad, Justice of the Swedish Supreme Court and formerly Professor of Private Law, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Edited by Michele Graziadei, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale Amedeo Avogadro, Ugo Mattei, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy, Lionel Smith, McGill University, Montréal
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- Commercial Trusts in European Private Law
- Published online:
- 22 August 2009
- Print publication:
- 03 November 2005, pp 369-405
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Summary
Case
The facts are as in Case 5, except as detailed below. The following alternatives occur:
Alternative 1
Without authority, Roberto uses all of the money in Simon's account (€1,000) to buy a painting. When Simon learns of this, the market value of the painting has risen to €2,000. Roberto is still solvent. Simon wants to terminate the relationship and take the painting. Can he do this?
Alternative 2
The facts are the same as in Alternative 1. However, before Simon learns of the transaction the painting is destroyed. It is insured for its market value. By the time Simon learns of this, Roberto is personally insolvent. Simon wants to terminate the relationship and take the insurance claim. Can he do this?
Alternative 3
Without authority, Roberto buys a painting with all of the money in Simon's account (€1,000) and €1,000 of his own money. By the time Simon learns of this, the market value of the painting has fallen to €1,000 and Roberto is personally insolvent. Simon wants to terminate the relationship and take the painting. Can he do this?
Alternative 4
Roberto has an unsecured overdraft facility (revolving loan facility/line of credit) with his bank, in his personal capacity. He borrows €100,000 from this facility and uses it to buy a piece of land in his personal capacity. Later, without authority, he uses all of the money in Simon's account (€100,000) to pay the debt he owes to the bank.
Recent Developments in Light-Emitting Polymers
- Ian D. Rees, Kay L. Robinson, Andrew B. Holmes, Carl R. Towns, Richard O'Dell
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- Journal:
- MRS Bulletin / Volume 27 / Issue 6 / June 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 January 2011, pp. 451-455
- Print publication:
- June 2002
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Conjugated light-emitting polymers (LEPs) have real potential to serve as the active layer in a new generation of emissive displays. Emerging as lead candidates for first-generation displays are poly(1,4-phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs) and poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s, as well as other polyaromatic materials. The poly(fluorene)s are at present the most commercially developed of these LEP materials for red–green–blue (RGB) applications. The low power consumption of LEP devices in general makes them particularly suited to mobile applications. Combining solution-processable emissive polymers with direct-patterning methods such as ink-jet printing will lead to the possibility of low-cost, high-resolution displays. The synthesis and properties of PPVs and poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s are briefly reviewed in this article, with a major focus on recent developments.
Spectra of AGN Accretion Disks — Preliminary Results
- H. A. Scott, S. L. O'Dell
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- Journal:
- Symposium - International Astronomical Union / Volume 134 / 1989
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 August 2017, pp. 257-258
- Print publication:
- 1989
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After the suggestion (Shields 1978) that some AGN emission might arise in an opaque accretion disk around a supermassive compact object, several papers (e.g., Malkan and Sargent 1982; Malkan 1983; Bechtold et al. 1987) have interpreted the flat ultraviolet continuum (“big blue bump”) observed in many AGN spectra, in terms of such a model. The early calculations approximated the radiation locally emergent from the accretion disk as blackbody; the more recent calculations (e.g., Czerny and Elvis 1987; Wandel and Petrosian 1988) have treated this emission as (electron-scattering) modified (possibly comptonized) blackbody.
Dynamic Spectra of Low-Frequency Variables
- Brian Dennison, J. J. Broderick, S. L. O'Dell, K. J. Mitchell, D. R. Altschuler, H. E. Payne, J. J. Condon
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- Journal:
- Symposium - International Astronomical Union / Volume 110 / 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 August 2017, pp. 177-178
- Print publication:
- 1984
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A wide range of models have been proposed to account for low-frequency (≲ 1 GHz) variability in cosmologically-distant radio sources. To address these models we (Payne et al. 1982) are monitoring the 0.3–1.4 GHz spectra of such sources. Results from three years of monitoring indicate that two distinct types of low-frequency variables may exist.