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A scoping review: urinary markers of metabolic maturation in infants with CHD and the relationship to growth
- Luise V. Marino, Simone Paulson, James J. Ashton, Charlotte Weeks, Aneurin Young, John V.P. Pappachan, John R. Swann, Mark J. Johnson, R. Mark Beattie
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- Journal:
- Cardiology in the Young / Volume 33 / Issue 10 / October 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 November 2022, pp. 1879-1888
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Background:
Growth failure in infants born with CHD is a persistent problem, even in those provided with adequate nutrition.
Objective:To summarise the published data describing the change in urinary metabolites during metabolic maturation in infants with CHD and identify pathways amenable to therapeutic intervention
Design:Scoping review.
Eligibility criteria:Studies using qualitative or quantitative methods to describe urinary metabolites pre- and post-cardiac surgery and the relationship with growth in infants with CHD.
Sources of evidence:NICE Healthcare Databases website was used as a tool for multiple searches.
Results:347 records were identified, of which 37 were duplicates. Following the removal of duplicate records, 310 record abstracts and titles were screened for inclusion. The full texts of eight articles were reviewed for eligibility, of which only two related to infants with CHD. The studies included in the scoping review described urinary metabolites in 42 infants. A content analysis identified two overarching themes of metabolic variation predictive of neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with anaerobic metabolism and metabolic signature associated with the impact on gut microbiota, inflammation, energy, and lipid digestion.
Conclusion:The results of this scoping review suggest that there are considerable gaps in our knowledge relating to metabolic maturation of infants with CHD, especially with respect to growth. Surgery is a key early life feature for CHD infants and has an impact on the developing biochemical phenotype with implications for metabolic pathways involved in immunomodulation, energy, gut microbial, and lipid metabolism. These early life fingerprints may predict those individuals at risk for neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
A data mining approach to investigate food groups related to incidence of bladder cancer in the BLadder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants International Study
- Evan Y. W. Yu, Anke Wesselius, Christoph Sinhart, Alicja Wolk, Mariana Carla Stern, Xuejuan Jiang, Li Tang, James Marshall, Eliane Kellen, Piet van den Brandt, Chih-Ming Lu, Hermann Pohlabeln, Gunnar Steineck, Mohamed Farouk Allam, Margaret R. Karagas, Carlo La Vecchia, Stefano Porru, Angela Carta, Klaus Golka, Kenneth C. Johnson, Simone Benhamou, Zuo-Feng Zhang, Cristina Bosetti, Jack A. Taylor, Elisabete Weiderpass, Eric J. Grant, Emily White, Jerry Polesel, Maurice P. A. Zeegers
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- Journal:
- British Journal of Nutrition / Volume 124 / Issue 6 / 28 September 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 April 2020, pp. 611-619
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- 28 September 2020
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At present, analysis of diet and bladder cancer (BC) is mostly based on the intake of individual foods. The examination of food combinations provides a scope to deal with the complexity and unpredictability of the diet and aims to overcome the limitations of the study of nutrients and foods in isolation. This article aims to demonstrate the usability of supervised data mining methods to extract the food groups related to BC. In order to derive key food groups associated with BC risk, we applied the data mining technique C5.0 with 10-fold cross-validation in the BLadder cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants study, including data from eighteen case–control and one nested case–cohort study, compromising 8320 BC cases out of 31 551 participants. Dietary data, on the eleven main food groups of the Eurocode 2 Core classification codebook, and relevant non-diet data (i.e. sex, age and smoking status) were available. Primarily, five key food groups were extracted; in order of importance, beverages (non-milk); grains and grain products; vegetables and vegetable products; fats, oils and their products; meats and meat products were associated with BC risk. Since these food groups are corresponded with previously proposed BC-related dietary factors, data mining seems to be a promising technique in the field of nutritional epidemiology and deserves further examination.
Design Concept for the In Situ Nanoprobe Beamline for the APS Upgrade
- Jorg Maser, Barry Lai, Vincent De Andrade, Simon R. Bare, Mariana Bertoni, Tonio Buonassisi, Paul Evans, David P. Fenning, Steve Heald, Chris Johnson, Tony Lanzirotti, Conal Murray, Tijana Rajh, Volker Rose, Ruben Reininger, Xianbo Shi, M. Stuckelberger, David Tiede, Stefan Vogt, Randy Winans
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 24 / Issue S2 / August 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 10 August 2018, pp. 192-193
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- August 2018
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
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- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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Authors' reply
- Pat Bracken, Philip Thomas, Sami Timimi, Eia Asen, Graham Behr, Carl Beuster, Seth Bhunnoo, Ivor Browne, Navjyoat Chhina, Duncan Double, Simon Downer, Chris Evans, Suman Fernando, Malcolm R. Garland, William Hopkins, Rhodri Huws, Bob Johnson, Brian Martindale, Hugh Middleton, Daniel Moldavsky, Joanna Moncrieff, Simon Mullins, Julia Nelki, Matteo Pizzo, James Rodger, Marcellino Smyth, Derek Summerfield, Jeremy Wallace, David Yeomans
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- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 202 / Issue 6 / June 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 463-464
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- June 2013
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Authors' reply
- Pat Bracken, Philip Thomas, Sami Timimi, Eia Asen, Graham Behr, Carl Beuster, Seth Bhunnoo, Ivor Browne, Navjyoat Chhina, Duncan Double, Simon Downer, Chris Evans, Suman Fernando, Malcolm R. Garland, William Hopkins, Rhodri Huws, Bob Johnson, Brian Martindale, Hugh Middleton, Daniel Moldavsky, Joanna Moncrieff, Simon Mullins, Julia Nelki, Matteo Pizzo, James Rodger, Marcellino Smyth, Derek Summerfield, Jeremy Wallace, David Yeomans
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- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 202 / Issue 4 / April 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 312-313
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- April 2013
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Psychiatry beyond the current paradigm
- Pat Bracken, Philip Thomas, Sami Timimi, Eia Asen, Graham Behr, Carl Beuster, Seth Bhunnoo, Ivor Browne, Navjyoat Chhina, Duncan Double, Simon Downer, Chris Evans, Suman Fernando, Malcolm R. Garland, William Hopkins, Rhodri Huws, Bob Johnson, Brian Martindale, Hugh Middleton, Daniel Moldavsky, Joanna Moncrieff, Simon Mullins, Julia Nelki, Matteo Pizzo, James Rodger, Marcellino Smyth, Derek Summerfield, Jeremy Wallace, David Yeomans
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- The British Journal of Psychiatry / Volume 201 / Issue 6 / December 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2018, pp. 430-434
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- December 2012
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A series of editorials in this Journal have argued that psychiatry is in the midst of a crisis. The various solutions proposed would all involve a strengthening of psychiatry's identity as essentially ‘applied neuroscience’. Although not discounting the importance of the brain sciences and psychopharmacology, we argue that psychiatry needs to move beyond the dominance of the current, technological paradigm. This would be more in keeping with the evidence about how positive outcomes are achieved and could also serve to foster more meaningful collaboration with the growing service user movement.
Contributors
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- By Kumar Alagappan, Janet G. Alteveer, Kim Askew, Paul S. Auerbach, Katherine Bakes, Kip Benko, Paul D. Biddinger, Victoria Brazil, Anthony FT Brown, Andrew K. Chang, Alice Chiao, Wendy C. Coates, Jamie Collings, Gilbert Abou Dagher, Jonathan E. Davis, Peter DeBlieux, Alessandro Dellai, Emily Doelger, Pamela L. Dyne, Gino Farina, Robert Galli, Gus M. Garmel, Daniel Garza, Laleh Gharahbaghian, Gregory H. Gilbert, Michael A. Gisondi, Steven Go, Jeffrey M. Goodloe, Swaminatha V. Gurudevan, Micelle J. Haydel, Stephen R. Hayden, Corey R. Heitz, Gregory W. Hendey, Mel Herbert, Cherri Hobgood, Michelle Huston, Loretta Jackson-Williams, Anja K. Jaehne, Mary Beth Johnson, H. Brendan Kelleher, Peter G Kumasaka, Melissa J. Lamberson, Mary Lanctot-Herbert, Erik Laurin, Brian Lin, Michelle Lin, Douglas Lowery-North, Sharon E. Mace, S. V. Mahadevan, Thomas M. Mailhot, Diku Mandavia, David E. Manthey, Jorge A. Martinez, Amal Mattu, Lynne McCullough, Steve McLaughlin, Timothy Meyers, Gregory J. Moran, Randall T. Myers, Christopher R.H. Newton, Flavia Nobay, Robert L. Norris, Catherine Oliver, Jennifer A. Oman, Rita Oregon, Phillips Perera, Susan B. Promes, Emanuel P. Rivers, John S. Rose, Carolyn J. Sachs, Jairo I. Santanilla, Rawle A. Seupaul, Fred A. Severyn, Ghazala Q. Sharieff, Lee W. Shockley, Stefanie Simmons, Barry C. Simon, Shannon Sovndal, George Sternbach, Matthew Strehlow, Eustacia (Jo) Su, Stuart P. Swadron, Jeffrey A. Tabas, Sophie Terp, R. Jason Thurman, David A. Wald, Sarah R. Williams, Teresa S. Wu, Ken Zafren
- Edited by S. V. Mahadevan, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, Gus M. Garmel
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- An Introduction to Clinical Emergency Medicine
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- 05 May 2012
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- 10 April 2012, pp xi-xvi
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4 - Large-scale features of orogens: thrusts and folds
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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- Orogenesis
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- 05 June 2012
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- 08 March 2012, pp 45-92
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9 - Sedimentary history of the foredeep basins
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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- Orogenesis
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- 05 June 2012
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- 08 March 2012, pp 274-287
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Summary
A familiar feature of orogens is the presence of a sedimentary basin, termed a foredeep basin, situated ahead of the orogen. The foredeep basins are filled in the main by the erosional detritus from the adjacent orogen, and good examples are the Siwalik basin of the Himalaya and the molasse basins of the Alps and Andes. The driving force for the erosion is mountain uplift. Before considering examples of foredeep basins we must first look at the controls on basin formation.
Isostasy and Bouguer anomalies
A full understanding of the physical relations between a mountain chain and the adjacent foreland basins calls for some knowledge of the gravitational factors involved in mountain building. The famous experiments in the Peruvian Andes by Bouguer in 1735 and 1745 established that there is a mass deficiency in mountain belts. Bouguer demonstrated this by measuring the deflection of a plumb line towards the Andes and showing that it was much less than expected from the huge bulk of the mountains. The gravity anomalies thus demonstrated are now named after him. Thus under mountains there is a negative Bouguer anomaly (Figs. 9.1, 9.2).
References
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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- Orogenesis
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- 05 June 2012
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- 08 March 2012, pp 343-374
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2 - Driving mechanisms for plates, slab retreat and advance, and a cause of orogenesis
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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- Orogenesis
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- 05 June 2012
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- 08 March 2012, pp 10-15
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Summary
In 1928 Arthur Holmes suggested that the mechanism for continental drift is cells of convection in the mantle. This was a remarkable insight, although many would now question the one-to-one connection between plate motion and mantle convection. So what is the modern view on the driving force for plate movements? There are two models in which the plates drive themselves. The first is called ‘slab pull’, which means that the dense ocean crust exerts a pull on the ocean floor during subduction as it plunges into hot asthenosphere. In contrast, the less dense continental crust is relatively buoyant. Sometimes the subducted slab of ocean crust breaks off and sinks into the hot asthenosphere, but if it survives it will exert a traction and in effect pull the ocean crust away from the Mid Ocean Rise. The opposite view is ‘slab push’, which means that the driving force for the moving ocean floor is situated at the Mid Ocean Rise which is opening under extension to allow in the new ocean crust.
Perhaps it should not be either/or here. Phillip England (1982) calculated the required stresses at the Mid Ocean Rise in the Indian Ocean if slab push were to be responsible for the northward movement of the Indian plate carrying the Indian continent. The forces acting on a plate boundary must do work against gravity during the raising of high mountains and plateaux. The force balance must take into account the Argand number, which expresses the relative magnitudes of the buoyancy forces arising from contrasts in crustal thickness and the forces required to deform the medium. England's results show that the horizontal stress arising from slab push is enough to explain not only the motion of the Indian plate before collision but also the continuation of motion after the India–Asia collision, with the result that India indents Asia, and a wave of deformation has spread across the Asian continent for over 2000 km north of the Himalaya.
10 - Deep structure, mountain support and phase changes
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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- Orogenesis
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- 05 June 2012
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- 08 March 2012, pp 288-303
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Summary
This chapter addresses the question of mountain support, isostasy and the tectonometamorphic and rheological processes operating in the deep structure of mountains that greatly influence their evolution. Referring to the outer part of the Earth, Barrell (1914) coined the terms lithosphere, the rocky part, and asthenosphere, the weaker lower part. This perceptive observation together with the concept of isostasy forms the basis for most of our thinking about mountains and their support. Clearly the mass of a mountain range or high plateau standing high above sea level requires a mechanism for its support. The creation of an elevated terrane means that work is done against gravity. The Tibetan Plateau could not stand at its present height without the support of a horizontal deviatoric stress, in this case the continuing plate convergence between India and Eurasia. Removal of this support would mean that the plateau would flow away – this is called orogenic collapse. It has been pointed out that the paradox in the Himalaya–Tibet example is that although the plate convergence continues steadily and the horizontal stress is maintained, the plateau is undergoing normal faulting which for many scientists implies that it is collapsing. This observation led to the idea that the lower part of the mantle lithosphere below Tibet has been delaminated and hence the Tibetan lithosphere acquired buoyancy.
Before going into the details of the geophysics of orogens it is necessary to consider models which show strength profiles through the lithosphere. There is ongoing debate between the ‘jelly sandwich’ model for the lithospheric rheology and the newer ‘crème brûlée’ model (Fig. 10.1). The jelly sandwich model is well established and might be regarded as the standard model for the rheology of the lithosphere; it is so called because it postulates a strong upper crust and upper mantle and a weak lower crust, whereas the more recent crème brûlée model, as proposed by Jackson (2002) and others, invokes a strong upper layer made up of the entire crust above a weak mantle.
11 - Mountains and climate
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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- Orogenesis
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- 05 June 2012
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- 08 March 2012, pp 304-321
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The effects that mountain building may have on global climates and climate change have received considerable attention in recent years. However, the jury is still out on whether a direct causal link has been established between mountain building and climate or climate change, or at least the degree of influence of the one on the other. Many other factors are involved, not least the amount of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere. There is agreement that the proposition calls for not only high mountains but also ones covering a large area of the Earth's surface. Climatic modelling has emphasised that in order to influence climate a huge area of high ground is needed, and the modellers consider that the Alps or Himalaya are not big enough, although they may well disrupt a north–south air flow and thereby cause local climatic effects.
Mountains influence climate because they are obstacles to air circulation. Additionally, they are sources of elevated latent heat and they change the water exchanges between continental surfaces and the atmosphere. In this chapter there is no room for an expansive account of this topic, but we will highlight some features and in particular enter the discussion of the role of orogenesis in changing the climate in southern Asia. Most of this chapter is devoted to the ongoing controversies surrounding the hypothesis that the rise of the Tibetan Plateau influenced and strengthened the monsoon in the late Miocene.
5 - Evolution of orogens
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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- Orogenesis
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- 05 June 2012
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- 08 March 2012, pp 93-178
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Summary
In this chapter we will be looking at the evolution of several types of Phanerozoic orogenic belts. Precambrian orogenesis will be dealt with in Chapter 12. The Himalaya and the Alps are part of a huge belt of Cenozoic age which runs from the Pyrenees through the Balkans into Turkey and on to the Middle East, Pakistan and India into Burma. There is also a leg from the Betic Cordillera to the Rif in North Africa and via Corsica to the Ligurian and Internal Western Alps. These parts were the result of the collision of Gondwanaland (the Late Palaeozoic assemblage of South America, Africa, India and Antarctic) and Eurasia (Europe and Asia). We also consider the Andes and the Caledonides in order to illustrate different types of orogens. For the present, examples are confined to the Cenozoic orogens because, as mentioned above, the younger mountain belts offer a better chance of understanding evolutionary processes in orogenesis than the older deeply eroded belts in which much of the evidence is missing (see Chapter 12).
In the now discarded geosynclinal theory of orogenesis as set out for example in Holmes's Principles of Physical Geology (Holmes, 1944), the pre-orogenic phase was a precursor of the orogenesis because the sedimentary and igneous rocks deposited in the geosyncline were already undergoing compression and so were predestined to become involved in orogeny, the point being reinforced by the postulated downward flow of mantle convection cells which led the whole process. Plate tectonics introduced a paradigm shift which included a denial of any link between the events occurring before orogenesis and the orogeny itself; this is well demonstrated by the Swiss Alps which were undergoing extension not compression before orogeny. The attempt to separate temporally extensional and compressional strain events is much too simple. For example, compressional strain in forearc wedges may be synchronous with extensional strain in the back arc, as for example in South America where overall convergence during the Jurassic–Early Cretaceous between the oceanic and continental plates involved synchronous extensional and compressional strains. This is a common feature around the Pacific where back-arc basins are opening during subduction. In addition, as Royden (1993 a,b) has shown, the roll-back and advance of the subduction zone produces alternations of extension and compression of continental margins.
Preface
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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Summary
Preface
Mountains have attracted the attention of mankind at least since Rousseau (or did Petrarch precede him?*) who devoted much thought to nature, perhaps because the height and scale of mountains induced a sense of awe. A love of nature showed itself in the fairly recent desire to get to the top of mountains. George Mallory gave his reason for wanting to climb Everest as “because it is there”, but long before that mountains were important for humankind, because they formed natural barriers for trade and the movement of armies. Perhaps the ancient Egyptians tried to simulate mountains in the pyramids of Giza. The same is true of builders of Gothic cathedrals, which were built ever higher so as to imitate mountains which reach up to heaven. The Greeks worshipped the gods on Mount Olympus, and mountains appeared often in Greek mythology; Prometheus, for example, was chained to a mountain side. The Greeks saw mountains as mysterious and frightening places, and even today for Hindus and Buddhists there are sacred mountains in the Himalaya such as Nanda Devi, Kailas and Everest – Qomolungma, the goddess mother of the Earth. Badrinath near the source of the Ganges in the High Himalaya is the home of the gods and a place of pilgrimage. Moses came down from a mountain bearing his famous tablets. Noah is supposed to have docked his ship on Mount Ararat. The Bible states “the mountains shall melt before the Lord” (Judges 5:5), but perhaps the reference was to volcanoes rather than orogenic mountains.
Many artists, too, have been fascinated by mountains. Leonardo Da Vinci realised that the fossils in the rocks of the Apennines showed that the rocks were once below sea level, and he and other painters used mountain scenes as backgrounds. Cezanne painted many pictures of Mont St. Victoire in Provence.
Geological timescale
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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Contents
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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- Orogenesis
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Index
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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7 - Metamorphism in orogeny
- Michael R. W. Johnson, University of Edinburgh, Simon L. Harley, University of Edinburgh
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Summary
Introduction
Metamorphism is a fundamental process affecting the crust and lithosphere (Miyashiro, 1961, 1973; Ernst, 1975; Brown, 2009). Its significance for the crust is clearly demonstrated by any geological map of the continents, vast areas of which are underlain by metamorphic rocks of various types, from the slates and schists of such regions as the Alps and Appalachians to the grey gneisses of Scandinavia, Canada and Antarctica. Metamorphic rocks are those rocks produced as a result of changes in the physical conditions affecting pre-existing, or precursor, rocks at some stage of their residence in the deep Earth. Crustal protoliths, such as sediments, volcanics, intrusive igneous rocks and pre-existing metamorphic rocks, will undergo metamorphism through the operation of several processes acting on the rocks as they are subjected to changes in pressure and temperature over time, and a variety of products will result. Similarly, precursor mantle-derived ultramafic rocks will be metamorphosed in response to changes in physical conditions that accompany their incorporation in orogenic systems. The metamorphic processes affecting protoliths include mineral recrystallisation, reactions involving minerals (solid–solid reactions), reactions involving minerals and fluids (e.g. dehydration reactions) and at high temperatures reactions involving the production of partial melts and related mineral–melt interactions resulting from melt migration. Mineral dissolution and precipitation may also occur in response to the access of fluids, and those crystal-plastic processes activated by and facilitating deformation may also proceed contemporaneously with metamorphic reactions. Provided the timescale of metamorphism is long enough for equilibrium to be attained or closely approached, the mineralogies of the products will depend on the physical conditions (P, T), the presence and nature of any fluid phase, and the compositions of the protoliths. The textural features of the products will depend in a complex way on the physical conditions, mechanisms of mineral reactions, and presence and nature of fluids and melts, as well as on the timing and amount of applied stress.