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Chapter 27 - Hyperbilirubinemia and Kernicterus
- from Section 4 - Specific Conditions Associated with Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
- Edited by David K. Stevenson, Stanford University, California, William E. Benitz, Stanford University, California, Philip Sunshine, Stanford University, California, Susan R. Hintz, Stanford University, California, Maurice L. Druzin, Stanford University, California
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- Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
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- 13 December 2017
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- 21 December 2017, pp 423-430
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Chapter 40 - Extended Management Following Resuscitation
- from Section 4 - Specific Conditions Associated with Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
- Edited by David K. Stevenson, Stanford University, California, William E. Benitz, Stanford University, California, Philip Sunshine, Stanford University, California, Susan R. Hintz, Stanford University, California, Maurice L. Druzin, Stanford University, California
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- Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
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- 13 December 2017
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- 21 December 2017, pp 617-638
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Non-replication of the association between 5HTTLPR and response to psychological therapy for child anxiety disorders
- Kathryn J. Lester, Susanna Roberts, Robert Keers, Jonathan R. I. Coleman, Gerome Breen, Chloe C. Y. Wong, Xiaohui Xu, Kristian Arendt, Judith Blatter-Meunier, Susan Bögels, Peter Cooper, Cathy Creswell, Einar R. Heiervang, Chantal Herren, Sanne M. Hogendoorn, Jennifer L. Hudson, Karen Krause, Heidi J. Lyneham, Anna McKinnon, Talia Morris, Maaike H. Nauta, Ronald M. Rapee, Yasmin Rey, Silvia Schneider, Sophie C. Schneider, Wendy K. Silverman, Patrick Smith, Mikael Thastum, Kerstin Thirlwall, Polly Waite, Gro Janne Wergeland, Thalia C. Eley
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- Journal:
- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 208 / Issue 2 / February 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 182-188
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- February 2016
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Background
We previously reported an association between 5HTTLPR genotype and outcome following cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) in child anxiety (Cohort 1). Children homozygous for the low-expression short-allele showed more positive outcomes. Other similar studies have produced mixed results, with most reporting no association between genotype and CBT outcome.
AimsTo replicate the association between 5HTTLPR and CBT outcome in child anxiety from the Genes for Treatment study (GxT Cohort 2, n = 829).
MethodLogistic and linear mixed effects models were used to examine the relationship between 5HTTLPR and CBT outcomes. Mega-analyses using both cohorts were performed.
ResultsThere was no significant effect of 5HTTLPR on CBT outcomes in Cohort 2. Mega-analyses identified a significant association between 5HTTLPR and remission from all anxiety disorders at follow-up (odds ratio 0.45, P = 0.014), but not primary anxiety disorder outcomes.
ConclusionsThe association between 5HTTLPR genotype and CBT outcome did not replicate. Short-allele homozygotes showed more positive treatment outcomes, but with small, non-significant effects. Future studies would benefit from utilising whole genome approaches and large, homogenous samples.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. 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Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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21 - Correlations of clinical, laboratory, imaging, and placental findings as to the timing of asphyxial events
- from Section 3 - Diagnosis of the infant with brain injury
- Edited by David K. Stevenson, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, William E. Benitz, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Philip Sunshine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Susan R. Hintz, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Maurice L. Druzin, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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- Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
- Published online:
- 12 January 2010
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- 18 June 2009, pp 255-264
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Summary
Introduction
Following the birth of a depressed newborn, the infant's caretakers are involved in providing appropriate resuscitative techniques, stabilizing the infant's biochemical and physiological abnormalities, and evaluating the infant's response to these measures. The caretakers must also ascertain the cause of the infant's depression, attempt to determine when the event or events leading to the depression occurred, and develop a plan for follow-up evaluation and treatment that will be required. The determination of causation and timing not only has medical–legal implications, but also is becoming extremely important in order to evaluate the types of therapy that may be utilized to mitigate the effects of an asphyxial event. If the infant had suffered significant damage days or weeks prior to birth, then these rescue forms of therapy will have little, if any, beneficial effect on the infant's eventual outcome. In many situations, this determination is very difficult to make, as there may be a myriad of events that could have occurred prior to the time of birth, and overlapping of significant problems makes this exercise an almost impossible task at times.
Identification of the etiology of a cerebral injury is a critical prerequisite to the determination of its timing. For example, lactic acidemia immediately after birth and an elevated serum creatine kinase (CK) level at 24 hours of age in an infant with abnormal intensities of T1- and T2-weighted signals in the basal ganglia on MRI obtained at 2 weeks of age might point to intrapartum timing of an acute hypoxic–ischemic insult.
27 - Hyperbilirubinemia and kernicterus
- from Section 4 - Specific conditions associated with fetal and neonatal brain injury
- Edited by David K. Stevenson, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, William E. Benitz, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Philip Sunshine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Susan R. Hintz, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Maurice L. Druzin, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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- Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
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- 12 January 2010
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- 18 June 2009, pp 311-316
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Summary
Introduction
The term kernicterus was originally used to describe the deposition of bilirubin in the basal ganglia. It was first described in 1903 by Schmorl. More recently, the term has also been used in reference to the chronic and permanent clinical sequelae of bilirubin toxicity. For the acute manifestations of bilirubin toxicity, the term acute bilirubin encephalopathy or ABE has been adopted. Another acronym, BIND, has been adopted to describe any bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction. Although technically the diagnosis of kernicterus can only be confirmed at autopsy, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies may now aid in the confirmation of the diagnosis in a living child with severe jaundice. The MRI signature for kernicterus includes high signal intensity on T1-weighted (T1W) images in the globus pallidus, internal capsule, thalamus, and hippocampi (Fig. 27.1). The associated T2W images have abnormal increased signal in the globus pallidus and thalamus in the same regions as the high signal on the T1W images (Fig. 27.2). Loss of demarcation between globus pallidus, internal capsule, and the anterior thalamus was the major finding. The source of these abnormal signals has not been definitively identified, and therefore the MRI findings should not be considered diagnostic in themselves, but only consistent with the diagnosis of kernicterus in the context of severe neonatal jaundice and the acute and chronic clinical features of bilirubin toxicity (Table 27.1).
41 - Extended management following resuscitation
- from Section 5 - Management of the depressed or neurologically dysfunctional neonate
- Edited by David K. Stevenson, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, William E. Benitz, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Philip Sunshine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Susan R. Hintz, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Maurice L. Druzin, Stanford University School of Medicine, California
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- Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury
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- 12 January 2010
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- 18 June 2009, pp 470-484
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Summary
Introduction
After the initial resuscitation of an encephalopathic infant, the extended management of the patient becomes critical in order to prevent as much secondary damage as possible. There are many different management protocols that are acceptable, and it is not the intent of this chapter to review all of them used for the various conditions encountered in neonatal intensive care. Rather, we focus on the early transitional period following birth and resuscitation, during which the condition of the depressed infant can be substantially improved by expert care.
As noted in Chapters 2 and 42, the encephalopathic period involves a continuum of biologic events associated with secondary energy failure lasting up to 48–72 hours after the initial insult. These include the reperfusion period with the elaboration of oxygen free radicals and various cytokines as well as necrosis and apoptosis that then ensue. It is imperative that the extended management of these infants be carried out in an optimal fashion at a center that can provide hypothermia or other novel neuroprotective interventions that may be developed.
Unfortunately, the windows of opportunity may be short and variable depending upon the nature of the intervention, and could change as further research informs practice. Thus there is an obligation for the practitioner to be well informed about progress in the standard of care and to stay current with respect to neuroprotective strategies. Various neuroprotective mechanisms after hypoxic–ischemic injury are discussed in detail in Chapter 42.
Comparison of a picture-sort food-frequency questionnaire with 24-hour dietary recalls in an elderly Utah population
- Heidi J Wengreen, Ronald G Munger, Siew Sun Wong, Nancy A West, Richard Cutler
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 4 / Issue 5 / October 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2007, pp. 961-970
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Objective:
To evaluate the 137-item Utah Picture-sort Food-frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) in the measurement of usual dietary intake in older adults.
Design:The picture-sort FFQ was administered at baseline and again one year later. Three seasonal 24-hour dietary recall interviews were collected during the year between the two FFQs. Mean nutrient intakes were compared between methods and between administrations of the FFQ.
Setting:The FFQ interviews were administered in respondents' homes or care-centres. The 24-hour diet recalls were conducted by telephone interview on random days of the week.
Subjects:Two-hundred-and-eight men and women aged 55–84 years were recruited by random sample of controls from a case–control study of nutrition and bone health in Utah.
Results:After adjustment for total energy intake, median Spearman rank correlation coefficients between the two picture-sort FFQs were 0.69 for men aged ≤69 years, 0.66 for men aged >69 years; and 0.68 for women aged ≤69 years, 0.67 for women aged >69 years. Median correlation coefficients between methods were 0.50 for men ≤69 years old, 0.52 for men >69 years old; 0.55 for women ≤69 years old, 0.46 for women >69 years old.
Conclusions:We report intake correlations between methods and administrations comparable to those reported in the literature for traditional paper-and-pencil FFQs and one other picture-sort method of FFQ. This dietary assessment method may improve ease and accuracy of response in this and other populations with low literacy levels, poor memory skill, impaired hearing, or poor vision.