17 results
Ethnic disparities in multi-morbidity in women of reproductive age in the UK: a data linkage study
- R. Catalao, M. Ashworth, S. Hatch, L. Howard
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 65 / Issue S1 / June 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 2022, pp. S597-S598
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Introduction
Few studies have explored ethnic inequalities in physical and mental health in women at preconception.
ObjectivesExplore inequalities in multimorbidity in women of reproductive age.
MethodsData from Lambeth DataNet, anonymized primary care records of this ethnically diverse London borough, linked to anonymized electronic mental health records (“CRIS secondary care database”) were extracted on preconception risk factors including BMI, smoking, alcohol, substance misuse, micronutrient deficiencies and physical health diagnoses for women aged 15-40 with an episode of secondary mental health care (January 2008-December 2018) and no pregnancy codes (n=3,633) and a 4:1 age-matched comparison cohort (n=14,532) .
ResultsWomen in contact with mental health services (whether with or without SMI diagnoses) had a higher prevalence of all risk factors and physical health diagnoses studied after adjustment for deprivation and ethnicity. Women from minority ethnic groups [79.5% of total sample] were less likely to be diagnosed with depression in primary care compared to White British women [adj OR 0.66 (0.55- 0.79) p<0.001] and Black women were more likely to have a severe mental illness [adj OR 3.41(2.63-4.43), p<0.001]. Black and Asian women were less likely to smoke or misuse substances and more likely to be vitaminD deficient. Black women were also significantly more likely to be overweight [adj OR 4.56(3.96-5.24 p <0.001] and have two or more physical health conditions [adj OR 2.98(2.19-4.07) p<0.001] than White British women after adjustment for deprivation and SMI diagnoses.
ConclusionsOur results highlight a need for culturally centered integrative models of care across primary and secondary mental health services.
DisclosureClosing the Gap is funded by UK Research and Innovation and their support is gratefully acknowledged (Grant reference: ES/S004459/1). Any views expressed here are those of the project investigators and do not necessarily represent the views of the Closing
Garnet zoning and re-equilibration in the Strontian area, Scotland
- I. M. Tyler, J. R. Ashworth
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- Journal:
- Mineralogical Magazine / Volume 44 / Issue 335 / September 1981
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 July 2018, pp. 293-300
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In Moinian metasediments regionally metamorphosed to sillimanite grade, garnet has subsequently been re-equilibrated in the inner (cordierite-potash feldspar) zone of the aureole of the Strontian Granodiorite. Zoning profiles of garnet from the aureole, and from surrounding regional assemblages, show retrograde Mnrich rims. Some regional garnets are also internally zoned. In the aureole as a whole, the partition measure for Fe and Mg between garnet and biotite shows a correlation with that for Ca between garnet and plagioclase. If interpreted in terms of a simple equilibrium model, this might suggest that pressure decreased with increasing temperature towards the granodiorite, but the trend can more plausibly be attributed to deviation from ideal solid-solution behaviour of Ca in garnet and plagioclase, with incomplete homogenization of garnet as a complicating factor in the outer parts of the aureole. From the difference in the temperature thresholds for garnet core equilibration, the timescale t2 of the thermal event relative to the regional t1 is estimated as t2/t1 ≅ 10−1.1±0.7, consistent with emplacement of the intrusion at an early stage of regional cooling.
Mineral chemistry of regional chloritoid assemblages in the Chlorite Zone, Lycian Nappes, South-west Turkey
- J. R. Ashworth, M. M. Evirgen
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- Journal:
- Mineralogical Magazine / Volume 48 / Issue 347 / June 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 July 2018, pp. 159-165
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In the Ören area at the base of the Lycian Nappes, chloritoid is common on a regional scale. Mn and inferred Fe3+ contents are low. Chloritoid + quartz occur rather than the more hydrous equivalent pyrophyllite + chlorite, Fe/(Fe + Mg) values in chlorite ranging down to 0·27. Calcite and dolomite, which coexist with chloritoid and pyrophyllite, give a temperature estimate of 350± 30°C, implying moderate to high activities of water for pyrophyllite stability. Muscovite-paragonite geothermometry is unreliable. Mg/Fe distribution coefficients between chloritoid and chlorite differ systematically from literature values from higher grades (biotite and garnet zones). Intensity of colour in chloritoid correlates with inferred Fe3+ content, which decreases outwards in grains showing prograde growth zoning.
Omega-3 (ω-3) and social skills interventions for reactive aggression and childhood externalizing behavior problems: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled, factorial trial
- Adrian Raine, Rebecca P. Ang, Olivia Choy, Joseph R. Hibbeln, Ringo M-H. Ho, Choon Guan Lim, Nikki S. J. Lim-Ashworth, Shichun Ling, Jean C. J. Liu, Yoon Phaik Ooi, Yi Ren Tan, Daniel S. S. Fung
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 49 / Issue 2 / January 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 May 2018, pp. 335-344
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Background
While studies suggest that nutritional supplementation may reduce aggressive behavior in children, few have examined their effects on specific forms of aggression. This study tests the primary hypothesis that omega-3 (ω-3), both alone and in conjunction with social skills training, will have particular post-treatment efficacy for reducing childhood reactive aggression relative to baseline.
MethodsIn this randomized, double-blind, stratified, placebo-controlled, factorial trial, a clinical sample of 282 children with externalizing behavior aged 7–16 years was randomized into ω-3 only, social skills only, ω-3 + social skills, and placebo control groups. Treatment duration was 6 months. The primary outcome measure was reactive aggression collected at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, with antisocial behavior as a secondary outcome.
ResultsChildren in the ω-3-only group showed a short-term reduction (at 3 and 6 months) in self-report reactive aggression, and also a short-term reduction in overall antisocial behavior. Sensitivity analyses and a robustness check replicated significant interaction effects. Effect sizes (d) were small, ranging from 0.17 to 0.31.
ConclusionsFindings provide some initial support for the efficacy of ω-3 in reducing reactive aggression over and above standard care (medication and parent training), but yield only preliminary and limited support for the efficacy of ω-3 in reducing overall externalizing behavior in children. Future studies could test further whether ω-3 shows promise in reducing more reactive, impulsive forms of aggression.
High performance computing and computational aerodynamics in the UK
- D. R. Emerson, A. J. Sunderland, M. Ashworth, K. J. Badcock
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- Journal:
- The Aeronautical Journal / Volume 111 / Issue 1117 / March 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 February 2016, pp. 125-131
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The establishment of the UK Applied Aerodynamics Consortium in 2004 brought together many of the UK’s leading research groups to tackle challenging aerodynamic problems on the national computing facility, HPCx. This paper provides a brief history of some early pioneers of numerical simulation and highlights some key contributions to development in parallel processing that laid the foundations for today’s researchers. The transition from vector to massively parallel processing is discussed from a UK viewpoint along with technological barriers that could have a significant impact on future systems. Solutions to these barriers are already being sought and the paper discussed some of the novel technologies that may be deployed in the future. In its short history, the consortium has made substantial progress and this is briefly discussed with several highlights that illustrate the scientific output. Although a number of challenges are identified, particularly with respect to developing a comprehensive visualisation capability, the consortium is well placed to build upon its initial success.
Prediction of acoustic resonance phenomena for weapon bays using detached eddy simulation
- R. M. Ashworth
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- Journal:
- The Aeronautical Journal / Volume 109 / Issue 1102 / December 2005
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- 03 February 2016, pp. 631-638
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It is argued that acoustic resonance phenomena in open cavities such as weapons bays cannot be adequately predicted through numerical solution of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The requirement to resolve the growth of the shear layer instability from the lip of the cavity inevitably implies that turbulence further downstream is resolved while also being modelled thus making RANS over dissipative. Large eddy simulation (LES) models only unresolved scales and a hybrid method combining RANS near walls with LES in the cavity appears a practical alternative to pure RANS. This paper compares computations of the M219 cavity configuration made with unsteady RANS and with the hybrid method known as detached eddy simulation (DES). It is shown that whilst unsteady RANS and DES give very similar predictions for the 1st and 3rd modes of the acoustic resonance the 2nd mode (which is dominant near the centre of the cavity) is absent in the RANS results but well predicted by DES. The 2nd mode is thought to arise from an interaction with vortical structures in the shear layer which are suppressed in the highly dissipative RANS method. The 4th mode, which is much weaker than the other three modes, is over-predicted by DES and under-predicted by a smaller amount in RANS.
Contributors
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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High-nitrate vegetable diet increases plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduces blood pressure in healthy women
- Ann Ashworth, Klaus Mitchell, Jamie R Blackwell, Anni Vanhatalo, Andrew M Jones
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- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 18 / Issue 14 / October 2015
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 February 2015, pp. 2669-2678
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Objective
Epidemiological studies suggest that green leafy vegetables, which are high in dietary nitrate, are protective against CVD such as stroke. High blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for stroke and inorganic nitrate has been shown to reduce BP. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that diets containing high-nitrate (HN) vegetables would increase plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduce BP in healthy women.
DesignA randomized, crossover trial, where participants received HN vegetables (HN diet) or avoided HN vegetables (Control diet) for 1 week. Before and after each intervention, resting BP and plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured.
SettingUniversity of Exeter, UK.
SubjectsNineteen healthy women (mean age 20 (sd 2) years; mean BMI 22·5 (sd 3·8) kg/m2).
ResultsThe HN diet significantly increased plasma nitrate concentration (before HN diet: mean 24·4 (sd 5·6) µmol/l; after HN diet: mean 61·0 (sd 44·1) µmol/l, P<0·05) and plasma nitrite concentration (before HN diet: mean 98 (sd 91) nmol/l; after HN diet: mean 185 (sd 34) nmol/l, P<0·05). No significant change in plasma nitrate or nitrite concentration was observed after the Control diet. The HN diet significantly reduced resting systolic BP (before HN diet: mean 107 (sd 9) mmHg; after HN diet: mean 103 (sd 6) mmHg, P<0·05). No significant change in systolic BP was observed after the Control diet (before Control diet: mean 106 (sd 8) mmHg; after Control diet: mean 106 (sd 8) mmHg).
ConclusionsConsumption of HN vegetables significantly increased plasma nitrate and nitrite concentrations and reduced BP in normotensive women.
Contributors
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- By Yasir Abu-Omar, Matthew E. Atkins, Joseph E. Arrowsmith, Alan Ashworth, Rubia Baldassarri, Craig R. Bailey, David J. Barron, Christiana C. Burt, David Cardone, Coralie Carle, Jose Coddens, Alan M. Cohen, Simon Colah, Sarah Conolly, David J. Daly, Helen M. Daly, Stefan G. De Hert, Ravi J. De Silva, Mark Dougherty, John J. Dunning, Maros Elsik, Betsy Evans, Florian Falter, Nigel Farnum, Jens Fassl, Juliet E. Foweraker, Simon P. Fynn, Andrew I. Gardner, Margaret I. Gillham, Martin J. Goddard, Maximilien J. Gourdin, Jon Graham, Stephen J. Gray, Cameron Graydon, Fabio Guarracino, Roger M. O. Hall, Michael Haney, Charles W. Hogue, Ben W. Howes, Bevan Hughes, Siân I. Jaggar, David P. Jenkins, Jörn Karhausen, Todd Kiefer, Khalid Khan, Andrew A. Klein, John D. Kneeshaw, Andrew C. Knowles, Catherine V. Koffel, R. Clive Landis, Trevor W. R. Lee, Clive J. Lewis, Jonathan H. Mackay, Amod Manocha, Jonathan B. Mark, Sarah Marstin, William T. McBride, Kenneth H. McKinlay, Alan F. Merry, Berend Mets, Britta Millhoff, Kevin P. Morris, Samer A. M. Nashef, Andrew Neitzel, Stephane Noble, Rabi Panigrahi, Barbora Parizkova, J. M. Tom Pierce, Mihai V. Podgoreanu, Hans-Joachim Priebe, Paul Quinton, C. Ramaswamy Rajamohan, Doris M. Rassl, Tom Rawlings, Fiona E. Reynolds, Andrew J. Richardson, David Riddington, Andrew Roscoe, Paul H. M. Sadleir, Ving Yuen See Tho, Herve Schlotterbeck, Maura Screaton, Shitalkumar Shah, Harjot Singh, Jon H. Smith, M. L. Srikanth, Yeewei W. Teo, Kamen P. Valchanov, Jean-Pierre van Besouw, Isabeau A. Walker, Stephen T. Webb, Francis C. Wells, John Whitbread, Charles Willmott, Patrick Wouters
- Edited by Jonathan H. Mackay, Joseph E. Arrowsmith
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- Book:
- Core Topics in Cardiac Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 April 2012
- Print publication:
- 15 March 2012, pp x-xiii
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Neural response to angry and disgusted facial expressions in bulimia nervosa
- F. Ashworth, A. Pringle, R. Norbury, C. J. Harmer, P. J. Cowen, M. J. Cooper
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- Psychological Medicine / Volume 41 / Issue 11 / November 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 May 2011, pp. 2375-2384
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Background
Processing emotional facial expressions is of interest in eating disorders (EDs) as impairments in recognizing and understanding social cues might underlie the interpersonal difficulties experienced by these patients. Disgust and anger are of particular theoretical and clinical interest. The current study investigated the neural response to facial expressions of anger and disgust in bulimia nervosa (BN).
MethodParticipants were 12 medication-free women with BN in an acute episode (mean age 24 years), and 16 age-, gender- and IQ-matched healthy volunteers (HVs). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine neural responses to angry and disgusted facial expressions.
ResultsCompared with HVs, patients with BN had a decreased neural response in the precuneus to facial expressions of both anger and disgust and a decreased neural response to angry facial expressions in the right amygdala.
ConclusionsThe neural response to emotional facial expressions in BN differs from that found in HVs. The precuneus response may be consistent with the application of mentalization theory to EDs, and the amygdala response with relevant ED theory. The findings are preliminary, but novel, and require replication in a larger sample.
Ethnic isolation and psychosis: re-examining the ethnic density effect
- P. Schofield, M. Ashworth, R. Jones
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 41 / Issue 6 / June 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 22 September 2010, pp. 1263-1269
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Background
Elevated incidence of psychotic illness has been consistently shown among migrant populations. Ethnic density, the proportion of an ethnic group in a defined area, is cited as one factor with a reduced risk of psychosis where ethnicity is shared. However, UK studies have shown mixed results. We set out to re-examine the ethnic density effect at a greater level of geographic detail than previous studies.
MethodUsing a large sample of patient records from general practitioners in South East London, we were able to assess neighbourhood factors at the detailed lower super output area level. This comprises, on average, 1500 people compared with around 6000 per ward, the measure used in previous studies. We compared black (Afro-Caribbean) and white psychosis incidence by neighbourhood ethnic density over a 10-year period.
ResultsWe found a clear negative association between ethnic density and psychosis incidence. In neighbourhoods where black people comprised more than 25% of the population, there was no longer a statistically significant ethnic difference in psychosis rates. However, where black people were less well represented, their relative risk increased nearly threefold [odds ratio (OR) 2.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.89–4.39]. Furthermore, incidence rates for black people in the lowest density quintiles were over five times greater than in the most dense quintile (OR 5.24, 95% CI 1.95–14.07). However, at ward level this association was much weaker and no longer statistically significant.
ConclusionsEthnic density is inversely related to psychosis incidence at a detailed local neighbourhood level.
Outreach and Support in South London (OASIS). Outcomes of non-attenders to a service for people at high risk of psychosis: the case for a more assertive approach to assessment
- C. E. L. Green, P. K. McGuire, M. Ashworth, L. R. Valmaggia
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 41 / Issue 2 / February 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 April 2010, pp. 243-250
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Background
International agreement dictates that clients must be help-seeking before any assessment or intervention can be implemented by an ‘at-risk service’. Little is known about individuals who decline input. This study aimed to define the size of the unengaged population of an ‘at-risk service’, to compare this group to those who did engage in terms of sociodemographic and clinical features and to assess the clinical outcomes of those who did not engage with the service.
MethodGroups were compared using data collected routinely as part of the service's clinical protocol. Data on service use and psychopathology since referral to Outreach and Support in South London (OASIS) were collected indirectly from clients' general practitioners (GPs) and by screening electronic patient notes held by the local Mental Health Trust.
ResultsOver one-fifth (n=91, 21.2%) of those referred did not attend or engage with the service. Approximately half of this group subsequently received a diagnosis of mental illness. A diagnosis of psychosis was given to 22.6%. Nearly 70% presented to other mental health services. There were no demographic differences, except that those who engaged with the service were more likely to be employed.
ConclusionsOver one-fifth of those referred to services for people at high risk of psychosis do not attend or engage. However, many of this group require mental health care, and a substantial proportion has, or will later develop, psychosis. A more assertive approach to assessing individuals who are at high risk of psychosis but fail to engage may be indicated.
Garnet and associated minerals in the southern margin of the Menderes Massif, southwest Turkey
- J. R. Ashworth, M. M. Evirgen
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 121 / Issue 4 / July 1984
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 323-337
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Assemblages with muscovite + quartz show a regular increase in grade from the Chlorite Zone at the base of the Lycian Nappe Complex to the Garnet Zone within the structurally underlying Menderes Massif. Biotite enters before garnet, which precedes oligoclase. Garnet-bearing assemblages in pelites are compared with those in re-equilibrated quartzofeldspathic gneisses, where garnet is unusually calcic (in one case approaching Gross50 Alm50). Local retrograde effects are noted but no evidence is found for a polymetamorphic record in the mineral compositions. Garnet zoning, with Mn decreasing outwards, is interpreted as growth zoning; Ca decreases outwards in pelite garnets but shows the reverse effect in the gneisses. Chloritoid is common but rarely coexists with biotite, and garnet + chlorite + paragonite is found rather than chloritoid + albite. Garnet-biotite geothermometry, corrected for the effect of Ca in garnets with up to 29 mole % grossular, indicates temperatures of 530±5O°C near the garnet isograd. As in other areas, an attempt at muscovite-paragonite geothermometry gives an anomalous result. Metamorphic pressure isconsidered in the light of (i) Mn/Fe partition between garnet and biotite, (ii) Ca content of garnet coexisting with plagioclase + muscovite + biotite, (iii) Na in actinolite coexisting with albite + chlorite + magnetite, and (iv) celadonite content of muscovite which, however, shows variation due to disequilibrium within a specimen and does not provide an accurate geobarometer. Comparisons with published studies indicate a strong similarity to the Barrovian Dalradian of Scotland and lead to a tentative pressure estimate of approximately 5 kbar.
The distribution of metamorphic temperatures around the Strontian Granodiorite
- J. R. Ashworth, I. M. Tyler
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- Journal:
- Geological Magazine / Volume 120 / Issue 3 / May 1983
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 May 2009, pp. 281-290
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The Strontian Granodiorite, a ‘Newer Granite’ emplaced late in the Caledonian orogenic cycle, has an aureole which is strongly asymmetrical: the metamorphic zones are broader to the east of the intrusion than to the west. The asymmetry is attributed to a gradient in the background, regional temperatures. The muscovite-out isograd, marking completion of dehydration of muscovite + quartz to sillimanite + K feldspar (estimated temperature 645 °C), lies within 2 km of the contact on the west, whereas the cordierite isograd, due to the onset of dehydration of biotite+sillimanite+quartz (estimated temperature 690 °C) is at least 2.5 km from the contact on the east. This temperature interval of 45 °C, which is rather insensitive to small errors in the estimated pressure (preferred value 4.1 kbar), is used in a simple geometrical treatment to estimate the regional gradient in the plane of present exposure: approximately 5 °C/km in a direction 30° S of E. Because the intrusion does not appear to have been tilted, this result is regarded as an estimate of the horizontal component of the temperature gradient on the west flank of a regional thermal dome, inherited from the regional metamorphic climax and decaying on a timescale which is suggested, by radiometric data in the literature, to be ˜ 10 Ma. A tectonic origin for the perturbed regional temperature distribution (uplift of hot rocks in the east relative to colder rocks further west) is suggested by the metamorphic petrology of the region, and supported by literature data on structural movements, notably of the Sgurr Beag Slide.
Results from an experiment on permanent grass evaluating the cumulative effects of aqueous urea, injected alone or with a nitrification inhibitor, with those of ‘Nitro-Chalk’
- J. Ashworth, F. V. Widdowson, A. Penny, A. J. Gibbs, R. A. Hodgkinson, M. V. Hewitt
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 98 / Issue 1 / February 1982
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 141-155
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In an experiment on permanent grass at Rothamsted during 1975–9 fertilizer-N was applied each year either by injecting an aqueous solution of urea (supplying 250, 375 or 500 kg N/ha) in spring, or by broadcasting ‘Nitro-Chalk’ granules (supplying 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 kg N/ha) in six equal dressings for each of six cuts.
Dry-matter production was largest on plots injected with urea through knives 30 cm apart, and more N was recovered from the injected than from the broadcast applications. Aqueous urea injected at the 60 cm knife spacing nitrified more slowly and persisted in the soil longer than urea injected at 30 cm spacing; this persistence caused grass to grow more uniformly throughout the season, but yields were less. Injecting the nitrification inhibitor sodium trithiocarbonate (STC) with the aqueous urea postponed N uptake much less than doubling knife spacing, but the inhibitor substantially diminished percentage N03-N in harvested grass.
In spring 1977 individual plots were split to measure N residues. Half-plots thus received N at the specified rates, either in 4 successive years (1975–8) or in two pairs of successive years (1975 and 1976; 1978 and 1979). In 1977 urea injected in the 2 previous years gave large residual effects, which were increased by STC and also by injecting in bands 60 instead of 30 cm apart. Broadcast ‘Nitro-Chalk’ had much smaller residual effects. In 1979 residual effects of N applied in the 4 previous years were apparently small, regardless of the method of application, because clover became abundant on plots not given N.
In 1978 dry-matter production was smaller where N had been given each year during 1975–8 than where N was withheld in 1977. Analysis showed this was caused by a shortage of potassium. This effect was most pronounced where 375 or 500 kg N/ha had been injected in bands 60 cm apart.
The results showed that a single, injected application of aqueous urea increased yields of dry grass as effectively as equivalent repeated dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’.
The fractionation of the organic matter, including nitrogen, of certain soils and its relation to their quality
- M. R. F. Ashworth
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / October 1942
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- 27 March 2009, pp. 349-359
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1. The proximate analysis of a number of widely differing soil profiles has been carried out, employing a slight modification of the scheme used by Waksman and Shewan. This included a nitrogen fractionation with water and acid, similar to that of Waksman and of Shewan. It was supplemented by ammonia and nitrate estimations. The data are expressed on the basis of total organic matter.
2. The soils ranged in quality from peat and forest soils to grassland profiles. This gradation of quality was brought out by many of the figures of the proximate analysis. The better quality soils are associated with:
(a) a lower average content of fats and waxes, hemicelluloses and cellulose;
(b) a rapid decrease in cellulose with increasing depth;
(c) higher total nitrogen and various fractions, including higher ammonia and nitrate and a higher ratio of nitrate to ammonia;
Changes occurring in the organic matter during the decomposition of compost heaps
- M. R. F. Ashworth
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Agricultural Science / Volume 32 / Issue 4 / October 1942
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 27 March 2009, pp. 360-372
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1. The decomposition of the organic matter of four medium to large-scale composts has been studied by analysis of samples taken at intervals.
2. The bulk materials of the composts were grass-cuttings, oat-straw, Sphagnum peat and an Eriophorum and Sphagnum peat. All were made up to the same nutrient-content and relative water content.
3. The analytical method used was a modification of the scheme of proximate analysis used by Waksman and by Shewan. It was supplemented by ammonia and nitrate determinations, using Olsen's method.
4. Observations.
A. All composts.
(i) An increase in ammonia, water-soluble nitrogen and water-soluble organic matter took place during the first month.
(ii) Only low nitrate concentrations were developed.
(iii) Very closely parallel changes in H2SO4-soluble nitrogen and residual nitrogen were recorded.
(iv) Other nitrogen changes can be described as slight and on the whole as mutually compensating fluctuations.