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PW01-232 - Connectivity Genes In Comorbid Alcoholism And Bipolar Disorder
- G. Lydall, N. Bass, A. McQuillin, A. Anjorin, R. Kandaswamy, A.C. Pereira, I. Guerrini, D. Curtis, A.E. Vine, P. Sklar, S.M. Purcell, H.M. Gurling
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 25 / Issue S1 / 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 April 2020, 25-E1639
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Introduction
Bipolar disorder (BPD) and alcoholism are strongly comorbid and both have significant genetic influences but no consistent genetic vulnerability has been found. We aimed to find bipolar-alcoholism vulnerability genes.
MethodA genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 510 patients with bipolar disorder (BPD), of whom 143 met Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) alcoholism diagnoses, and 506 ancestrally matched supernormal controls. We genotyped 372K genetic markers on an Affymetrix 500K-array. Chi-square analysis of allelic association using PLINK, and permutation testing for gene-wise association of genes previously associated with alcoholism-related phenotypes using COMBASSOC, were performed.
ResultsNo marker met genomewide significance. Gene-wise analyses of markers clustering near genes already implicated in alcoholism, but which were not associated in non-alcoholic BPD, were: Cadherin-11 (CDH11, p = 6 × 10-4), Exportin 7 (XPO7), neuromedin-U receptor 2 (NMUR2), collagen type XI-alpha 2 (COL11A2) and Semaphorin-5A (SEMA5A).
DiscussionThese genes replicated prior genetic reports implicating “connectivity” (adhesion, migration and neuronal signalling) genes in addictions and comorbid BPD. Connectivity genes regulate neuronal connections during development and play roles in later neuroadaptive and mnemonic processes. These processes may influence addiction vulnerability, as seen clinically in denial, cognitive impairment, and repetitive substance misuse and relapse behaviour. We propose that we have identified genes i) increasing susceptibility to alcoholism that could be unmasked or released by the presence of bipolar affective disorder; ii) and genes increasing susceptibility to affective disorder that also predispose to secondary alcoholism. We were limited by small sample size. Larger future studies are needed.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Hypothesis-driven candidate genes for schizophrenia compared to genome-wide association results
- A. L. Collins, Y. Kim, P. Sklar, International Schizophrenia Consortium, M. C. O'Donovan, P. F. Sullivan
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 42 / Issue 3 / March 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 19 August 2011, pp. 607-616
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Background
Candidate gene studies have been a key approach to the genetics of schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the results of these studies are confusing and no genes have been unequivocally implicated. The hypothesis-driven candidate gene literature can be appraised by comparison with the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS).
MethodWe describe the characteristics of hypothesis-driven candidate gene studies from the SZGene database, and use pathway analysis to compare hypothesis-driven candidate genes with GWAS results from the International Schizophrenia Consortium (ISC).
ResultsSZGene contained 732 autosomal genes evaluated in 1374 studies. These genes had poor statistical power to detect genetic effects typical for human diseases, assessed only 3.7% of genes in the genome, and had low marker densities per gene. Most genes were assessed once or twice (76.9%), providing minimal ability to evaluate consensus across studies. The ISC studies had 89% power to detect a genetic effect typical for common human diseases and assessed 79% of known autosomal common genetic variation. Pathway analyses did not reveal enrichment of smaller ISC p values in hypothesis-driven candidate genes, nor did a comprehensive evaluation of meta-hypotheses driving candidate gene selection (SCZ as a disease of the synapse or neurodevelopment). The most studied hypothesis-driven candidate genes (COMT, DRD3, DRD2, HTR2A, NRG1, BDNF, DTNBP1 and SLC6A4) had no notable ISC results.
ConclusionsWe did not find support for the idea that the hypothesis-driven candidate genes studied in the literature are enriched for the common genetic variation involved in the etiology of SCZ. Larger samples are required to evaluate this conclusion definitively.
Polygenic dissection of the bipolar phenotype
- M. L. Hamshere, M. C. O'Donovan, I. R. Jones, L. Jones, G. Kirov, E. K. Green, V. Moskvina, D. Grozeva, N. Bass, A. McQuillin, H. Gurling, D. St Clair, A. H. Young, I. N. Ferrier, A. Farmer, P. McGuffin, P. Sklar, S. Purcell, P. A. Holmans, M. J. Owen, N. Craddock
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 198 / Issue 4 / April 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 284-288
- Print publication:
- April 2011
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Background
Recent data provide strong support for a substantial common polygenic contribution (i.e. many alleles each of small effect) to genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia and overlapping susceptibility for bipolar disorder.
AimsTo test hypotheses about the relationship between schizophrenia and psychotic types of bipolar disorder.
MethodUsing a polygenic score analysis to test whether schizophrenia polygenic risk alleles, en masse, significantly discriminate between individuals with bipolar disorder with and without psychotic features. The primary sample included 1829 participants with bipolar disorder and the replication sample comprised 506 people with bipolar disorder.
ResultsThe subset of participants with Research Diagnostic Criteria schizoaffective bipolar disorder (n = 277) were significantly discriminated from the remaining participants with bipolar disorder (n = 1552) in both the primary (P = 0.00059) and the replication data-sets (P = 0.0070). In contrast, those with psychotic bipolar disorder as a whole were not significantly different from those with non-psychotic bipolar disorder in either data-set.
ConclusionsGenetic susceptibility influences at least two major domains of psychopathological variation in the schizophrenia–bipolar disorder clinical spectrum: one that relates to expression of a ‘bipolar disorder-like’ phenotype and one that is associated with expression of ‘schizophrenia-like’ psychotic symptoms.
Analysis of compliance, morbidities and outcome in neurodevelopmental follow-up visits in urban African-American infants at environmental risk
- A. Perenyi, J. Katz, P. Flom, S. Regensberg, T. Sklar
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- Journal:
- Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease / Volume 1 / Issue 6 / December 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 November 2010, pp. 396-402
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The objectives of this study were to determine compliance rate in a uniform, urban African-American patient population at environmental risk for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome and to define risk factors for non-compliance with neurodevelopmental follow-up. A retrospective chart review was performed which included 481 infants with birth weight (BW) of 495–4195 g and gestational ages (GAs) between 23 and 42 weeks born at our hospital. Statistical analysis was performed using the Jonckheere–Terpstra test for ordinal variables. For 2 × 2 tables, χ2 test and Fisher’s exact test (P < 0.05) were used. To determine significant predictive variables, data were analyzed by multiple logistic regression with one independent variable at a time. Infants compliant with follow-up had significantly more morbidities in the very low BW category (⩽1500 g) than infants with larger BW. The highest compliance rate (70%) was found among the smallest and most immature (GA ⩽28 weeks) infants. Based on this finding, we postulate that the number of infants with severe disability is not likely to be underestimated. The significantly more frequent developmental anomalies found in the largest BW (⩽2500 g) category raises significant concern, though findings in this subset of infants may not be representative of the whole population. There was no significant difference between the compliant and non-compliant groups regarding socio-economic status. Severe or multiple morbidities and prolonged hospital stay may provide parents with greater opportunity to learn and understand about the infant’s condition which may lead to greater compliance.
Perspectives on Cellular Analysis: Linking Quantitation to Structure and Function by Instrumental Methods and Analysis
- RW Smith, JP Robinson, RM Zucker, C Geddes, A Kachelmeier, G McConnell, C Merrifield, R Murphy, J Nolan, J Price, R Price, P Rabinovitch, E Sánchez, L Sklar, P So, D Sudar
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 14 / Issue S2 / August 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 August 2008, pp. 752-753
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- August 2008
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2008 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, August 3 – August 7, 2008
60 - Rhabdomyosarcoma
- from Part VI - Oncology
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- By Dave R. Lal, Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, Charles A. Sklar, Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA, Michael P. LaQuaglia, Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Edited by Mark D. Stringer, Keith T. Oldham, Pierre D. E. Mouriquand
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- Pediatric Surgery and Urology
- Published online:
- 08 January 2010
- Print publication:
- 09 November 2006, pp 782-798
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Summary
Soft tissue sarcomas are the sixth most common malignancy of childhood, with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) by far the most frequent. In the United States, approximately 350 cases of RMS are diagnosed per year. Since 1975, the yearly incidence of RMS has remained stable at approximately 4 per 1 million children younger than 20 years of age.
Over the last 30 years, improved survival and decreased morbidity in treatment of RMS have been accomplished through collaborative clinical trials in both the United States and Europe. In the United States the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group (IRSG) was established in 1972. Their mission has been to enroll all children diagnosed in North America into randomized prospective clinical trials. This has largely been accomplished with over 80% of North American children diagnosed with RMS enrolled in one of four completed IRSG studies. Since the inception of the IRSG, the overall survival for patients with RMS has improved from about 25% to over 70%. Much of this improvement has been the result of a multidisciplinary approach to rhabdomyosarcoma including surgeons, oncologists, and radiation oncologists. The IRSG (now called the Children's Oncology Group soft tissue sarcoma committee) continues to strive for improved survival with decreasing patient morbidity, and is currently accruing patients for its fifth trial (IRS-V).
Currently, orbital tumors have the best prognosis with a 5-year survival of approximately 95%.
Synthesis of Smart Mesoporous Materials
- G.V.Rama Rao, Qiang Fu, Linnea K. Ista, Huifang Xu, S. Balamurugan, Larry A. Sklar, Timothy L. Ward, Gabriel P. López
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 775 / 2003
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 February 2011, P7.8
- Print publication:
- 2003
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This study details development of hybrid mesoporous materials in which molecular transport through mesopores can be precisely controlled and reversibly modulated. Mesoporous silica materials formed by surfactant templating were modified by surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) a stimuli responsive polymer (SRP) within the porous network. Thermo gravimetric analysis and FTIR spectroscopy were used to confirm the presence of PNIPAAm on the silica surface. Nitrogen porosimetry, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed that polymerization occurred uniformly within the porous network. Uptake and release of fluorescent dyes from the particles was monitored by spectrofluorimetry and scanning laser confocal microscopy. Results suggest that the presence of PNIPAAm, a SRP, in the porous network can be used to modulate the transport of aqueous solutes. At low temperature, (e.g., room temperature) the PNIPAAm is hydrated and extended and inhibits transport of analytes; at higher temperatures (e.g., 50°C) it is hydrophobic and is collapsed within the pore network, thus allowing solute diffusion into or out of the mesoporous silica. The transition form hydrophilic to hydrophobic state on polymer grafted mesoporous membranes was determined by contact angle measurements. This work has implications for the development of materials for the selective control of transport of molecular solutes in a variety of applications.
Patient Dumping in the Hospital Emergency Department: Renewed Interest in an Old Problem
- Lisa M. Enfield, David P. Sklar
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- Journal:
- American Journal of Law & Medicine / Volume 13 / Issue 4 / 1988
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 February 2021, pp. 561-595
- Print publication:
- 1988
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Alarm about the adverse effects of transferring emergency patients for economic reasons has resulted in federal legislation aimed at curbing the practice. We review the history of common law hospital liability for denial of emergency care and analyze the federal legislation designed to restrict the transfer of medically indigent patients with emergency problems. We conclude that the currently proposed solutions to patient dumping will have limited effectiveness without more specific incentives for the provision of health care to the medically indigent.
Casualty Patterns in Disasters
- David P. Sklar
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- Journal:
- Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine / Volume 3 / Issue 1 / 1987
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 June 2012, pp. 49-51
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- 1987
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This brief examination of casualty patterns suggests that differences may exist in the numbers of immediately dead and critical patients, depending on the nature of the disaster. More data must be collected from future disasters to more accurately define relationships between critical patients and total numbers injured. Such characterization is essential for hospital disaster planning because critical patients require great resources and optimal hospital functioning.
Knowledge of casualty patterns can make disaster planning more practical, disaster drills more realistic, and disasters less disastrous.
New Thinking about the Marker, 1896–1904: Some American Economists on Investment and the Theory of Surplus Captial
- Carl P. Parrini, Martin J. Sklar
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Economic History / Volume 43 / Issue 3 / September 1983
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 March 2009, pp. 559-578
- Print publication:
- September 1983
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Some neglected turn-of-the century American economists, who influenced or participated in the formation of U.S. foreign policy, argued that modern capitalism tended toward recurrent crises as a result of oversaving and surplus capital. These economists held that the construction of an international investment system offered a partial solution to the surplus-capital problem. Focusing on China, U.S. foreign policy at the outset of the twentieth century sought to install the gold-exchange standard in monetary relations between industrial and nonindustrial countries as a condition of such an international investment system.