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2 - The Economics of the CPTPP and RCEP: Asia Pacific Trade Agreements without the United States
- Edited by Cassey Lee, Pritish Bhattacharya
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- Book:
- The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
- Published online:
- 08 October 2021
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- 15 January 2021, pp 12-29
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Summary
Introduction
The withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) dramatically disrupted the long-standing trade agenda of the Asia Pacific. The region's governments have pursued trade and investment liberalization strategies for at least a quarter of a century, and many recently participated in both the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) negotiations. Since the withdrawal of the United States, not all of the remaining members have ratified the CPTPP. Should these countries still move forward with the agreement? Should they, instead, seek bilateral agreements that the United States still seems interested in concluding? Or should the region simply just focus on RCEP?
This chapter explores the choices facing Asia Pacific governments from the economic and political economy perspectives. The economic analysis presented here confirms that US withdrawal has been costly not only for the United States, but also for its Asia Pacific partners. But, in addition, it shows that significant gains are possible from less rigorous but wide-membership trade agreements such as the RCEP, and from high-quality trade agreements such as the CPTPP without the United States. As Schott (2017) noted, “bigger is better” with respect to Asia Pacific trade agreements, but this analysis also shows that “better is bigger” in the sense that higher-quality agreements generate larger benefits. As explained below, these results are supported by simulation studies similar to those conducted earlier for the TPP including the United States (Petri and Plummer 2016; Petri, Plummer, and Zhai 2012).
From a geopolitical perspective, new Asia Pacific agreements will increase the leverage of individual countries against bilateral pressures and help keep trade liberalization on the global agenda. In time, these agreements will likely attract other partners, too. For example, if an eleven-member CPTPP agreement later admitted the five Asia Pacific economies that have expressed interest in the alliance in the past (thus creating a TPP16), the total gains would rival those from the original agreement with the United States. Benefits could be further amplified if China, Europe, and/or the United States sought membership in the future. New agreements would also give members expanded influence over global rules.
Summary of the Snowmastodon Project Special Volume A high-elevation, multi-proxy biotic and environmental record of MIS 6–4 from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Snowmass Village, Colorado, USA
- Ian M. Miller, Jeffrey S. Pigati, R. Scott Anderson, Kirk R. Johnson, Shannon A. Mahan, Thomas A. Ager, Richard G. Baker, Maarten Blaauw, Jordon Bright, Peter M. Brown, Bruce Bryant, Zachary T. Calamari, Paul E. Carrara, Michael D. Cherney, John R. Demboski, Scott A. Elias, Daniel C. Fisher, Harrison J. Gray, Danielle R. Haskett, Jeffrey S. Honke, Stephen T. Jackson, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Douglas Kline, Eric M. Leonard, Nathaniel A. Lifton, Carol Lucking, H. Gregory McDonald, Dane M. Miller, Daniel R. Muhs, Stephen E. Nash, Cody Newton, James B. Paces, Lesley Petrie, Mitchell A. Plummer, David F. Porinchu, Adam N. Rountrey, Eric Scott, Joseph J.W. Sertich, Saxon E. Sharpe, Gary L. Skipp, Laura E. Strickland, Richard K. Stucky, Robert S. Thompson, Jim Wilson
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- Journal:
- Quaternary Research / Volume 82 / Issue 3 / November 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 January 2017, pp. 618-634
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In North America, terrestrial records of biodiversity and climate change that span Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 are rare. Where found, they provide insight into how the coupling of the ocean–atmosphere system is manifested in biotic and environmental records and how the biosphere responds to climate change. In 2010–2011, construction at Ziegler Reservoir near Snowmass Village, Colorado (USA) revealed a nearly continuous, lacustrine/wetland sedimentary sequence that preserved evidence of past plant communities between ~140 and 55 ka, including all of MIS 5. At an elevation of 2705 m, the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site also contained thousands of well-preserved bones of late Pleistocene megafauna, including mastodons, mammoths, ground sloths, horses, camels, deer, bison, black bear, coyotes, and bighorn sheep. In addition, the site contained more than 26,000 bones from at least 30 species of small animals including salamanders, otters, muskrats, minks, rabbits, beavers, frogs, lizards, snakes, fish, and birds. The combination of macro- and micro-vertebrates, invertebrates, terrestrial and aquatic plant macrofossils, a detailed pollen record, and a robust, directly dated stratigraphic framework shows that high-elevation ecosystems in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado are climatically sensitive and varied dramatically throughout MIS 5.
13 - The TTIP, Mega-regionalism and Asia
- from IV - Old and Emerging Approaches to Asia-Pacific Regional Integration
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- By Michael G. Plummer, Johns Hopkins University
- Edited by Basu Das Sanchita, Masahiro Kawai
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- Book:
- Trade Regionalism in the Asia-Pacific
- Published by:
- ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
- Published online:
- 05 July 2016
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- 11 April 2016, pp 256-272
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Summary
INTRODUCTION
The United States and the European Union (EU) launched negotiations for a possible Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) in July 2013. The goal of the TTIP is to create a modern, comprehensive free-trade area that would unite the two largest economic areas in the world. Thus far, the TTIP has undergone eleven negotiating rounds, the seventh having been held from 19–23 October 2015. As the United States and the EU are among the most open economies in the world, the negotiations are focusing on what might be characterized as “high-hanging” fruit, that is, politically difficult issues such as sensitive agricultural products, the financial sector, product standards, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS — included issues related to animal welfare), the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR), and government procurement. Coupled with the usual political baggage associated with transatlantic relations and election-year politics in the United States, the scope and depth of the arrangement has generated extensive debates particularly in Europe. When the TTIP was launched, United States Trade Representative (USTR) Michael Froman expressed hope that it would be completed “on one tank of gas”. The long and winding road of trade negotiations has already required quite a bit of refuelling. Will it reach its destination?
There are reasons to be optimistic about the accord. The United States and European countries have been key leaders in post-World War II economic governance and in promoting liberalization of global trade and investment. They have been active in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization (WTO) in trying to bring down tariffs and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) globally, and their respective political and economic institutions related to trade are among the most advanced in the world. There is good reason to believe that the ultimate benefits of the accord could be relatively large, despite the fact that their economies are already relatively open. Moreover, rapid growth in Asia and the “mega-regionalism” in the Asia-Pacific region, particularly the recently concluded Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), have created strong incentives for the EU to avoid being isolated from Asia- Pacific markets and regional rule-making that may well emerge as global rules.
5 - The AEC and its economic effects
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp 74-156
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Summary
ASEAN Community Building comprises the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), complemented by the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) and the ASEAN Socio- Cultural Community (ASCC).
Rationale and process towards the AEC
At the November 2002 ASEAN Summit it was decided to move on to the next stage of regional economic integration. According to Severino the term AEC was coined by then Singapore Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong to evoke the idea of the EEC, as he and a few other ASEAN leaders were deeply concerned over the weakened ability of ASEAN countries to attract FDI in the aftermath of the AFC as well as the rise of China and India as competing destinations for investment. For ASEAN to meet these challenges it had to deepen economic integration to persuade investors that ASEAN was serious about regional economic integration and clear about its objective. Specifically, investors had to be persuaded that ASEAN, when integrated, would have a prospective domestic market that could compete with China. The AEC would have almost half of China's population and would equal China's GDP size.
The Bali Summit in 2003 issued the Declaration of ASEAN Concord II to create the AEC. The AEC is based on the 1997 ASEAN Vision 2020, calling for a stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN economic region in which there is free flow of goods, services, investment and a freer flow of capital, equitable economic development and reduced poverty and socio-economic disparities in the year 2020. This was to be achieved by transforming ASEAN into a single market and production base, as a more dynamic and stronger segment of the global supply chain. For this ASEAN would set up new mechanisms and measures to strengthen the implementation of its existing economic initiatives (including AFTA, negotiations on AFAS, and AIA); facilitate movement of business persons, skilled labour and talents; and ensure expeditious and legally binding resolution of any economic disputes.
4 - ASEAN's FTA-led economic integration
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp 39-73
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Summary
ASEAN economic cooperation in the pre-AFTA period, 1977–91
Prior to the late 1980s, consideration of deep regional economic integration remained taboo and the focus was on economic cooperation. This period was characterised by preoccupation with commodity trade problems, the ASEAN Preferential Trading Arrangement (PTA) and industrial cooperation schemes. Akrasanee (2000 : 36–7) notes:
[T]o counter the growing influence of communist/socialist states the member countries decided to strengthen ASEAN as the defining regional community. Economic cooperation was adopted as a means to serve the purpose … The PTA was intended for ASEAN markets to become more accessible to the member countries and more integrated. For large-scale capital intensive projects, joint investments with proper division of responsibilities would benefit from economies of scale.
Initial obstacles and subsequent rationale
ASEAN's preference for regional economic cooperation rather than deep integration in the 1970 s and 1980 s reflects the reluctance of some ASEAN countries to undertake trade and investment liberalisation owing to the pursuit of industrial policies of import substitution and picking winners. However, as the limitations of import substitution became increasingly apparent, more countries favoured an export oriented development strategy with greater acceptance of trade and investment liberalisation unilaterally and under ASEAN.
Another obstacle to deep economic integration in ASEAN at the time was the diversity in size, resource endowment, level of economic development, technological capability and openness of trade and investment regimes among ASEAN countries that led to differing perceptions of benefits and costs of economic integration. It was perceived that the more competitive ASEAN economies would gain more. There is also the political economy dimension of trade and investment liberalisation within each country. The winners include consumers (the silent majority) who enjoy lower prices and wider range of goods and services; farmers, businesses and workers in expanding export sectors; and foreign investors able to have right of establishment and a level playing field.
Index
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp 179-195
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6 - Future directions: moving beyond AEC 2015
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp 157-166
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Summary
ASEAN economic cooperation and integration have come a long way. From a set of token cooperative initiatives during its first few decades to the AEC, ASEAN now can boast the most advanced expression of regional economic cooperation and integration of any major region in the developing world.
The progressively outward-oriented nature of the trade and investment regimes of ASEAN member economies is consistent with the direction of the AEC and related initiatives, which stress the need for ‘open regionalism’ more than most other regional economic groupings. No doubt this reflects the fact that the lion's share of ASEAN's trade and investment interaction is extra-regional. But it is also an expression of ASEAN's development strategy, one that would well be imitated by the many other regional economic groupings sprouting up throughout the world.
Outward orientation has served ASEAN well. It has been one of the fastest growing regions in the world for the past quarter century, with a major downturn only during the AFC of 1997–8. While there is considerable variance in performance across ASEAN countries, per capita income on average has been rising robustly, poverty rates have been falling and social indicators have been improving. Although the USA-originated financial crisis of 2008–9 and the Eurozone Sovereign Debt Crisis have affected ASEAN growth over the past five years owing to their exposure to global markets, liberal trade and investment regimes have allowed them to bounce back quickly, helped in part by buoyant commodity demand by China and India for the natural resources of several ASEAN economies.
Executive summary
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp 167-174
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Summary
ASEAN economic cooperation and integration have come a long way since the organisation's early days, when cooperation was more political and diplomatic than economic in nature. Beginning with the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) in 1992, ASEAN economic integration has become increasingly prominent, and in the twenty-first century it represents an integral part of the regional economic landscape.
The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) initiative, conceived in 2003 and officially launched in 2009, constitutes by far the most ambitious attempt by ASEAN member states to create a ‘single market and production base’ and envisions arguably the deepest economic integration programme in the developing world. Its goal is to allow free flow of goods, services, foreign direct investment (FDI) and skilled labour and freer flow of capital within the region, to be accomplished by 2015. The AEC is being implemented in the context of a rapidly changing global and regional architecture, with multilateral trade negotiations on hold and ‘mega-regional’ trade pacts in negotiation, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the latter being a manifestation of ‘ASEAN Centrality’. The stakes associated with the successful construction of the AEC are clearly very high for ASEAN and its member states.
The goal of this book is to give a contextual review of ASEAN economic integration in general and the AEC in particular, analyse its economic implications, assess its implementation to date and consider future challenges. Below we summarise some of the major findings.
List of tables
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp x-x
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1 - Introduction
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp 1-4
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Summary
The 1967 Bangkok Declaration established the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) by the five founding members of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. ASEAN was joined by Brunei (hereafter collectively referred to as the ASEAN 6) in 1984 and by Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (hereafter collectively referred to as CLMV) in 1995 – 9. The twopage ASEAN Declaration contains the aims and purposes of the Association, which include cooperation in the economic, social, cultural, technical, educational and other fields, the promotion of regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law, and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. The initial objective of ASEAN was to prevent regional conflicts, build mutual confidence and promote regional stability and security so as to lay the regional foundation for the pursuit of economic development. Reference to economic cooperation was partly to dispel suspicions of ASEAN being a military alliance. It is to be noted that in the early years only ASEAN foreign ministers met regularly.
A new era of economic cooperation and integration began with the first ASEAN Summit of heads of state in 1976, followed by meetings of economic ministers. Economic cooperation schemes began in 1977 with the ASEAN Preferential Trading Arrangement (ASEAN PTA), followed by several industrial cooperation schemes. In 1992, in response to a rapidly changing global economic and strate gic environment, ASEAN took the first serious step towards economic integration with the agreement on the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). This was followed in 1995 by the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS), and in 1998 by the agreement on the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA).
It should be recalled that in 1992 India was still mostly an inwardlooking, poor country dealing with a major financial crisis and China was growing but still a relatively minor player in international markets.
List of figures
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp ix-ix
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General editors' preface
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp xi-xvi
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This monograph is published within the context of a wide- ranging research project entitled, Integration Through Law: The Role of Law and the Rule of Law in ASEAN Integration (ITL), undertaken by the Centre for International Law at the National University of Singapore and directed by J. H. H. Weiler, Michael Ewing-Chow and Tan Hsien-Li.
The Preamble to the ASEAN Charter concludes with a single decision: “We, the Peoples of the Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations … [h]ereby decide to establish, through this Charter, the legal and institutional framework for ASEAN.” For the first time in its history of over four decades, the Legal and the Institutional were brought to the forefront of ASEAN discourse.
The gravitas of the medium, a Charter: the substantive ambition of its content, the creation of three interlocking Communities, and the turn to law and institutions as instruments for realization provide ample justification for this wide- ranging project, to which this monograph is one contribution, examining ASEAN in a comparative context.
That same substantive and, indeed, political ambition means that any single study, illuminating as it may be, will cover but a fraction of the phenomena. Our modus operandi in this project was to create teams of researchers from Asia and elsewhere who would contribute individual monographs within an overall framework which we had designed. The project framework, involving several thematic clusters within each monograph, is thus determined by the framework and the place of each monograph within it.
As regards the specific content, however, the authors were free, indeed encouraged, to define their own under- standing of the problem and their own methodology and reach their own conclusions. The thematic structure of the entire project may be found at the end of this Preface.
The project as a whole, and each monograph within it, display several methodological sensibilities.
ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
- Progress, Challenges and Future Directions
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer
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- Published online:
- 05 May 2015
- Print publication:
- 16 April 2015
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ASEAN economic cooperation and integration have come a long way since the organisation's early days, when cooperation was more political and diplomatic than economic in nature. ASEAN now constitutes the most ambitious organisation of regional cooperation and integration in the developing world. This book investigates the economics of various ASEAN and ASEAN-centric economic integration initiatives, focusing in particular on the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). In addition to assessing the potential effects of the AEC on the economies of the ten ASEAN member states via changes in trade, foreign direct investment and economic structure, this book underscores the implementation challenges ASEAN faces as it completes the AEC project. It also considers the AEC in the context of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). This comprehensive study is written for academic researchers and students, as well as for policy makers in ASEAN as they chart the future policy path of the region.
3 - ASEAN's international trade and foreign direct investment, commercial policy reforms and production networks
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp 15-38
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Summary
ASEAN's international trade in goods
ASEAN's approach to economic cooperation and integration focuses on the need to reduce barriers to intra-regional trade and investment so as to compete more effectively in international markets. What is needed is a more competitive regional economy in the context of an increasingly competitive global one. This makes ASEAN unique compared with economic integration efforts elsewhere, such as in the EU and Latin America, where the focus has been more on increasing intra-regional trade and investment as a percentage of the total.
Figure 3.1 shows that intra-ASEAN trade as a percentage of its total trade has remained fairly constant in the range of one-fifth to one-fourth over the past decade (2001–12), when economic integration programmes began to be implemented in earnest. In contrast, ASEAN's trade with China has almost tripled from 5 per cent to 13 per cent from 2001 to 2012, reflecting in large part the rising participation in regional production networks (particularly in electronics) along with China. China's rising importance has come at the expense of the traditional US and European markets, whose share fell from about one-third to one-fourth, and Japan. Note, however, that ASEAN is still dependent on these traditional OECD markets for the exports of final goods, when intermediate trade is separated from final demand in the trade data (see, for example, ADB 2008).
At the country level, the importance of the ASEAN market varies considerably from economy to economy, as shown in Figures 3.2a and 3.2b. Laos and Myanmar are highly dependent on trade with ASEAN, as has been Brunei (though its importance has been declining since the beginning of the twin crises). Trends in the other economies are mixed. However, it is noteworthy that the ASEAN market share for each member economy tends to be above one-fifth for all economies save Vietnam, whose share has been about 18 per cent over the past few years (having fallen since Vietnam joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the normalisation of trade relations between Vietnam and the USA).
Bibliography
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 16 April 2015, pp 175-178
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List of abbreviations
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 16 April 2015, pp xvii-xxii
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Frontmatter
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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Contents
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp vii-viii
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2 - ASEAN diversity, economic growth and internationalisation
- Siow Yue Chia, Michael G. Plummer, The Johns Hopkins University
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- ASEAN Economic Cooperation and Integration
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- 05 May 2015
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- 16 April 2015, pp 5-14
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Summary
ASEAN's economic diversity
ASEAN diversity has often been cited to explain difficulties in reaching consensus on the speed and depth of ASEAN economic integration. Table 2.1 below highlights the economic diversity as proxied by population size, GDP, per capita GDP and per capita GNIPPP, trade openness and FDI dependence as of 2012. Vast diffierences continue to exist notwithstanding decades of economic cooperation and integration. Singapore and Brunei have high per capita incomes that better many in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), while Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar are the least developed economies. Indonesia is ASEAN's largest economy, followed by Thailand and Malaysia, while, in comparison, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar are small economies. The diversities are reflected in the different production and export structures and commercial policies.
All ASEAN countries have become highly open trade economies, although there remains wide intercountry variation, with Singapore having the highest trade/GDP ratio and Myanmar and Indonesia the lowest. Generally smaller economies are more trade dependent than the very large ones. A high trade/GDP ratio may reflect competitiveness in the inter national market place, but also renders the economy highly vulnerable to business cycle fluctuations in international demand. There are also wide intercountry differences in investment regimes. The inward FDI stock is very unevenly spread among ASEAN countries, with Singapore the major recipient of inward FDI into manufacturing and services, while CLMV accounted for only a minor share of total ASEAN inward FDI stock.
Table 2.2 shows the wide diversity in competitiveness as proxied by rankings in the World Bank's 2014 ‘ease of doing business’ index. Generally, Singapore stands at the top while CLMV is at the other end of the competitiveness spectrum. The rankings of the specific components of the index give an indication of the specific areas in which individual countries need to improve on their competitiveness.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
-
- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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