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Clinical diagnosis of Lewy body dementia
- Ajenthan Surendranathan, Joseph P. M. Kane, Allison Bentley, Sally A. H. Barker, John-Paul Taylor, Alan J. Thomas, Louise M. Allan, Richard J. McNally, Peter W. James, Ian G. McKeith, David J. Burn, John T. O'Brien
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Open / Volume 6 / Issue 4 / July 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 June 2020, e61
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Background
Lewy body dementia, consisting of both dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), is considerably under-recognised clinically compared with its frequency in autopsy series.
AimsThis study investigated the clinical diagnostic pathways of patients with Lewy body dementia to assess if difficulties in diagnosis may be contributing to these differences.
MethodWe reviewed the medical notes of 74 people with DLB and 72 with non-DLB dementia matched for age, gender and cognitive performance, together with 38 people with PDD and 35 with Parkinson's disease, matched for age and gender, from two geographically distinct UK regions.
ResultsThe cases of individuals with DLB took longer to reach a final diagnosis (1.2 v. 0.6 years, P = 0.017), underwent more scans (1.7 v. 1.2, P = 0.002) and had more alternative prior diagnoses (0.8 v. 0.4, P = 0.002), than the cases of those with non-DLB dementia. Individuals diagnosed in one region of the UK had significantly more core features (2.1 v. 1.5, P = 0.007) than those in the other region, and were less likely to have dopamine transporter imaging (P < 0.001). For patients with PDD, more than 1.4 years prior to receiving a dementia diagnosis: 46% (12 of 26) had documented impaired activities of daily living because of cognitive impairment, 57% (16 of 28) had cognitive impairment in multiple domains, with 38% (6 of 16) having both, and 39% (9 of 23) already receiving anti-dementia drugs.
ConclusionsOur results show the pathway to diagnosis of DLB is longer and more complex than for non-DLB dementia. There were also marked differences between regions in the thresholds clinicians adopt for diagnosing DLB and also in the use of dopamine transporter imaging. For PDD, a diagnosis of dementia was delayed well beyond symptom onset and even treatment.
A first absolute chronology for Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age Myanmar: new AMS 14C dates from Nyaung'gan and Oakaie
- Thomas Oliver Pryce, Aung Aung Kyaw, Myo Min Kyaw, Tin Tin Win, Thu Thu Win, Khin Htwe Win, May Myat Mon, Mar Mar Aye, Su Hlaing Htay, Aye Aye Mar, Bérénice Bellina, R. Alexander Bentley, Louis Champion, Camille Colonna, Amanda J. Cook, Aude Favereau, Dorian Q Fuller, Cloé Georjon, Charles Higham, Kalayar Myat Myat Htwe, Yoshiyuki Iizuka, Jitlada Innanchai, Clémence Le Meur, Xavier Peixoto, Peter Petchey, Ron Pinhasi, Baptiste Pradier, Frédérique Valentin, Anna Willis, Antoine Zazzo
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Late prehistoric archaeological research in Myanmar is in a phase of rapid expansion. Recent work by the Mission Archéologique Française au Myanmar aims to establish a reliable Neolithic to Iron Age culture-historical sequence, which can then be compared to surrounding regions of Southeast Asia. Excavations at Nyaung'gan and Oakaie in central Myanmar have provided 52 new AMS dates, which allow the creation of Myanmar's first reliable prehistoric radiometric chronology. They have also identified the Neolithic to Bronze Age transition in central Myanmar, which is of critical importance in understanding long-range interactions at the national, regional and inter-regional level. This research provides the first significant step towards placing late prehistoric Myanmar in its global context.
Notes on Contributors
- Edited by Len Platt, Goldsmiths, University of London, Sara Upstone, Kingston University, Surrey
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- Postmodern Literature and Race
- Published online:
- 05 February 2015
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- 19 February 2015, pp vii-xii
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Glacial geomorphology and cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al exposure ages in the northern Dufek Massif, Weddell Sea embayment, Antarctica
- Dominic A. Hodgson, Michael J. Bentley, Christoph Schnabel, Andreas Cziferszky, Peter Fretwell, Peter Convey, Sheng Xu
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- Antarctic Science / Volume 24 / Issue 4 / 17 July 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 April 2012, pp. 377-394
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We studied the glacial geomorphology and geochronology of two ice-free valleys in the Dufek Massif (Antarctic Specially Protected Area 119) providing new constraints on past ice sheet thickness in the Weddell Sea embayment. 10Be and 26Al cosmogenic surface exposure dating provided chronological control. Seven glacial stages are proposed. These include an alpine glaciation, with subsequent (mid-Miocene?) over-riding by a warm-based ice sheet. Subsequent advances are marked by a series of minor drift deposits at 760 m altitude at > 1 Ma, followed by at least two later ice sheet advances that are characterized by extensive drift sheet deposition. An advance of plateau ice field outlet glaciers from the south postdated these drift sheets. The most recent advance involved the cold-based expansion of the ice sheet from the north at the Last Glacial Maximum, or earlier, which deposited a series of bouldery moraines during its retreat. This suggests at most a relatively modest expansion of the ice sheet and outlet glaciers dominated by a lateral ice expansion of just 2–3 km and maintaining a thickness similar to that of the northern ice sheet front. These observations are consistent with other reports of modest ice sheet thickening around the Weddell Sea embayment during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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DIVISION XII / COMMISSION 5 / WORKING GROUP VIRTUAL OBSERVATORIES, DATA CENTERS & NETWORKS
- Robert J. Hanisch, Beatriz Barbuy, Robert D. Bentley, Piero Benvenuti, Daniel Egret, Toshio Fukushima, Françoise Genova, Preben J. Grosbol, George Helou, Raymond P. Norris, Peter Quinn
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- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 4 / Issue T27A / December 2008
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- 01 December 2008, p. 369
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- December 2008
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The Working Group Virtual Observatories, Data Centers, and Networks was established under Commission 5 at the Prague General Assembly in 2006. The purpose of the WG is to provide IAU oversight of the activities of the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA, <www.ivoa.net/>), to encourage data centers and other data providers to archive and publish data according to IVOA standards, and to help assure that astronomical research facilities are electronically linked with current network technologies. The WG coordinates activities closely with the WG-FITS, as the IVOA uses FITS as its primary format for binary data exchange, and the WG on Astronomical Data.
Frontmatter
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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2 - Comparative morphology of the endocrine tissues
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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- 11 June 1998, pp 15-64
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Summary
Endocrine glands and tissues display a diversity in their gross morphological and histological patterns. This is particularly apparent when comparing species from phyletically distant groups. In some instances the physiological significance of these differences has been recognized but in most this is not so and may be related to the initial pattern of embryonic growth. If, however, one intuitively suspects a close relationship between structure and function, then the lack of a known correlation may merely reflect our ignorance.
The endocrines may display several different types of morphological Variation (see, for instance, Pang and Schreibman, 1986; Matsumoto and Ishii, 1992). The positions of the endocrine glands in the body may not be the same. The Variation can be of a minor nature, such as that seen with the ultimobranchial bodies, which can be situated near the heart or the thyroid gland. In some fish, however, thyroid tissue may vary in position from the branchial region to the kidney. Endocrine cells may show varying degrees of association and be scattered as individual cells, in small segments, or “islets.” or be closely associated as a compact gland enclosed in a capsule. Such aggregation of an endocrine tissue is commonly seen as one ascends the evolutionary (or the phyletic) scale. In addition, different endocrine tissues may display diverse associations with each other, as for instance the conglomeration of chromaffin and interrenal (or adrenocortical) tissue in the adrenal gland. Their relationship to the neural and vascular tissues can be very important. Pituitary tissues usually cannot function properly if they are transplanted to other parts of the body (ectopic transplant) or if the small blood vessels between the gland and the brain are cut. The major blood vessels not only carry hormones away from endocrine tissues but also supply them with nutrients and Controlling Stimuli. The pattern of the vasculature within the gland can also be important for its correct functioning.
The types of cell that make up an endocrine gland are, not surprisingly, similar in homologous glands among the vertebrates. Such similarities, as reflected by their microscopic anatomy (size, shape, the presence of inclusions, granules, etc.) and their reactions with dyes (tinctorial relationships), serve to aid in their identification. Antibodies to specific hormones are used to identify the cells where they are formed.
9 - Hormones and reproduction
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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- 11 June 1998, pp 379-456
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Summary
The reproductive process is not essential for the life of the individual, though it may make it more interesting, but it is necessary for the perpetuation of the species. In many so-called lower forms of life, reproduction may be an asexual process. A notable disadvantage of this type of reproduction is a diminution in the chances of genetic variability, and the transmission of such inherited changes to other individuals, so that evolutionary adaptation is hampered. Reproduction is a complex process and this is especially true in species that occupy environments where the conditions are variable and large physicochemical changes occur. The young, developing animal is not usually as adaptable as the adult to such changes in the environment, and so must either be protected from these deviations by the parents or be produced on occasions that are most suitable to its more limited physiological capabilities. In vertebrates both conditions usually prevail; the embryo may develop to a quite advanced stage before becoming independent of the parent and it is usually produced during a season when such conditions as the temperature and food and water supply are favorable.
Reproduction in vertebrates, therefore, involves considerable physiological coordination. The sexual process that requires the union of the sperm and ova necessitates complex physiological, social, and morphological arrangements to ensure that these gametes each ripen at a similar time, and that the two sexes then meet and effect their union. The growth and differentiation of the fertilized egg often involve complex parental care, which may occur in utero, within the parent itself, or in an egg that is specially produced to meet the potential needs of the embryo. Care of the young often continues for a period of time following such initial development in the egg or in utero. The foregoing events may not be possible, or successfully accomplished, except during certain seasons of the year when the conditions are favorable.
In vertebrates, the coordination of all the processes outlined above involves hormones and the degree of complexity in their actions directly reflects the intricacies of the reproductive processes in a particular species. The endocrine control of reproduction in humans is therefore more involved than in a jawless fish, like the lamprey.
Index
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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References
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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1 - Introduction
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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Summary
The book describes a method of transferring Information within vertebrates. Such communication is necessary in order to coordinate physiological processes with each other and to the happenings in the external environment. Even unicellular organisms synchronize their various internal life processes. In such small creatures, however, local accumulations of metabolites may exert a direct control on biochemical reactions, whereas external Stimuli have relatively widespread effects so that specialized pathways for communication may not be as necessary. Therefore, when the distances involved are short, physical processes such as conduction, convection, and diffusion may be adequate for the integration of the physiological processes. Nevertheless, even unicellular organisms possess specific coordinating Systems such as that seen in the protozoan Tetrahymena (Blum, 1967), which possesses epinephrine. This hormone has similar metabolic actions in this protozoan to those that it has in vertebrates.
The problems of communication and coordination are greater in multicellular than in unicellular organisms. There are several reasons for this, especially their larger size. As the linear distances between the different parts of an animal increase, simple physical Communications become relatively slower and less precise, and so not as effective. In multicellular organisms, the cells are usually specialized and perform different functions that, in combination, are essential for the animal's life. Thus, some tissues may be concerned with the formation of reproductive germ cells, several others with the preparation of suitable nutritive materials, and yet others with building morphological structures. The ultimate successful completion of these processes will be determined by the effectiveness of the communication between the tissues themselves and the external environment.
The transfer of information in animals
There are three principal ways by which cells in multicellular organisms can communicate with each other. First, when they are in close juxtaposition and are only separated by narrow fluid-filled Spaces, direct electrical and chemical interactions can occur. Cells also maintain some structural connections with each other and secrete Special excitants by which they may also communicate.
3 - The chemical structure, polymorphism, and evolution of hormones
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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In a mammal the endocrine glands secrete more than 40 distinct hormones. In addition, different species may form many hormones that although structurally analogous nevertheless display chemical differences. Such natural variants are usually characteristic of a single species and represent a polymorphism of the excitant's molecular structure. This change has a genetic basis. It may only be the Substitution of a single amino acid residue in the molecule of a peptide hormone or it may be much more extensive. The biological effects of such differences can be considerable or negligible.
Vertebrate hormones belong to two principal classes of chemical compound. Some are made from cholesterol. These are the steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex and the gonads. The others are made up of amino acids and range in complexity from those, like epinephrine, that are derived from a single tyrosine molecule, to others like the pituitary growth hormone that contain about 190 such units. The molecular weights can vary from about 200 to 30 000.
What properties do these molecules have that make them suitable to be hormones? What characteristics may be important for their utilization as such? Armed with considerable hindsight about endocrine physiology some answers can be offered. The basic requirements will not be the same for all hormones but will depend on what they do. The steroid hormones are poorly soluble in water but readily soluble in lipids. This will facilitate their penetration into the cell and fixation at intracellular sites. Such lipid solubility will also be important if a hormone is to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Transport in the blood is essential for a hormone to fulfill its physiological role so that, if they are hydrophobic molecules, they must either be effective at very low concentrations or be attachable to protein components that carry them to their sites of action. This binding is especially prominent among the steroid and thyroid hormones but also may involve proteinaceous hormones. An ability to interact with other biological molecules is also important for “triggering” the excitant effects of hormones.
4 - The life historyof hormones
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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The use of hormones for the purpose of coordination involves a complex series of physiological events. Such a life history begins with the formation of the excitant by the endocrine glands and concludes with the response of a target, or effector tissue, and the hormone's ultimate destruction or its excretion from the body. The events that determine the action of a hormone are shown in Fig. 4.1. This basic pattern persists throughout the vertebrates, though, as will be described, certain differences exist.
The formation of hormones
Although the formation of all hormones is determined at the genetic level, it can be either a relatively direct translational procedure or, alternatively, occur as a result of the prior formation of enzymes that mediate synthesis. Enzymes are also involved in the former process, however.
The synthesis and processing of hormones
Hormones, like other proteins, are synthesized by the process of DNA transcription to produce RNA, followed by translation into a primary protein that may be subsequently modified to produce a mature hormone (see, for instance, Andrews, Brayton, and Dixon, 1987; Conlon, 1989). Such processes occur in the endocrine glands but may exhibit differences depending on the particular type of cell where the gene is being expressed. Thus, the products of the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) genes are different in the pars distalis and pars intermedia in the pituitary. The glucagon gene also produces different polypeptides when it is expressed in the pancreatic A-cells and the intestinal L-cells. Different species may also process hormone precursor proteins differently and contribute to the diversity of the endocrine System. The primary RNA transcript of the genomic DNA is spliced to remove introns, cleaved, and polyadenylated, resulting in the formation of mature mRNA. Such splicing can, however, follow more than one pattern (“alternate splicing”) to produce multiple mRNA species encoding different polypeptides. For instance, the calcitonin gene can produce calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (Chapter 3). The translation of the nudeotide sequence of the mRNA occurs on the ribosomes. The N-terminal signal sequences of amino acids targets the nascent polypeptides to the endoplasmic reticulum during the translation process in preparation for the hormone's secretion. Cleavage of the signal peptide in the endoplasmic reticulum converts the preprohormone to the prohormone.
8 - Hormones and osmoregulation
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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About 70% of the body weight of animals is water, in which is dissolved a variety of solutes, the presence of many of which is vital for life. Within the body, the Solutions inside the cells differ from those that bathe the outside, and the composition of each of these Solutions must be maintained so as to provide an environment with an electrolyte content and osmotic concentration suitable for life. These intra- and extracellular fluids provide the framework in which life exists.
The physiochemical properties of the body fluids in animals usually differ greatly from those of their external environment. Animals continually suffer exposure to the whims of the exoteric conditions and this will tend to change the composition of their body fluids. In addition, although the intra- and extracellular fluids have identical osmotic concentrations, there are qualitative differences in the solutes they contain, and equilibration, through diffusion, will tend to occur. Such animals, however, maintain the gradients between their body fluids and the environment, an equilibrium that is maintained as a result of a complex pattern of physiological events. These processes involve the cells, and Special tissues and organs that are concerned with osmoregulation. The integration of the functions of these homeostatic tissues relies largely on hormones. The nervous System makes little direct contribution to such regulatory processes, though at the cellular level itself considerable autoregulation, independent of hormones, exists. Hormones do ultimately influence some cellular processes, of course, but they generally appear to do this in effector tissues like the kidney, gills, and gut, which are especially concerned with the overall osmoregulation of the animal. For a more complete account of the role of hormones in osmoregulation the book by Bentley (1971) and the more recent compendium collected by Pang and Schreibman (1987) could be consulted. Animals occupy diverse osmotic environments; the major ones are the sea, fresh water, such as rivers and lakes, and dry land. Differences exist between the availability of water and salts within these environments and this is particularly apparent to animals that lead a terrestrial life. Water may be relatively freely available to some terrestrial species that live in areas where rainfall is high, and lakes, ponds, and rivers exist in close proximity to where they live.
List of abbreviations
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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5 - Hormones and nutrition
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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Animals require a continual supply of food in order to sustain life. Such nutrients, in the first instance, are obtained from the external environment. These materials are used as an energy supply, as building blocks for growth and reproduction, and also as a source of certain essential chemicals necessary to the adequate functioning of the metabolic machinery in the body. The processes involved are therefore basic to life and are regulated to a considerable extent by hormones.
The foods that animals obtain from the environments where they live are usually chemically far more complex than can be used by their cells. The original nutrients are transformed in the body into compounds that may sometimes be immediately metabolized by the cells, or they may be converted into substances that can be stored for subsequent transformation into such compounds.
Hormones play an important role in regulating the interconversions of nutrients to metabolic Substrates and their stored forms. The endocrine secretions may help to regulate the levels of nutrients by contributing to the control of their absorption from the gut, their levels in the blood, the nature and rate of their storage, their release from tissues, and their assembly into the structural elements of the body.
Animals lead diverse lives in a plethora of environmental conditions. The definitive metabolic processes are basically similar in all animals and lead to the utilization of ATP, for the supply of energy, and the building of cells. Nevertheless, the physiological processes leading to these accomplishments may differ considerably. Such processes are dictated by numerous circumstances and events.
The chemical nature of the foodstuffs that animals obtain from their environments may differ greatly. In their feeding habits, animals may be carnivorous, herbivorous, or omnivorous. Even within these categories considerable differences exist in the types of food animals eat. Some animals may feed principally on invertebrates such as insects, molluscs, and worms that live in terrestrial, fresh water, or marine environments. Other animals feed on vertebrates. Plants from equally diverse situations are also used for food.
7 - Hormones and the integument
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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The skin and gills of vertebrates constitute the major external interface between the animal and its environment. This integument is physiologically and anatomically a very important tissue that exhibits considerable diversity reflecting the differences that exist in the physiochemical gradients between the vertebrates and their environments (Bereiter-Hahn, Matoltsy, and Richards, 1986). The integument may, therefore, play a role in the animal's osmoregulation, thermoregulation, and respiration. In addition, the integument provides signs and signals that can promote social and sexual contact and can help the animal to blend in with its surroundings and so protect it from predators, or help it catch its food. Of primary importance is the skin's role as an integumental skeleton by which it contains the animal in a condition that facilitates its locomotion. The relative importance of these various roles of the integument varies in different species and the structure varies accordingly also.
In fishes and larval amphibians, the gills, which function as organs of respiration, make up a large part of the animal's external surface. Exchanges of oxygen and carbon dioxide readily occur across these highly vascularized tissues, which are also the sites of considerable movements of water and salts. Many fishes contain Special cells in their gills and skin called “chloride cells” or ionocytes, which are the site for active extrusion of salts. The endocrine control mechanisms influencing the permeability of the gills are described in Chapter 8.
The skin is the major nonbranchial interface between the animal and its environment. In its simplest form, the skin consists of two major layers of tissue: an outer epidermis, which has several strata of cells, and an inner dermis. However, such a simple arrangement does not exist in nature, as various other structures are also included in the skin that modify its properties. These structures indude scales, hair, feathers, pigment cells, secretory glands, and certain sense organs. Such accessories contribute to the particular physiological properties exhibited in the integument of each species.
Dedication
- Peter J. Bentley, University of Western Australia, Perth
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- Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
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Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology
- 3rd edition
- Peter J. Bentley
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The third edition of this popular textbook retains the successful format of previous editions, dealing with the nature, actions and roles of hormones among vertebrate animals. Special emphasis is placed on the evolution and origins of hormones and their receptors, on the role of hormones in the physiological coordination of vertebrates, and on dealing with each endocrine process in the context of the organism's physiology, ecology and evolution. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology discusses the intimate physiology of the endocrine system and the pivotal role of hormones in coordinating basic body processes such as nutrition, reproduction, calcium metabolism and osmoregulation, as well as their contributions to animal coloration, molting and development. The species included range from lower chordates through to mammals, including marsupials.