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The impact of education, country, race and ethnicity on the self-report of postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
- A. Di Florio, K. Putnam, M. Altemus, G. Apter, V. Bergink, J. Bilszta, R. Brock, A. Buist, K. M. Deligiannidis, E. Devouche, C. N. Epperson, C. Guille, D. Kim, P. Lichtenstein, P. K. E. Magnusson, P. Martinez, T. Munk-Olsen, J. Newport, J. Payne, B. W. Penninx, M. O'Hara, E. Robertson-Blackmore, S. J. Roza, K. M. Sharkey, S. Stuart, H. Tiemeier, A. Viktorin, P. J. Schmidt, P. F. Sullivan, Z. N. Stowe, K. L. Wisner, I. Jones, D. R. Rubinow, S. Meltzer-Brody
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 47 / Issue 5 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2016, pp. 787-799
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Background
Universal screening for postpartum depression is recommended in many countries. Knowledge of whether the disclosure of depressive symptoms in the postpartum period differs across cultures could improve detection and provide new insights into the pathogenesis. Moreover, it is a necessary step to evaluate the universal use of screening instruments in research and clinical practice. In the current study we sought to assess whether the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the most widely used screening tool for postpartum depression, measures the same underlying construct across cultural groups in a large international dataset.
MethodOrdinal regression and measurement invariance were used to explore the association between culture, operationalized as education, ethnicity/race and continent, and endorsement of depressive symptoms using the EPDS on 8209 new mothers from Europe and the USA.
ResultsEducation, but not ethnicity/race, influenced the reporting of postpartum depression [difference between robust comparative fit indexes (∆*CFI) < 0.01]. The structure of EPDS responses significantly differed between Europe and the USA (∆*CFI > 0.01), but not between European countries (∆*CFI < 0.01).
ConclusionsInvestigators and clinicians should be aware of the potential differences in expression of phenotype of postpartum depression that women of different educational backgrounds may manifest. The increasing cultural heterogeneity of societies together with the tendency towards globalization requires a culturally sensitive approach to patients, research and policies, that takes into account, beyond rhetoric, the context of a person's experiences and the context in which the research is conducted.
Contributors
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- By Michael H. Allen, Leora Amira, Victoria Arango, David W. Ayer, Helene Bach, Christopher R. Bailey, Ross J. Baldessarini, Kelsey Ball, Alan L. Berman, Marian E. Betz, Emily A. Biggs, R. Warwick Blood, Kathleen T. Brady, David A. Brent, Jeffrey A. Bridge, Gregory K. Brown, Anat Brunstein Klomek, A. Jacqueline Buchanan, Michelle J. Chandley, Tim Coffey, Jessica Coker, Yeates Conwell, Scott J. Crow, Collin L. Davidson, Yogesh Dwivedi, Stacey Espaillat, Jan Fawcett, Steven J. Garlow, Robert D. Gibbons, Catherine R. Glenn, Deborah Goebert, Erica Goldstein, Tina R. Goldstein, Madelyn S. Gould, Kelly L. Green, Alison M. Greene, Philip D. Harvey, Robert M. A. Hirschfeld, Donna Holland Barnes, Andres M. Kanner, Gary J. Kennedy, Stephen H. Koslow, Benoit Labonté, Alison M. Lake, William B. Lawson, Steve Leifman, Adam Lesser, Timothy W. Lineberry, Amanda L. McMillan, Herbert Y. Meltzer, Michael Craig Miller, Michael J. Miller, James A. Naifeh, Katharine J. Nelson, Charles B. Nemeroff, Alexander Neumeister, Matthew K. Nock, Jennifer H. Olson-Madden, Gregory A. Ordway, Michael W. Otto, Ghanshyam N. Pandey, Giampaolo Perna, Jane Pirkis, Kelly Posner, Anne Rohs, Pedro Ruiz, Molly Ryan, Alan F. Schatzberg, S. Charles Schulz, M. Katherine Shear, Morton M. Silverman, April R. Smith, Marcus Sokolowski, Barbara Stanley, Zachary N. Stowe, Sarah A. Struthers, Leonardo Tondo, Gustavo Turecki, Robert J. Ursano, Kimberly Van Orden, Anne C. Ward, Danuta Wasserman, Jerzy Wasserman, Melinda K. Westlund, Tracy K. Witte, Kseniya Yershova, Alexandra Zagoloff, Sidney Zisook
- Edited by Stephen H. Koslow, University of Miami, Pedro Ruiz, University of Miami, Charles B. Nemeroff, University of Miami
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- Book:
- A Concise Guide to Understanding Suicide
- Published online:
- 05 October 2014
- Print publication:
- 18 September 2014, pp vii-x
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Contributors
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- By Waiel Almoustadi, Brian J. Anderson, David B. Auyong, Michael Avidan, Michael J. Avram, Roland J. Bainton, Jeffrey R. Balser, Juliana Barr, W. Scott Beattie, Manfred Blobner, T. Andrew Bowdle, Walter A. Boyle, Eugene B. Campbell, Laura F. Cavallone, Mario Cibelli, C. Michael Crowder, Ola Dale, M. Frances Davies, Mark Dershwitz, George Despotis, Clifford S. Deutschman, Brian S. Donahue, Marcel E. Durieux, Thomas J. Ebert, Talmage D. Egan, Helge Eilers, E. Wesley Ely, Charles W. Emala, Alex S. Evers, Heidrun Fink, Pierre Foëx, Stuart A. Forman, Helen F. Galley, Josephine M. Garcia-Ferrer, Robert W. Gereau, Tony Gin, David Glick, B. Joseph Guglielmo, Dhanesh K. Gupta, Howard B. Gutstein, Robert G. Hahn, Greg B. Hammer, Brian P. Head, Helen Higham, Laureen Hill, Kirk Hogan, Charles W. Hogue, Christopher G. Hughes, Eric Jacobsohn, Roger A. Johns, Dean R. Jones, Max Kelz, Evan D. Kharasch, Ellen W. King, W. Andrew Kofke, Tom C. Krejcie, Richard M. Langford, H. T. Lee, Isobel Lever, Jerrold H. Levy, J. Lance Lichtor, Larry Lindenbaum, Hung Pin Liu, Geoff Lockwood, Alex Macario, Conan MacDougall, M. B. MacIver, Aman Mahajan, Nándor Marczin, J. A. Jeevendra Martyn, George A. Mashour, Mervyn Maze, Thomas McDowell, Stuart McGrane, Berend Mets, Patrick Meybohm, Charles F. Minto, Jonathan Moss, Mohamed Naguib, Istvan Nagy, Nick Oliver, Paul S. Pagel, Pratik P. Pandharipande, Piyush Patel, Andrew J. Patterson, Robert A. Pearce, Ronald G. Pearl, Misha Perouansky, Kristof Racz, Chinniampalayam Rajamohan, Nilesh Randive, Imre Redai, Stephen Robinson, Richard W. Rosenquist, Carl E. Rosow, Uwe Rudolph, Francis V. Salinas, Robert D. Sanders, Sunita Sastry, Michael Schäfer, Jens Scholz, Thomas W. Schnider, Mark A. Schumacher, John W. Sear, Frédérique S. Servin, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Tom De Smet, Martin Smith, Joe Henry Steinbach, Markus Steinfath, David F. Stowe, Gary R. Strichartz, Michel M. R. F. Struys, Isao Tsuneyoshi, Robert A. Veselis, Arthur Wallace, Robert P. Walt, David C. Warltier, Nigel R. Webster, Jeanine Wiener-Kronish, Troy Wildes, Paul Wischmeyer, Ling-Gang Wu, Stephen Yang
- Edited by Alex S. Evers, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mervyn Maze, University of California, San Francisco, Evan D. Kharasch, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis
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- Book:
- Anesthetic Pharmacology
- Published online:
- 11 April 2011
- Print publication:
- 10 March 2011, pp viii-xiv
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Heavy-ion beam focusing with a wall-stabilized plasma lens
- A. Tauschwitz, E. Boggasch, D.H.H. Hoffmann, J. Jacoby, U. Neuner, M. Stetter, S. Stöwe, R. Tkotz, M. De Magistris, W. Seelig
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- Journal:
- Laser and Particle Beams / Volume 13 / Issue 2 / June 1995
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 09 March 2009, pp. 221-229
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Focusing of heavy-ion beams is an important issue for ion beam-driven inertial confinement fusion. For the experimental program to investigate matter at high energy densities at GSI, the application of a plasma lens has attractive features compared to standard quadrupole lenses. A plasma lens using a wall-stabilized discharge has been systematically investigated and optimized for this purpose. Different lenses were tested in several runs at the GSI linear accelerator UNILAC and at the SIS-synchrotron. A remarkably high accuracy and reproducibility of the focusing were found. The focal spot size was mainly limited by the beam emittance. A summary of experimental results and important limitations of the focal spot size is given.
Firm size diversity, functional richness, and resilience
- AHJOND S. GARMESTANI, CRAIG R. ALLEN, JOHN D. MITTELSTAEDT, CRAIG A. STOW, WILLIAM A. WARD
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- Journal:
- Environment and Development Economics / Volume 11 / Issue 4 / August 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 13 July 2006, pp. 533-551
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This paper applies recent advances in ecology to our understanding of firm development, sustainability, and economic development. The ecological literature indicates that the greater the functional richness of species in a system, the greater its resilience – that is, its ability to persist in the face of substantial changes in the environment. This paper focuses on the effects of functional richness across firm size on the ability of industries to survive in the face of economic change. Our results indicate that industries with a richness of industrial functions are more resilient to employment volatility.
Continua of states in boundary-layer flows
- R. E. HEWITT, P. W. DUCK, S. R. STOW
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 468 / 10 October 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 October 2002, pp. 121-152
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We consider a class of three-dimensional boundary-layer flows, which may be viewed as an extension of the Falkner–Skan similarity form, to include a cross-flow velocity component, about a plane of symmetry. In general, this provides a range of three- dimensional boundary-layer solutions, parameterized by a Falkner–Skan similarity parameter, n, together with a further parameter, Ψ∞, which is associated with a cross-flow velocity component in the external flow. In this work two particular cases are of special interest: for n = 0 the similarity equations possess a family of solutions related to the Blasius boundary layer; for n = 1 the similarity solution provides an exact reduction of the Navier–Stokes equations corresponding to the flow near a saddle point of attachment. It is known from the work of Davey (1961) that in this latter class of flow, a continuum of solutions can be found. The continuum arises (in general) because it is possible to find states with an algebraic, rather than exponential, behaviour in the far field. In this work we provide a detailed overview of the continuum states, and show that a discrete infinity of ‘exponential modes’ are smoothly embedded within the ‘algebraic modes’ of the continuum. At a critical value of the cross-flow, these exponential modes appear as a cascade of eigensolutions to the far-field equations, which arise in a manner analogous to the energy eigenstates found in quantum mechanical problems described by the Schrödinger equation.
The presence of a discrete infinity of exponential modes is shown to be a generic property of the similarity equations derived for a general n. Furthermore, we show that there may also exist non-uniqueness of the continuum; that is, more than one continuum of states can exist, that are isolated for fixed n and Ψ∞, but which are connected through an unfolded transcritical bifurcation at a critical value of the cross-flow parameter, Ψ∞.
The multiplicity of states raises the question of solution selection, which is addressed using two stability analyses that assume the same basic symmetry properties as the base flow. In one case we consider a steady, algebraic form in the ‘streamwise’ direction, whilst in the other a temporal form is assumed. In both cases it is possible to extend the analysis to consider a continuous spectrum of disturbances that decay algebraically in the wall-normal direction. We note some obvious parallels that exist between such stability analyses and the approach to the continua of states described earlier in the paper.
We also discuss the appearance of analogous non-unique states to the Falkner–Skan equation in the presence of an adverse pressure gradient (i.e. n < 0) in an appendix.
Reflection of circumferential modes in a choked nozzle
- S. R. STOW, A. P. DOWLING, T. P. HYNES
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 467 / 25 September 2002
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 September 2002, pp. 215-239
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Small perturbations of a choked flow through a thin annular nozzle are investigated. Two cases are considered, corresponding to a ‘choked outlet’ and a ‘choked inlet’ respectively. For the first case, either an acoustic or entropy or vorticity wave is assumed to be travelling downstream towards the nozzle contraction. An asymptotic analysis for low frequency is used to find the reflected acoustic wave that is created. The boundary condition found by Marble & Candel (1977) for a compact choked nozzle is shown to apply to first order, even for circumferentially varying waves. The next-order correction can be expressed as an ‘effective length’ dependent on the mean flow (and hence the particular geometry of the nozzle) in a quantifiable way.
For the second case, an acoustic wave propagates upstream and is reflected from a convergent–divergent nozzle. A normal shock is assumed to be present. By considering the interaction of the shock's position and flow perturbations, the reflected propagating waves are found for a compact nozzle. It is shown that a significant entropy disturbance is produced even when the shock is weak, and that for circumferential modes a vorticity wave is also present. Numerical calculations are conducted using a sample geometry and good agreement with the analysis is found at low frequency in both cases, and the range of validity of the asymptotic theory is determined.
Heavy-ion-induced hydrodynamic motion in lead targets
- S. STÖWE, U. NEUNER, R. BOCK, M. DORNIK, V.E. FORTOV, U.N. FUNK, M. GEISSEL, S. GOLUBEV, D.H.H. HOFFMANN, M. KULISH, V. MINTSEV, M. ROTH, B. SHARKOV, A. SHUTOV, P. SPILLER, M. STETTER, W. SÜSS, N.A. TAHIR, A. TAUSCHWITZ, V. YAKUSHEV
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- Journal:
- Laser and Particle Beams / Volume 18 / Issue 4 / October 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 May 2001, pp. 573-581
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The hydrodynamic response of metal targets to volume heating by energy deposition of intense heavy-ion beams was investigated experimentally. Recent improvements in beam parameters led to a marked increase in specific deposition power: 2·101040Ar18+ ions of 300 MeV/u focused to a spot size of 300 μm (σ) × 540 μm (σ) yield a specific deposition energy in solid lead of approximately 1 kJ/g in the Bragg peak, delivered within 250 ns [full width at half maximum (FWHM)]. This value allowed us for the first time to observe heavy-ion-beam-induced hydrodynamic expansion of metal volume targets. Measurements comprise expansion velocities of free surfaces of up to 290 ± 20 m/s, surface temperatures of ejected target matter of 1600–1750 K, and pressure waves in solid metal bulk targets of 0.16 GPa maximum absolute value and 0.8 μs FWHM. The experimental results agree well with the results of a 2D hydrodynamic code. Inside the interaction zone, which can only be accessed by simulation, maximum temperatures are 2800 K and maximum pressures are 3.8 GPa.