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50 BSI-18 as a Measure of Psychological Distress Across Different Domains in TMS Patients
- Bruno N. Gamboa, Kathleen Hodges, Stephanie C. Gee, Michelle R. Madore, Noah S. Philip, F. Andrew Kozel, Nicole C. Walker
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 836-837
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Objective:
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an effective treatment for individuals with pharmacoresistant major depressive disorder (MDD), yet identifying which patients best respond remains an important area of inquiry. The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) serves as a screen for psychological distress, providing measures across three separate domains (e.g., somatization, depression, and anxiety) and one composite score (i.e., global severity index). The psychometric properties of the BSI-18 have been validated across multiple studies; however, it has sparsely been used to track changes in patient symptoms in response to intervention. Assessing patient symptom severity across these domains is imperative since these symptoms can negatively influence cognitive functioning. Accordingly, the current study utilized the BSI-18 to measure psychological distress across these different domains in patients receiving TMS treatment. We hypothesized that all domains of the BSI-18 would see a significant decrease after treatment, that elevated scores in specific domains would predict a less favorable response to treatment, and that measurement of depressive symptoms will be consistent across measures of similar scope.
Participants and Methods:Veterans (n=94) with MDD and met standard clinical TMS criteria were administered the BSI-18 before and after receiving an adequate dose of treatment (e.g., 30 sessions). Paired Samples T-test were used to compare the pre-treatment and post-treatment scores across domains.
Results:The results of paired sample t-tests indicated a statistically significant reduction in measures of global psychological distress (t(93) = 7.99, p < .001, Cohen's d =.82), as well as depressive (t(93) = 8.34, p < .001, d = .86), anxious (t(93) = 7.64, p < .001, d = .79), and somatic symptoms (t(92) = 5.29, p < .001, d = .55) after receiving treatment. Individuals with elevated levels of anxiety (e.g., BSI-A>63) saw a significant reduction in depressive (t(62) = 8.15, p < .001, d = 1.03), anxious (t(62) = 8.34, p < .001, d = 1.05) and somatic (t(61) = 4.94, p < .001, d = .63) symptoms. Lastly, two measures of depressive symptoms, the BSI-D and PHQ-9, had a statistically significant strong, positive relationship before (r=.66) and after (r=.88) treatment (all n=65 and p<.001).
Conclusions:The BSI-18 can detect changes in different domains of psychological distress as a function of TMS treatment. Unexpectedly, TMS patients with elevated levels of anxiety responded well to treatment despite comorbid anxiety often being associated with less favorable outcomes in treatment trials. The positive relationship of the BSI-D and PHQ-9 before and after treatment suggests the use of the BSI as a valid, additional measure of depressive symptoms.
6 Improved verbal fluency following unilateral right hemisphere subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: Is implant hemisphere a modifiable risk factor for cognitive decline?
- Victor A Del Bene, Roy C Martin, Sarah A Brinkerhoff, Joseph W Olson, Dario Marotta, Christopher L Gonzalez, Kelly A Mills, J Nicole Bentley, Barton L Guthrie, Harrison C Walker
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 112-113
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Objective:
Non-motor symptoms, such as mild cognitive impairment and dementia, are an overwhelming cause of disability in Parkinson’s disease (PD). While subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) is safe and effective for motor symptoms, declines in verbal fluency after bilateral DBS surgery have been widely replicated. However, little is known about cognitive outcomes following unilateral surgeries.
Participants and Methods:We enrolled 31 PD patients who underwent unilateral STN-DBS in a randomized, cross-over, double-blind study (SUNDIAL Trial). Targets were chosen based on treatment of the most symptomatic side (n = 17 left hemisphere and 14 right hemisphere). All participants completed a neuropsychological battery (FAS/CFL, AVLT, DKEFS Color-Word Test) at baseline, then 2, 4, and 6 months post-surgery. Outcomes include raw scores for verbal fluency, immediate and delayed recall, and DKEFS Color-Word Inhibition trial (Trial 3) completion time. At 2, 4, and 6 months, the neurostimulation type (directional versus ring mode) was randomized for each participant. We compared baseline scores for all cognitive outcome measures using Welch’s two-sample t-tests and used linear mixed effects models to examine longitudinal effects of hemisphere and stimulation on cognition. This test battery was converted to a teleneuropsychology administration because of COVID-19 mid-study, and this was included as a covariate in all statistical models, along with years of education, baseline cognitive scores, and levodopa equivalent medication dose at each time point.
Results:At baseline, patients who underwent left hemisphere implants scored lower on verbal fluency than right implants (t(20.66) = -2.49, p = 0.02). There were not significant differences between hemispheres in immediate recall (p = 0.57), delayed recall (p = 0.22), or response inhibition (p = 0.51). Post-operatively, left STN DBS patients experienced significant declines in verbal fluency over the study period (p = 0.02), while patients with right-sided stimulation demonstrated improvements (p < .001). There was no main effect of stimulation parameters (directional versus ring) on verbal fluency, memory, or inhibition, but there was a three-way interaction between time, stimulation parameters, and hemisphere on inhibition, such that left STN DBS patients receiving ring stimulation completed the inhibition trial faster (p = 0.035). After surgery, right STN DBS patients displayed faster inhibition times than patients with left implants (p = 0.015).
Conclusions:Declines in verbal fluency after bilateral stimulation are the most commonly reported cognitive sequalae of DBS for movement disorders. Here we found group level declines in verbal fluency after unilateral left STN implants, but not right STN DBS up to 6 months after surgery. Patients with right hemisphere implants displayed improvements in verbal fluency. Compared to bilateral DBS, unilateral DBS surgery, particularly in the right hemisphere, is likely a modifiable risk factor for verbal fluency declines in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
73 Sleep Onset Latency and Duration in rTMS Treatment in Veterans with Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder
- Sonia S Rehman, Zachary D Zuschlag, Michael Norred, Laurie Chin, Nicole C Walker, Noah S Philip, F. Andrew Kozel, Michelle R Madore
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 478-479
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Objective:
This study builds on the work by Rehman et al (2022) who argued that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment not only helps treat depression but also decreases sleep problems such as difficulty falling asleep,staying asleep, and waking too early. The present study further explores differences in sleep onset latency, meaning the time it takes to fall asleep, and duration of sleep per night in the pre and post treatment phases of rTMS. The information regarding major attributes of sleep is critical because recent research shows that about 90% of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) also struggle with sleep disorders (Li et al., 2022), and sleeping for less than seven hours may eventually lead to sleep deprivation (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015), with increased risk of physical and mental health problems (Sheehan et al, 2019). Sleep onset latency estimates vary from individual to individual but typical sleep latency is considered between 10 to 20 minutes (Jung et al, 2013). As it has been shown that overall sleep problems improve with rTMS, we hypothesized that self-reported sleep onset latency will decrease, and sleep duration will increase.
Participants and Methods:All participants met inclusion criteria for MDD diagnosis and completed a full course of TMS treatment (N=470; Mean age=53.45, SD=13.73). The sample was mostly male (81%) and ethnically diverse: 77.7% non-Hispanic White, 13.3% Black Americans, 1.9% Asian, 0.2 % Asian Indian, and 1.9% other ethnicities. Sleep problems were assessed using the following questions at the pre and post treatment stages: the number of minutes it takes to fall asleep and duration of sleep each night.
Results:A Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was conducted to determine whether there was a difference in sleep onset latency and hours of sleep per night between pre and post intervention. The results indicated a significant difference in time to fall asleep between pre and post treatment (pre-treatment M = 1.19, SD = 0.99, post-treatment M = 0.93, SD = 0.91; z = -5.01, p < .001. In addition, there was a significant increase in the minutes of sleep per night in pre (M = 6.11, SD = 2.07) compared to the post treatment (M = 6.32, SD = 1.77), z = -2.56, p = .010.
Conclusions:Reduced sleep is known to negatively impact mood, cognitive ability, work performance, and immune function (Besedovsky et al., 2012; Killgore, 2010; Massar et al, 2019; Vandekerckhove & Wang, 2018). Similarly, longer sleep onset latency can cause an individual to enter the first sleep stage later than expected and complete fewer sleep cycles. The results of the present study show the effectiveness of rTMS in decreasing sleep onset latency and increasing the duration of sleep. Given the comorbidity and bidirectionality between sleep disturbances and mood disorders (Fang et al., 2019; Palagini et al., 2019), further researching treatments such as rTMS to improve sleep as a means to also improve mood is crucial. We propose acquiring knowledge about sleep attributes as an essential part of clinicians’ work early on in the rTMS treatment in order to monitor an individual’s global functioning level in light of improved sleep.
86 Subjective Executive Dysfunction Mediates Relationship Between Perceived Sleep Quality and Societal Participation in Veterans with TBI
- Nathan R. Ramirez, Nicole C. Walker, Michelle R. Madore
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 187-188
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Objective:
Perceived poor sleep quality is the most commonly reported issue among veterans with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Poor sleep can impact aspects of objective and subjective executive functioning abilities (e.g., planning, organization, decision-making) and lead to decreased societal participation. However, less is known about how perceived executive dysfunction impacts the relationship between perceived poor sleep and societal participation in veterans with a prior history of mTBI. We hypothesized that executive dysfunction mediates the relationship between subjective sleep quality and societal participation.
Participants and Methods:Participants included sixty-two U.S. veterans [Age: M=41.73 (SD=13.19); Education: M=15.16 (SD=2.20); 14.5% female]. The participants completed the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory - 4 (MPAI-4; total scores), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult (BRIEF-A; subscale planning/organizing), and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; total scores). 21 participants met diagnostic criteria for Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [as determined by a cutoff score of 45 on the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)]. A mediation analysis was utilized to examine the impact of executive functions on the relationship between perceived sleep quality and societal participation. Mediation analyses were conducted via linear regression modeling using SPSS Version 27. Post hoc analyses were conducted to control for PTSD, which is common in veteran populations.
Results:The total PSQI scores significantly predicted MPAI-4 total scores F(1, 53) = 16.740, p < .001 (R2= .55) when controlling for PTSD diagnoses. A mediation analysis showed that BRIEF-A Planning/Organizing T-scores partially mediate the relationship between PSQI scores and MPAI-4 scores when controlling for PTSD diagnoses F(2, 54) = 12.055, p < .001 (R2 = .61).
Conclusions:Results suggest that per000eived sleep quality impacts societal participation. However, how patients perceive their executive functioning abilities partially mediates the relationship between perceived sleep quality and societal participation, such that perceived poor sleep quality leads to reduced societal participation when there is subjective executive dysfunction. Therefore, clinical interventions should focus on the cognitive rehabilitation of executive functioning among veterans with a history of mTBI to improve their subjective experience. Ultimately, these efforts may improve veterans’ participation and utilization of healthcare services.
62 Effect of Blast TBI on Axonal Structure in Networks of Emotional Regulation and Cognitive Control
- Stephanie C Gee, Kathleen Hodges, Nicole C Walker, Michelle R. Madore
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 167-168
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Objective:
Blast-related traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is one of the most common injuries among Veterans who have served in recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Despite representing a distinct mechanism of injury, long-term clinical and functional outcomes of bTBI are generally comparable with non-blast-related traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, controversy remains over whether bTBI etiology differentially impacts emotional regulation and neurocognition - particularly with respect to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and verbal and visual memory. Through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the present study investigates the microstructural pathophysiology of bTBI, compared to non-blast TBI, in neural pathways involved in emotional regulation and cognitive control.
Participants and Methods:Participants included 36 Veterans (25% female; age M = 36.33, SD = 10.11; years of education M = 15.67, SD = 2.34). Axial diffusivity (AD) in networks of emotional and cognitive control was acquired using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a DTI protocol. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare Veterans with self-reported bTBI (n = 23) to those with non-blast-related TBI (n = 13).
Results:In the left hemisphere, Veterans with bTBI exhibited significantly smaller AD in axonal projections from the caudate nucleus (CN) to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), as well as in projections from the putamen to the OFC (p < 0.05). In the right hemisphere, Veterans with bTBI also exhibited significantly smaller AD in networks connecting the hippocampus to the amygdala (p < 0.05).
Conclusions:Compared to Veterans with non-blast-related TBI, Veterans with bTBI exhibited decreased AD in neural pathways from the CN to the OFC, the putamen to the OFC, and the hippocampus to the amygdala - indicative of increased axonal injury in these areas. Our results suggest that, on a microstructural level, emotional and cognitive networks are susceptible to longitudinal blast-related white matter damage. This is consistent with the literature in post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and provides a potential mechanism underlying results previously reported from this sample, describing subjective cognitive complaints in the absence of objective clinical deficits. As such, therapies that target networks of emotional and cognitive control may be particularly beneficial for Veterans with bTBI.
71 Treatment with TMS Improves Aspects of Attention in Depression: A Pilot Study
- Nicole C Walker, Nathan Ramirez, Laurie Chin, Sonia S Rehman, Stephanie C Gee, Kathleen Hodges, Leanne M Williams, Robert Hickson, L. Chauncey Green, Talaya Patton, Hanaa Aldasouqi, Noah S Philip, F. Andrew Kozel, Jerome A Yesavage, Michelle R Madore
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 29 / Issue s1 / November 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 December 2023, pp. 476-477
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Objective:
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an evidenced based treatment for adults with treatment resistant depression (TRD). The standard clinical protocol for TMS is to stimulate the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Although the DLPFC is a defining region in the cognitive control network of the brain and implicated in executive functions such as attention and working memory, we lack knowledge about whether TMS improves cognitive function independent of depression symptoms. This exploratory analysis sought to address this gap in knowledge by assessing changes in attention before and after completion of a standard treatment with TMS in Veterans with TRD.
Participants and Methods:Participants consisted of 7 Veterans (14.3% female; age M = 46.14, SD = 7.15; years education M = 16.86, SD = 3.02) who completed a full 30-session course of TMS treatment and had significant depressive symptoms at baseline (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9 score >5). Participants were given neurocognitive assessments measuring aspects of attention [Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th Edition (WAIS-IV) subtests: Digits Forward, Digits Backward, and Number Sequencing) at baseline and again after completion of TMS treatment. The relationship between pre and post scores were examined using paired-samples t-test for continuous variables and a linear regression to covary for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is often comorbid with depression in Veteran populations.
Results:There was a significant improvement in Digit Span Forward (p=.01, d=-.53), but not Digit Span Backward (p=.06) and Number Sequencing (p=.54) post-TMS treatment. Depression severity was not a significant predictor of performance on Digit Span Forward (f(1,5)=.29, p=.61) after TMS treatment. PTSD severity was also not a significant predictor of performance on Digit Span Forward (f(1,5)=1.31, p=.32).
Conclusions:Findings suggested that a standard course of TMS improves less demanding measures of working memory after a full course of TMS, but possibly not the more demanding aspects of working memory. This improvement in cognitive function was independent of improvements in depression and PTSD symptoms. Further investigation in a larger sample and with direct neuroimaging measures of cognitive function is warranted.
Worth the Wait: Delayed Recall after 1 Week Predicts Cognitive and Medial Temporal Lobe Trajectories in Older Adults
- Cutter A. Lindbergh, Nicole Walker, Renaud La Joie, Sophia Weiner-Light, Adam M. Staffaroni, Kaitlin B. Casaletto, Fanny Elahi, Samantha M. Walters, Michelle You, Devyn Cotter, Breton Asken, Alexandra C. Apple, Elena Tsoy, John Neuhaus, Corrina Fonseca, Amy Wolf, Yann Cobigo, Howie Rosen, Joel H. Kramer, the Hillblom Aging Network
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- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 27 / Issue 4 / April 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 October 2020, pp. 382-388
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Objective: We evaluated whether memory recall following an extended (1 week) delay predicts cognitive and brain structural trajectories in older adultsMethod:
Clinically normal older adults (52–92 years old) were followed longitudinally for up to 8 years after completing a memory paradigm at baseline [Story Recall Test (SRT)] that assessed delayed recall at 30 min and 1 week. Subsets of the cohort underwent neuroimaging (N = 134, mean age = 75) and neuropsychological testing (N = 178–207, mean ages = 74–76) at annual study visits occurring approximately 15–18 months apart. Mixed-effects regression models evaluated if baseline SRT performance predicted longitudinal changes in gray matter volumes and cognitive composite scores, controlling for demographics.
Results:Worse SRT 1-week recall was associated with more precipitous rates of longitudinal decline in medial temporal lobe volumes (p = .037), episodic memory (p = .003), and executive functioning (p = .011), but not occipital lobe or total gray matter volumes (demonstrating neuroanatomical specificity; p > .58). By contrast, SRT 30-min recall was only associated with longitudinal decline in executive functioning (p = .044).
Conclusions:Memory paradigms that capture longer-term recall may be particularly sensitive to age-related medial temporal lobe changes and neurodegenerative disease trajectories. (JINS, 2020, xx, xx-xx)
O-41 - Intravascular Food Reward
- A. Oliveira-Maia, C.D. Roberts, Q.D. Walker, B. Luo, C. Kuhn, S.A. Simon, M.A.L. Nicolelis
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 27 / Issue S1 / 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 April 2020, p. 1
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Introduction
We recently found that, in mice, independently of orosensory input, sucrose consumption is sufficient to condition the development of spout preferences and dopamine release in the ventral striatum.
ObjectivesTo clarify if the appetitive behavioral and dopaminergic responses to the postingestive effects of calorie-containing sugars reflect preabsorptive or postabsorptive events.
AimsTo understand if endovenous injection of glucose is sufficient to condition spout preferences and dopamine release.
MethodsMeasurements of the behavioural, metabolic and neurochemical effects of the administration of glucose solutions, enterically, and in the jugular (JV) or hepatic-portal (HPV) veins of rats.
ResultsHigh concentration glucose solutions administered in the JV were sufficient to condition spout preferences in a two-bottle behavioral task. Additionally, a low concentration glucose solution conditioned robust behavioral responses when administered in the HPV, but not the JV. Finally, using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry we found that, in accordance to behavioral findings, a low concentration glucose solution caused an increase of spontaneous dopamine release events in the nucleus accumbens shell when administered in the HPV, but not the JV.
ConclusionsThe postabsorptive effects of glucose are sufficient to mimic the behavioral and dopaminergic responses that result from sugar consumption. Furthermore, glycemia levels in the HPV contribute more significantly for this effect than systemic glycemia, arguing for the participation of an intra-abdominal visceral sensor for glucose.
Contributors
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- By Tod C. Aeby, Melanie D. Altizer, Ronan A. Bakker, Meghann E. Batten, Anita K. Blanchard, Brian Bond, Megan A. Brady, Saweda A. Bright, Ellen L. Brock, Amy Brown, Ashley Carroll, Jori S. Carter, Frances Casey, Weldon Chafe, David Chelmow, Jessica M. Ciaburri, Stephen A. Cohen, Adrianne M. Colton, PonJola Coney, Jennifer A. Cross, Julie Zemaitis DeCesare, Layson L. Denney, Megan L. Evans, Nicole S. Fanning, Tanaz R. Ferzandi, Katie P. Friday, Nancy D. Gaba, Rajiv B. Gala, Andrew Galffy, Adrienne L. Gentry, Edward J. Gill, Philippe Girerd, Meredith Gray, Amy Hempel, Audra Jolyn Hill, Chris J. Hong, Kathryn A. Houston, Patricia S. Huguelet, Warner K. Huh, Jordan Hylton, Christine R. Isaacs, Alison F. Jacoby, Isaiah M. Johnson, Nicole W. Karjane, Emily E. Landers, Susan M. Lanni, Eduardo Lara-Torre, Lee A. Learman, Nikola Alexander Letham, Rachel K. Love, Richard Scott Lucidi, Elisabeth McGaw, Kimberly Woods McMorrow, Christopher A. Manipula, Kirk J. Matthews, Michelle Meglin, Megan Metcalf, Sarah H. Milton, Gaby Moawad, Christopher Morosky, Lindsay H. Morrell, Elizabeth L. Munter, Erin L. Murata, Amanda B. Murchison, Nguyet A. Nguyen, Nan G. O’Connell, Tony Ogburn, K. Nathan Parthasarathy, Thomas C. Peng, Ashley Peterson, Sarah Peterson, John G. Pierce, Amber Price, Heidi J. Purcell, Ronald M. Ramus, Nicole Calloway Rankins, Fidelma B. Rigby, Amanda H. Ritter, Barbara L. Robinson, Danielle Roncari, Lisa Rubinsak, Jennifer Salcedo, Mary T. Sale, Peter F. Schnatz, John W. Seeds, Kathryn Shaia, Karen Shelton, Megan M. Shine, Haller J. Smith, Roger P. Smith, Nancy A. Sokkary, Reni A. Soon, Aparna Sridhar, Lilja Stefansson, Laurie S. Swaim, Chemen M. Tate, Hong-Thao Thieu, Meredith S. Thomas, L. Chesney Thompson, Tiffany Tonismae, Angela M. Tran, Breanna Walker, Alan G. Waxman, C. Nathan Webb, Valerie L. Williams, Sarah B. Wilson, Elizabeth M. Yoselevsky, Amy E. Young
- Edited by David Chelmow, Virginia Commonwealth University, Christine R. Isaacs, Virginia Commonwealth University, Ashley Carroll, Virginia Commonwealth University
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- Book:
- Acute Care and Emergency Gynecology
- Published online:
- 05 November 2014
- Print publication:
- 30 October 2014, pp ix-xiv
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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16 - Wind stability factors in tree selection: distribution of biomass within root systems of Sitka spruce clones
- Edited by M. P. Coutts, J. Grace, University of Edinburgh
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- Book:
- Wind and Trees
- Published online:
- 27 October 2009
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- 24 August 1995, pp 276-292
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Summary
Abstract
The effects of tree improvement on factors likely to influence tree stability were investigated using clonal Sitka spruce trees that had been grown for 11 years on an unploughed nursery site. The distribution of biomass between root and shoot, and within the root systems of trees from five improved clones, was examined and compared with control trees grown from unimproved cuttings and transplants. The direction (azimuth) of growth and dimensions of the main woody roots were also measured. Differences between clones were found in allocation of biomass between root and shoot, and in root system architecture. Large differences were found between clones in proportions of below-ground biomass allocated to stumps and woody roots (which function for anchorage). These results indicate that root: shoot ratio can be a poor indicator of tree stability when the stump is included as part of the root biomass. The distribution of root origins around the stump showed no significant clumping but the allocation of biomass between roots was found to differ between tree types. On average, the improved clones had allocated biomass to fewer roots than the controls. The amount of branching in the proximal 45 cm of the root system also differed between clones. Distribution of root cross-sectional area around the tree was significantly asymmetric in two of the clones. Overall, root biomass was allocated more to the lee side of the prevailing wind direction. The substantial differences found in allocation between root and shoot, and within the root system, may have implications for the wind stability of trees and could present opportunities for improving stability by clonal selection.
Introduction
Damage by windthrow causes important economic losses to forestry in northern Europe.