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Bi-composition and light effects on the conductivity of Sn-Sb-Bi-Se amorphous chalcogenide alloys
- M. Ahmad, R. Thangaraj
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- Journal:
- The European Physical Journal - Applied Physics / Volume 59 / Issue 1 / July 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 August 2012, 10302
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- July 2012
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Thermally evaporated thin films of Sn10Sb20 − xBixSe70 (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) chalcogenide system were subjected to X-ray diffraction studies to check the amorphous nature of all the films. The dark conductivity increases with the increase in Bi content and the calculated values of dc activation energy initially increase for smaller Bi concentration and then decrease sharply with further addition of Bi. The photocurrent in the beginning increases with time and then saturates to a constant value for all the samples. The decay portion of photocurrent has two components, fast one followed by slow decay. Photocurrent versus light intensity follows the power law Iph ∝ Fγ and the values of exponent are also discussed. Except for x = 4 composition the photosensitivity drops for all the samples as the percentage of Bi increases. The values of differential lifetime determined from the decay curves are also reported.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Thermal annealing dependence of some physical properties of Bi-substituted Sn–Sb–Se glassy thin films
- M. Ahmad, R. Thangaraj, T. S. Sathiaraj
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- The European Physical Journal - Applied Physics / Volume 47 / Issue 3 / September 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 June 2009, 30501
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- September 2009
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Bulk glasses of the Sn10Sb$_{20-x}$BixSe70 (0 $\leq $x≤ 8) system were prepared by the conventional melt quenching technique. Thin films were prepared by the thermal evaporation technique on glass substrates. Appearance of some crystalline phases is observed from the X-ray diffractograms after heat treatment below the glass transition temperature for 1 h. Scanning electron microscopy studies also show the presence of microcrystalline phases in the amorphous matrix after annealing for 1 h. The effect of Bi concentration and heat treatment on the optical gap and activation energy for dark conductivity were also investigated for the pristine as well as annealed films. The results are discussed on the basis of models related to the presence of defect states in chalcogenide materials.
Phase transformation in Pb:GeSbTe chalcogenide films
- J. Kumar, P. Kumar, M. Ahmad, R. Chander, R. Thangaraj, T. S. Sathiaraj
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- Journal:
- The European Physical Journal - Applied Physics / Volume 44 / Issue 2 / November 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 October 2008, pp. 117-123
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- November 2008
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A comprehensive analysis on the amorphous to crystalline phase transformation in Pb:GeSbTe chalcogenide alloy has been discussed. The structure identified with X-ray measurements has been discussed in relation to thermal analysis carried out on bulk samples. Optical constants have been calculated in the 350 to 800 nm wavelength range, using Fresnel's equation. The effect of Pb substitution on the optical contrast in terms of change in reflectivity and optical parameters (viz. refractive index, extinction coefficient) has been discussed. Marginal decrease in the optical contrast has been observed with a small increase in Pb content, which is effective to maintain the sufficient signal to noise ratio for optical phase-change storage.
Root Response to Water Stress in Rainfed Lowland Rice
- M. Thangaraj, J. C. O'Toole, S. K. De Datta
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- Experimental Agriculture / Volume 26 / Issue 3 / July 1990
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- 03 October 2008, pp. 287-296
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The relation between soil mechanical impedance as a result of soil drying, and root system growth (mass and length density) of rice was investigated in greenhouse and field studies. In a greenhouse experiment, soil drying for 16 days increased mechanical impedance in the 0–20 cm soil layer from near 0 to 2.5 MPa, and decreased root growth by 47% compared to the continuously flooded control. Root length density decreased with decreasing soil moisture and increasing soil mechanical impedance. In a lowland field experiment using a sprinkler irrigation gradient treatment for 19 days during the vegetative growth stage, soil mechanical impedance as low as 0.01 MPa inhibited root growth while values greater than 0.3–0.5 MPa decreased root growth and extension by 75%. The relative loss of potential root growth was continued after reflooding. Root length density, measured at flowering, was linearly related to yield.
8 - Religious pluralism, dialogue and Asian Christian responses
- Edited by Sebastian C. H. Kim
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- Christian Theology in Asia
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- 05 June 2012
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- 01 May 2008, pp 157-178
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Summary
The major thrust of this chapter is to discuss the theological themes and challenges raised by the encounter between Christianity and other religious traditions of Asia, and how Asian Christians have responded to those challenges. Asia is a vast geographical area covering many diverse nations and peoples. It is also an area that houses a variety of religious traditions and languages. These religions include Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity, Sikhism, several forms of Buddhism, Confucian traditions and Islam. A nation like India has its own rich diversity in terms of cultures, languages and religions. Thus this chapter's project is a formidable task in relation to the geographical vastness of Asia and the diversity of religious traditions within Asia. Therefore I have – purely out of my limited knowledge and for the sake of a sharper focus – decided to rely mostly on illustrative materials from India. One can easily draw similar examples from other parts of Asia.
Two introductory surveys are helpful to our task here. First our discussion is best introduced by offering a demographic and statistical portrait of religious pluralism in Asia. Though each of the nations within Asia may have a different dominant religion, all nations within Asia are multi-religious in their makeup. For example, in nations such as Indonesia, Bangladesh and Pakistan more than eighty per cent of the people belong to Islam. Yet, in each of these nations there are a significant number of Christians, Hindus, Buddhists and people who practice tribal religious traditions.
Phase segregation in Pb:GeSbTe chalcogenide system
- J. Kumar, M. Ahmad, R. Chander, R. Thangaraj, T. S. Sathiaraj
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- Journal:
- The European Physical Journal - Applied Physics / Volume 41 / Issue 1 / January 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 December 2007, pp. 13-18
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- January 2008
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Effect of Pb substitution on the amorphous-crystalline transformation temperature, optical band gap and crystalline structure of Ge2Sb2Te5 has been studied. In Pb:GeSbTe chalcogenide films prepared by thermal evaporation, an amorphous to crystallization transition is observed at 124, 129, 136 and 138 °C in Pb0Ge20Sb24Te56, Pb1.6Ge19Sb26Te54, Pb3Ge17Sb28Te53 and Pb5Ge12Sb28Te55 respectively. XRD investigations of annealed samples reveal that Pb substitution retains NaCl type crystalline structure of GST but expands the lattice due to large atomic radii. The increase in amorphous-crystalline transformation temperature is followed with the increase in phase segregation. The optical gap shows marginal variations with composition.
Prothoracicotropic Hormone and Ecdysone Action on Moulting in the Penultimate Instar of Tobacco Cut Worm, Spodoptera litura (F.)
- K. Karaiyan, T. Thangaraj, M. Aruchami
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- Journal:
- Insect Science and Its Application / Volume 22 / Issue 3 / September 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 September 2011, pp. 225-234
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- September 2002
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Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious pest of several crops in India and other countries. Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) release from the brain of penultimate fifth instars of the noctuid was followed in the laboratory and a spiracle index developed to assess PTTH action. PTTH release from the brain occurred during the scotophase at 4.30 h of day 1 (AZT). Ecdysone secreted in the prothoracic gland was released from the 7th hour of day 1 (AZT), reaching a maximum in the haemolymph on the 9th hour of day 1 (AZT). The prothoracic gland showed three distinct phases, namely growth, synthesis and release. Injected PTTH of 5th instar brain extract induced larval moulting in head-ligated larvae. Partially purified PTTH from 6th-instar S. litura brain induced moulting in 6th instars. Abdomen-ligated penultimate instars administered β-ecdysone showed variable moulting response. The phenomenon of hormonal interaction with development of the penultimate instar of S. litura is discussed.
Forum: American Religious People as “Other”
- David Chidester, Sung Gyung Kim, Knud Krakau, M. Thomas Thangaraj
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- Religion and American Culture / Volume 11 / Issue 1 / Winter 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 June 2018, pp. 1-30
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- Winter 2001
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Protestant Origins in India: Tamil Evangelical Christians, 1706–1835. By D. Dennis Hudson. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. xi, 220 pp. $45.00.
- M. Thomas Thangaraj
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Asian Studies / Volume 60 / Issue 2 / May 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 March 2010, pp. 585-586
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- May 2001
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Applications of Electron Microscopy in Collaborative Industrial Research
- F.M. Ross, K.M. Krishnan, N. Thangaraj, R.F.C. Farrow, R.F. Marks, A. Cebollada, S.S.P. Parkin, M.F. Toney, M. Huffman, C.A. Paz De Araujo, L.D. McMillan, J. Cuchiaro, M.C. Scott, C. Echer, F. Ponce, M.A. O'Keefe, E.C. Nelson
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- Journal:
- MRS Bulletin / Volume 21 / Issue 5 / May 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 November 2013, pp. 17-23
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- May 1996
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The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is one of the most useful tools available to the materials scientist. Yet both the complexity and expense of the equipment, and the huge investment in time necessary to become proficient in specimen preparation and image acquisition and analysis, mean that it is difficult for most industrial institutions to maintain a state-of-the-art TEM facility. How can industry overcome this problem? One solution is to set up a collaboration with a university, an industrial partner, or a government research laboratory. Such collaborations can be extremely valuable to the company, which gains access to microscopes, specimen-preparation equipment and the expertise of professional microscopists, and to the research laboratory, which benefits from the industrial perspective and the private sector's proficiency in materials preparation and processing.
Such collaborations exist, and they can produce excellent results. In this article, we present three case studies in which successful collaboration has occurred between industry and one of the Department of Energy's scientific user facilities, the National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM-see sidebar). Our aim is not only to describe results that we hope will be of scientific interest but also to encourage industrial researchers to consider collaborations with institutes such as NCEM.
Giant Magnetoresistance and Structure of Phase-Segregated Epitaxial Metals*
- R.F. Marks, R.F.C. Farrow, G.R. Harp, S.S.P. Parkin, T.A. Rabedeau, M.F. Toney, A. Cebollada, N. Thangaraj, Kannan M. Krishnan
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 313 / 1993
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 September 2012, 411
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- 1993
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Giant Magnetoresistance, GMR, in thin metal films elicits attention due to its technological potential as well as its relevance to theory of exchange coupling. Epitaxial, phase-segregated ferromagnet/paramagnet Mixtures have been grown by UHV evaporation. Such films show spontaneous formation of ferromagnetic clusters, leading to large values of GMR (40% at room temperature) as grown. The growth of Co-Cu, Co-Ag, Fe-Ag and Permalloy-Ag films are described. Structural analysis by grazing-incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) provides a measure of cluster size and characteristic spacing. Effects of growth temperature and subsequent annealing on GMR and film structure are described. Preliminary results of TEM examination of (001) Fe-Ag and Co-Ag granular films are presented for the first time.