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Prehospital Surgical Cricothyrotomy in a Ground-Based 9-1-1 EMS System: A Retrospective Review
- Al Lulla, Robert Dickson, Michael Wells, Matthew Gilbert, Kelly Rogers Keene, Casey Patrick
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- Journal:
- Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , First View
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 April 2024, pp. 1-4
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Background:
Airway management is a cornerstone in the prehospital care of critically ill or injured patients. Surgical cricothyrotomy offers a rapid and effective solution when oxygenation and ventilation fail using less-invasive techniques. However, the exact indications, incidence, and success of prehospital surgical cricothyrotomy are unknown, with variable rates reported in the literature. This study aimed to examine prehospital indications and success rates for surgical cricothyrotomy within a large, suburban, ground-based Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system.
Methods:This is a retrospective analysis of 31 patients who underwent paramedic performed surgical cricothyrotomy from 2012 through 2022. Key demographic parameters were analyzed, including the incidence of cardiac arrest, call type (trauma versus medical), initial airway management attempts, number of endotracheal intubation (ETI) attempts before surgical airway, and average time to the establishment of a surgical airway in relation to the number of ETI attempts. Surgical cricothyrotomy success was defined as the acquisition of four-phase end-tidal capnography reading. The primary data sources were the EMS electronic medical records, and descriptive statistics were calculated.
Results:A total of 31 patients were included in the final analysis. Of those who received a surgical cricothyrotomy, 42% (13/31) occurred in the trauma setting, while 58% (18/31) were medical calls. In all patients who underwent surgical cricothyrotomy, the median (IQR) time to the procedure was 17 minutes (IQR = 11-24). In trauma patients, the median time to surgical cricothyrotomy was 12 minutes (IQR = 9-19) versus 19 minutes (IQR = 14-33) in medical patients. End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) detection and placement success was confirmed in 94% (29/31) of patients. Endotracheal intubation was attempted in 55% (17/31) before subsequent surgical cricothyrotomy, with 29% (9/31) receiving more than one ETI attempt. The median time to surgical cricothyrotomy when multiple prior intubation attempts occurred was 33 minutes (IQR = 23-36) compared to 14.5 minutes (IQR = 6-19) in patients without a preceding intubation attempt.
Conclusion:Prehospital surgical airway can be performed by paramedics with a high degree of success. Identification of the need for surgical cricothyrotomy should be determined as soon as possible to allow for rapid securement of the airway and to ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation.
Frontmatter
- Edited by Camillia Kong, Birkbeck College, University of London, John Coggon, University of Bristol, Penny Cooper, Birkbeck College, University of London, Michael Dunn, University of Oxford, Alex Ruck Keene, King's College London
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- Book:
- Capacity, Participation and Values in Comparative Legal Perspective
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 31 May 2023, pp i-ii
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1 - Introduction: Values, Participation and Mental Capacity Laws in International Comparative Perspective
- Edited by Camillia Kong, Birkbeck College, University of London, John Coggon, University of Bristol, Penny Cooper, Birkbeck College, University of London, Michael Dunn, University of Oxford, Alex Ruck Keene, King's College London
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- Book:
- Capacity, Participation and Values in Comparative Legal Perspective
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 January 2024
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- 31 May 2023, pp 1-8
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Summary
Introduction
Since the start of the 21st century, policy developments and legal practice have increasingly sought to express and implement changes that recognise the equality and rights of persons with mental impairments, including persons with learning disabilities and mental disorders. A great deal of academic scholarship, legal commentary and policy recommendations have focused attention on internal analyses of specific jurisdictions – for example, academic and practice-based discussions of mental capacity law in England and Wales have flourished in the time leading up to and since the instantiation of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA). Equally, much scholarship has focused on the changing human rights landscape since the advent of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), with particular attention on the meaning of its requirements and jurisdiction-specific adherence to human rights aspirations. Dialogue between these jurisdiction-specific and human rights analyses has become increasingly common. Less common – but no less important – is an international comparative perspective across different legal approaches to mental capacity law, to encourage learning and critical reflection based on a closer analysis of how different jurisdictions grapple with common issues and imperatives around assuring the empowerment and participation in decision-making by, with and for individuals with impairments.
The purpose of this edited collection is to advance this much-needed international comparative contribution to mental capacity law. Our particular focus in the volume is to spur on a comparative-oriented conversation around substantive commonalities and divergences in normative orientation and practical application embedded in different legal frameworks. Regarding normative orientation, we are particularly keen to critically identify how values and assumptions are built into laws (formally or by convention) about persons and personal decision-making, and what this is taken to mean for the roles of law, institutions, and legal and other professionals. Crucially, we are interested against that to understand what those laws mean for the place and voice of persons whose decisions are governed by such laws. Therefore, in practical application we are not only interested in the letter of different laws, but also how they function; including what they miss, or whether and how they may be inequitable in their application or generate outcomes that are opposed to their (apparent) rationales.
13 - The Place of Values and P’s Participation in Mental Capacity Law: Themes, Synergies and Tensions
- Edited by Camillia Kong, Birkbeck College, University of London, John Coggon, University of Bristol, Penny Cooper, Birkbeck College, University of London, Michael Dunn, University of Oxford, Alex Ruck Keene, King's College London
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- Book:
- Capacity, Participation and Values in Comparative Legal Perspective
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 31 May 2023, pp 226-250
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Summary
Introduction
This volume has taken an international approach to learning about, and critically exploring, how legal systems may, or may fail to, assure the (meaningful) participation in decision-making by, with and for individuals who are subject to mental capacity laws (P). Equally, the contributors have explained how laws bring individuals’ values into personal decisionmaking, or present barriers to this, and how values beyond the person's may also feature in such decisions. We invited contributions based on a single template of contextual and law-focused questions across the book's authors, and yet we see significant distinctions in both the practical and the socioethical situations among the respective jurisdictions that the book examines. These are, unsurprisingly, in part explicable by reference to sociocultural, demographic, historical and institutional (including professional hegemonic) distinctions between the different places that the book looks at. They are also a consequence of the distinct critical perspectives and orientations across the book's authorship. And they are explicable given distinct legal framings and assumptions, which prove significant even among the common law systems and their shared traditions that form the focus of the majority of the contributions.
We may begin to collect our own reflections in this concluding chapter by noting that the book's inquiry is pitched as being about mental capacity law. Even among those jurisdictions who share their legal heritage with systems that have expressly enacted ‘mental (in)capacity’ laws, this already presents its own distinct vocabulary, as we see in Stavert's chapter (Chapter 3) on the AWIA in Scotland; likewise the language of guardianship, as discussions of Australia (Chapter 8), the US (Chapter 6) and Hong Kong (Chapter 10) indicate. Accordingly, part of the comparative exercise is in understanding the substance and practical import of technical language when making observations and evaluations. ‘P’ will have been a designation that is alien to readers in many legal systems, and even within legal systems that use the term this designation is not well known outside the realms of mental capacity law. The lack of explicit reference to guardianship laws in the book's title may seem surprising.
List of Tables and Boxes
- Edited by Camillia Kong, Birkbeck College, University of London, John Coggon, University of Bristol, Penny Cooper, Birkbeck College, University of London, Michael Dunn, University of Oxford, Alex Ruck Keene, King's College London
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- Book:
- Capacity, Participation and Values in Comparative Legal Perspective
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 31 May 2023, pp v-v
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Notes on Contributors
- Edited by Camillia Kong, Birkbeck College, University of London, John Coggon, University of Bristol, Penny Cooper, Birkbeck College, University of London, Michael Dunn, University of Oxford, Alex Ruck Keene, King's College London
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- Book:
- Capacity, Participation and Values in Comparative Legal Perspective
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 31 May 2023, pp vi-x
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Capacity, Participation and Values in Comparative Legal Perspective
- Edited by Camillia Kong, John Coggon, Penny Cooper, Michael Dunn, Alex Ruck Keene
-
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 31 May 2023
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With contributions from an international team of experts, this collection provides a much-needed international, comparative approach to mental capacity law.
Contents
- Edited by Camillia Kong, Birkbeck College, University of London, John Coggon, University of Bristol, Penny Cooper, Birkbeck College, University of London, Michael Dunn, University of Oxford, Alex Ruck Keene, King's College London
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- Book:
- Capacity, Participation and Values in Comparative Legal Perspective
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 31 May 2023, pp iii-iv
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Acknowledgements
- Edited by Camillia Kong, Birkbeck College, University of London, John Coggon, University of Bristol, Penny Cooper, Birkbeck College, University of London, Michael Dunn, University of Oxford, Alex Ruck Keene, King's College London
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- Book:
- Capacity, Participation and Values in Comparative Legal Perspective
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 31 May 2023, pp xi-xii
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Index
- Edited by Camillia Kong, Birkbeck College, University of London, John Coggon, University of Bristol, Penny Cooper, Birkbeck College, University of London, Michael Dunn, University of Oxford, Alex Ruck Keene, King's College London
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- Book:
- Capacity, Participation and Values in Comparative Legal Perspective
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 18 January 2024
- Print publication:
- 31 May 2023, pp 251-257
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Alfentanil Mediated Activation of Epileptiform Activity in the Electrocorticogram During Resection of Epileptogenic Foci
- Keene Daniel L., David Roberts, Splinter William M., Michael Higgin, Enrique Ventureyra
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 24 / Issue 1 / February 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 September 2015, pp. 29-36
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Purpose:
Alfentanil is a potent, short-acting opioid agent which has been used during balanced anaesthesia in children undergoing the surgical excision of epileptic foci. After the observation that this agent had the potential to induce epileptic seizures, we questioned the frequency of this occurrence in this group of patients.
Method:Twelve patients (6 males, 6 females) undergoing surgical excision of an epileptic foci were prospectively followed. For each patient an electrocorticogram was recorded for 30 minutes before and after receiving alfentanil 20 pg/kg intravenously. The frequency of epileptiform abnormalities before and after drug administration was evaluated. When the electrocorticogram no longer showed the effects of alfentanil administration, methohexital 0.5 ug/kg was given intravenously.
Results:Alfentanil induced significant activation of epileptiform discharges among 83% of these patients. Twenty-five per cent had an electrographic seizure. In comparison, methohexital induced significant activation of epileptiform discharges in 50% of these patients. None experienced electrographic seizures.
Conclusions:As alfentanil can induce electrographic seizures in patients known to have epilepsy, caution is advised in its use in this group of patients.
Postoperative Surveillance Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Cerebellar Astrocytoma
- Michael Vassilyadi, Mohammed F. Shamji, Zachary Tataryn, Daniel Keene, Enrique Ventureyra
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 36 / Issue 6 / November 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 December 2014, pp. 707-712
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Introduction:
Patients with low grade astrocytomas generally have good prognosis when total resection can be achieved, but surveillance neuroimaging is commonly performed to detect recurrence or progression. This study evaluated the utility and yield of such strategy for pilocytic and non-pilocytic cerebellar astrocytomas.
Methods:A 20-year retrospective review was performed of patients undergoing resection of cerebellar astrocytoma at a single institution. A negative MRI string (NMS) ratio was computed as the fraction of total follow-up period over which surveillance neuroimaging was negative for recurrence or progression. Chi-squared analysis differentiated NMS ratio by resection extent and lesion histopathology.
Results:Twenty-eight patients with pilocytic (n=15) and non-pilocytic (n=13) astrocytoma underwent 34 craniotomies, with total resection in 19 cases. Surveillance MRIs (n=167) among total resection patients were uniformly negative for recurrent disease at average seven years follow-up (NMS ratio = 1.0). The 43 surveillance MRIs among subtotal resection patients revealed disease progression in two patients within six months of operation (NMS ratio = 0.78, p<0.05). No differences in NMS ratio were observed between pilocytic and non-pilocytic astrocytoma subtypes.
Discussion:This study illustrates pediatric patients with low-grade cerebellar astrocytomas undergoing total resection may not benefit from routine surveillance neuroimaging, primarily because of low recurrence likelihood. Patients with subtotal resection may benefit from surveillance of residual disease, with further work aimed at exploring the schedule of such follow-up.
Contributors
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- By Holger Afflerbach, Mustafa Aksakal, Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, Stephen Badsey, Annette Becker, Jean-Jacques Becker, Volker R. Berghahn, Donald Bloxham, Bruno Cabanes, Olivier Compagnon, Annie Deperchin, John Horne, Jennifer D. Keene, Paul Kennedy, Hans-Lukas Kieser, Gerd Krumeich, Nicola Labanca, Christoph Mick, John H. Morrow, Bill Nasson, Michael S. Neiberg, Robin Prior, Gary Sheffield, Jay Winter, Guoqi Xu
- Edited by Jay Winter, Yale University, Connecticut
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- The Cambridge History of the First World War
- Published online:
- 05 December 2013
- Print publication:
- 09 January 2014, pp xv-xvi
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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INFLATION RISK AND OPTIMAL MONETARY POLICY
- William T. Gavin, Benjamin D. Keen, Michael R. Pakko
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- Journal:
- Macroeconomic Dynamics / Volume 13 / Issue S1 / May 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 58-75
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This paper shows that the optimal monetary policies recommended by New Keynesian models still imply a large amount of inflation risk. We calculate the term structure of inflation uncertainty in New Keynesian models when the monetary authority adopts the optimal policy. When the monetary policy rules are modified to include some weight on a price path, the economy achieves equilibria with substantially lower long-run inflation risk. With either sticky prices or sticky wages, a price path target reduces the variance of inflation by an order of magnitude more than it increases the variability of the output gap.
Contributors
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- By Isabella Aboderin, W. Andrew Achenbaum, Katherine R. Allen, Toni C. Antonucci, Sara Arber, Claudine Attias‐Donfut, Paul B. Baltes, Sandhi Maria Barreto, Vern L. Bengtson, Simon Biggs, Joanna Bornat, Julie B. Boron, Mike Boulton, Clive E. Bowman, Marjolein Broese van Groenou, Edna Brown, Robert N. Butler, Bill Bytheway, Neena L. Chappell, Neil Charness, Kaare Christensen, Peter G. Coleman, Ingrid Arnet Connidis, Neal E. Cutler, Sara J. Czaja, Svein Olav Daatland, Lia Susana Daichman, Adam Davey, Bleddyn Davies, Freya Dittmann‐Kohli, Glen H. Elder, Carroll L. Estes, Mike Featherstone, Amy Fiske, Alexandra Freund, Daphna Gans, Linda K. George, Roseann Giarrusso, Chris Gilleard, Jay Ginn, Edlira Gjonça, Elena L. Grigorenko, Jaber F. Gubrium, Sarah Harper, Jutta Heckhausen, Akiko Hashimoto, Jon Hendricks, Mike Hepworth, Charlotte Ikels, James S. Jackson, Yuri Jang, Bernard Jeune, Malcolm L. Johnson, Randi S. Jones, Alexandre Kalache, Robert L. Kane, Rosalie A. Kane, Ingrid Keller, Rose Anne Kenny, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, Kees Knipscheer, Martin Kohli, Gisela Labouvie‐Vief, Kristina Larsson, Shu‐Chen Li, Charles F. Longino, Ariela Lowenstein, Erick McCarthy, Gerald E. McClearn, Brendan McCormack, Elizabeth MacKinlay, Alfons Marcoen, Michael Marmot, Tom Margrain, Victor W. Marshall, Elizabeth A. Maylor, Ruud ter Meulen, Harry R. Moody, Robert A. Neimeyer, Demi Patsios, Margaret J. Penning, Stephen A. Petrill, Chris Phillipson, Leonard W. Poon, Norella M. Putney, Jill Quadagno, Pat Rabbitt, Jennifer Reid Keene, Sandra G. Reynolds, Steven R. Sabat, Clive Seale, Merril Silverstein, Hannes B. Staehelin, Ursula M. Staudinger, Robert J. Sternberg, Debra Street, Philip Taylor, Fleur Thomése, Mats Thorslund, Jinzhou Tian, Theo van Tilburg, Fernando M. Torres‐Gil, Josy Ubachs‐Moust, Christina Victor, K. Warner Shaie, Anthony M. Warnes, James L. Werth, Sherry L. Willis, François‐Charles Wolff, Bob Woods
- Edited by Malcolm L. Johnson, University of Bristol
- Edited in association with Vern L. Bengtson, University of Southern California, Peter G. Coleman, University of Southampton, Thomas B. L. Kirkwood, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Age and Ageing
- Published online:
- 05 June 2016
- Print publication:
- 01 December 2005, pp xii-xvi
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Effect of Nurse Staffing and Antimicrobial-Impregnated Central Venous Catheters on the Risk for Bloodstream Infections in Intensive Care Units
- Juan Alonso-Echanove, Jonathan R. Edwards, Michael J. Richards, Patrick Brennan, Richard A. Venezia, Janet Keen, Vivian Ashline, Kathy Kirkland, Ellen Chou, Mark Hupert, Abigail V. Veeder, Janice Speas, Judy Kaye, Kailash Sharma, Aliki Martin, V. Dianne Moroz, Robert P. Gaynes
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 24 / Issue 12 / December 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 916-925
- Print publication:
- December 2003
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Background:
Defining risk factors for central venous catheter (CVC)-associated bloodstream infections (BSIs) is critical to establishing prevention measures, especially for factors such as nurse staffing and antimicrobial-impregnated CVCs.
Methods:We prospectively monitored CVCs, nurse staffing, and patient-related variables for CVC-associated BSIs among adults admitted to eight ICUs during 2 years.
Results:A total of 240 CVC-associated BSIs (2.8%) were identified among 4,535 patients, representing 8,593 CVCs. Antimicrobial-impregnated CVCs reduced the risk for CVC-associated BSI only among patients whose CVC was used to administer total parenteral nutrition (TPN, 2.6 CVC-associated BSIs per 1,000 CVC-days vs no TPN, 7.5 CVC-associated BSIs per 1,000 CVC-days; P = .006). Among patients not receiving TPN, there was an increase in the risk of CVC-associated BSI in patients cared for by “float” nurses for more than 60% of the duration of the CVC. In multivariable analysis, risk factors for CVC-associated BSIs were the use of TPN in non-antimicrobial-impregnated CVCs (P = .0001), patient cared for by a float nurse for more than 60% of CVC-days (P = .0019), no antibiotics administered to the patient within 48 hours of insertion (P = .0001), and patient unarousable for 70% or more of the duration of the CVC (P = .0001). Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) were associated with a lower risk for CVC-associated BSI (P = .0001).
Conclusions:Antimicrobial-impregnated CVCs reduced the risk of CVC-associated BSI by 66% in patients receiving TPN. Limiting the use of float nurses for ICU patients with CVCs and the use of PICCs may also reduce the risk of CVC-associated BSI.
Peculiar institutions: a British perspective on tax policy in the United States
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- By Michael Keen, University of Essex, Colchester, and Institute for Fiscal Studies, London
- Edited by Joel Slemrod, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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- Book:
- Tax Policy in the Real World
- Published online:
- 01 June 2010
- Print publication:
- 28 April 1999, pp 489-512
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Summary
Abstract - By both effect and example, tax policy in the United States has a huge impact on the rest of the world. This paper explores five features of the American tax system that seem, from a British and European perspective, to be both especially peculiar and potentially instructive. These are the remarkably low overall level of taxation; the absence of a value-added tax (or any other major general national tax on consumption); the absence of any explicit interstate equalization; the marginal subsidization of low earnings under the earned income tax credit; and the fragmentation of power in policymaking, an important aspect of which is the role played by the Constitution.
INTRODUCTION
The tax policy pursued by the United States has powerful effects far beyond its borders. It has a direct impact on economic activity and well-being in other countries: changes in the tax treatment of savings or investment in the United States, for example, can induce significant capital flows, while ensuring and exploiting the availability to U.S. multinationals of the foreign tax credit on their repatriated profits is a major concern for many countries in designing their corporate taxes. The U.S. tax system is also widely looked to—rightly or wrongly—as an embodiment of best practice. This is true both of the broadest elements of tax strategy—as is evident in the widespread emulation of the base-broadening, rate-cutting strategy of the 1986 Tax Reform Act—and in the most detailed matters of tax design.
11 - Industrial competitiveness, environmental regulation and direct foreign investment
- Edited by Ian Goldin, The World Bank, L. Alan Winters, University of Birmingham
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- Book:
- The Economics of Sustainable Development
- Published online:
- 04 August 2010
- Print publication:
- 24 February 1995, pp 289-302
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Summary
Introduction
Environmental sustainability of economic growth hinges on the pollution intensity of output. If that intensity declines as growth progresses, through active policy or otherwise, economic growth within the confines of a limited resource base becomes at least possible. Recent econometric analysis has come up with intriguing results on this issue. For pollutants where most of the damage is done in the country where the pollution originates, intensities decline starkly after a particular level of per capita income is reached. However, for those pollutants where the costs fall on people living far away from the place where the pollution is caused, no such turning point can be observed (Grossman, 1994). When a significant part of the benefits of regulation accrues to people not contributing to the cost of the regulation, rules are difficult to put in place. Thus resolving the difficulties of bringing about international agreements on environmental standards, the topic of this chapter, may well be the key to resolving any conflict between economic growth and environment quality that may exist.
Such difficulties have been on prominent display recently. The typical pattern is for rich countries to insist on global harmonisation on tough western standards, with poorer countries baulking at the costs or likely impact on economic growth. Side payments, a possible solution to this conflict, create obvious budgetary and monitoring problems and are thus not on offer on a significant scale. As a consequence, little progress has been made in, for example, resolving the environmental problems of Eastern Europe's nuclear reactors, or the wide range of environmental issues that were on the table during the UN's environment conference in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
9 - Corporation tax, foreign direct investment and the single market
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- By Michael Keen
- Edited by L. Alan Winters, University of Birmingham, Anthony Venables, University of Southampton
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- Book:
- European Integration
- Published online:
- 07 September 2010
- Print publication:
- 23 May 1991, pp 165-198
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Summary
Introduction
Corporation tax barely featured in the early discussion of the single market programme, receiving no more than passing mention in the 1985 White Paper on Completing the Internal Market. But as a perception grew that the advent of the single market could have significant effects on patterns of investment both within the Community and between the Community and the rest of the world, so too did a perception that something would have to be done about corporation tax. The European Commission has indeed now begun to press its view that ‘if Member states want to create a real internal market in which all Community enterprises can compete on an equal footing and which will bring about a more rational allocation of resources, they cannot escape the need to set up a common policy in the field of enterprise taxation’. At the time of writing, three main sets of proposals are under discussion. First, the Commission has revived its 1975 proposal for common adoption of the partial imputation method, the distinguishing feature of which is that part of the tax paid on corporate profits is credited against shareholders' liability to personal taxation on their dividend receipts. In fact, all but five Member States now operate some variant of imputation, though often failing to extend the credit to residents of other Member States in the even-handed way envisaged by the Commission.