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Compulsory admissions of patients with mental disorders: State of the art on ethical and legislative aspects in 40 European countries
- D. Wasserman, G. Apter, C. Baeken, S. Bailey, J. Balazs, C. Bec, P. Bienkowski, J. Bobes, M. F. Bravo Ortiz, H. Brunn, Ö. Bôke, N. Camilleri, B. Carpiniello, J. Chihai, E. Chkonia, P. Courtet, D. Cozman, M. David, G. Dom, A. Esanu, P. Falkai, W. Flannery, K. Gasparyan, G. Gerlinger, P. Gorwood, O. Gudmundsson, C. Hanon, A. Heinz, M. J. Heitor Dos Santos, A. Hedlund, F. Ismayilov, N. Ismayilov, E. T. Isometsä, L. Izakova, A. Kleinberg, T. Kurimay, S. Klæbo Reitan, D. Lecic-Tosevski, A. Lehmets, N. Lindberg, K. A. Lundblad, G. Lynch, C. Maddock, U.F. Malt, L. Martin, I. Martynikhin, N. O. Maruta, F. Matthys, R. Mazaliauskiene, G. Mihajlovic, A. Mihaljevic Peles, V. Miklavic, P. Mohr, M. Munarriz Ferrandis, M. Musalek, N. Neznanov, G. Ostorharics-Horvath, I. Pajević, A. Popova, P. Pregelj, E. Prinsen, C. Rados, A. Roig, M. Rojnic Kuzman, J. Samochowiec, N. Sartorius, Y. Savenko, O. Skugarevsky, E. Slodecki, A. Soghoyan, D. S. Stone, R. Taylor-East, E. Terauds, C. Tsopelas, C. Tudose, S. Tyano, P. Vallon, R. J. Van der Gaag, P. Varandas, L. Vavrusova, P. Voloshyn, J. Wancata, J. Wise, Z. Zemishlany, F. Öncü, S. Vahip
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 63 / Issue 1 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 24 August 2020, e82
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Background.
Compulsory admission procedures of patients with mental disorders vary between countries in Europe. The Ethics Committee of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) launched a survey on involuntary admission procedures of patients with mental disorders in 40 countries to gather information from all National Psychiatric Associations that are members of the EPA to develop recommendations for improving involuntary admission processes and promote voluntary care.
Methods.The survey focused on legislation of involuntary admissions and key actors involved in the admission procedure as well as most common reasons for involuntary admissions.
Results.We analyzed the survey categorical data in themes, which highlight that both medical and legal actors are involved in involuntary admission procedures.
Conclusions.We conclude that legal reasons for compulsory admission should be reworded in order to remove stigmatization of the patient, that raising awareness about involuntary admission procedures and patient rights with both patients and family advocacy groups is paramount, that communication about procedures should be widely available in lay-language for the general population, and that training sessions and guidance should be available for legal and medical practitioners. Finally, people working in the field need to be constantly aware about the ethical challenges surrounding compulsory admissions.
14 - Rupture and Invention
- from Part III - The “Fissured” Workplace
- Edited by Richard Bales, Charlotte Garden, Seattle University
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of U.S. Labor Law for the Twenty-First Century
- Published online:
- 01 November 2019
- Print publication:
- 05 December 2019, pp 154-167
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Summary
Recently many activists, scholars, and political commentators have focused their attention on rising income inequality, stagnating wages, union decline, and the disappearance of steady work. They have proposed a variety of programs to address these trends, such as expanding eligibility for overtime, implementing paid family leave, raising the minimum wage, and investing in more training. While each of these specific proposals are valuable in themselves, they address only a part of the problem and offer only partial solutions. What they miss is that that there has been a fundamental change in the nature of work over the past three decades. Since the late 1980s, the entire context of the work experience has changed profoundly. Gone are the days when individuals (at least white, male individuals) with only a high school education could obtain a steady well-paying job by their late twenties and expect to stay in that job for the remainder of their careers. In the past, many blue-collar jobs provided job security, income stability, and a reliable package of social insurance and retirement benefits. But the steady job with a single employer throughout one’s career is a relic of the past.
Auditory Vigilance and Working Memory in Youth at Familial Risk for Schizophrenia or Affective Psychosis in the Harvard Adolescent Family High Risk Study
- Larry J. Seidman, Andrea Pousada-Casal, Silvia Scala, Eric C. Meyer, William S. Stone, Heidi W. Thermenos, Elena Molokotos, Jessica Agnew-Blais, Ming T. Tsuang, Stephen V. Faraone
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- Journal:
- Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society / Volume 22 / Issue 10 / November 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 2016, pp. 1026-1037
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Background: The degree of overlap between schizophrenia (SCZ) and affective psychosis (AFF) has been a recurring question since Kraepelin’s subdivision of the major psychoses. Studying nonpsychotic relatives allows a comparison of disorder-associated phenotypes, without potential confounds that can obscure distinctive features of the disorder. Because attention and working memory have been proposed as potential endophenotypes for SCZ and AFF, we compared these cognitive features in individuals at familial high-risk (FHR) for the disorders. Methods: Young, unmedicated, first-degree relatives (ages, 13–25 years) at FHR-SCZ (n=41) and FHR-AFF (n=24) and community controls (CCs, n=54) were tested using attention and working memory versions of the Auditory Continuous Performance Test. To determine if schizotypal traits or current psychopathology accounted for cognitive deficits, we evaluated psychosis proneness using three Chapman Scales, Revised Physical Anhedonia, Perceptual Aberration, and Magical Ideation, and assessed psychopathology using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist -90 Revised. Results: Compared to controls, the FHR-AFF sample was significantly impaired in auditory vigilance, while the FHR-SCZ sample was significantly worse in working memory. Both FHR groups showed significantly higher levels of physical anhedonia and some psychopathological dimensions than controls. Adjusting for physical anhedonia, phobic anxiety, depression, psychoticism, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms eliminated the FHR-AFF vigilance effects but not the working memory deficits in FHR-SCZ. Conclusions: The working memory deficit in FHR-SZ was the more robust of the cognitive impairments after accounting for psychopathological confounds and is supported as an endophenotype. Examination of larger samples of people at familial risk for different psychoses remains necessary to confirm these findings and to clarify the role of vigilance in FHR-AFF. (JINS, 2016, 22, 1026–1037)
Surveillance Definitions of Infections in Long-Term Care Facilities: Revisiting the McGeer Criteria
- Nimalie D. Stone, Muhammad S. Ashraf, Jennifer Calder, Christopher J. Crnich, Kent Crossley, Paul J. Drinka, Carolyn V. Gould, Manisha Juthani-Mehta, Ebbing Lautenbach, Mark Loeb, Taranisia MacCannell, Preeti N. Malani, Lona Mody, Joseph M. Mylotte, Lindsay E. Nicolle, Mary-Claire Roghmann, Steven J. Schweon, Andrew E. Simor, Philip W. Smith, Kurt B. Stevenson, Suzanne F. Bradley, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology Long-Term Care Special Interest Group
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 33 / Issue 10 / October 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 January 2015, pp. 965-977
- Print publication:
- October 2012
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Infection surveillance definitions for long-term care facilities (ie, the McGeer Criteria) have not been updated since 1991. An expert consensus panel modified these definitions on the basis of a structured review of the literature. Significant changes were made to the criteria defining urinary tract and respiratory tract infections. New definitions were added for norovirus gastroenteritis and Clostridum difficile infections.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(10):965-977
Contributors
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- By Eric Adler, Anoushka Afonso, Dean B. Andropoulos, Adel Bassily-Marcus, Yaakov Beilin, Elliott Bennett-Guerrero, Howard H. Bernstein, Marc J. Bloom, David Bronheim, Albert T. Cheung, Samuel DeMaria, Deborah Dubensky, James B. Eisenkraft, Jonathan Elmer, Liza J. Enriquez, Jonathan Epstein, Jeffrey M. Feldman, Gregory W. Fischer, Brigid Flynn, Jennifer A. Frontera, Richard S. Gist, Glenn P. Gravlee, Christina L. Jeng, Ronald A. Kahn, Jenny Kam, Mukul Kapoor, Jung Kim, Roopa Kohli-Seth, Aaron F. Kopman, Tuula S. O. Kurki, Andrew B. Leibowitz, Matthew Levin, Adam I. Levine, Michael S. Lewis, Justin Lipper, Martin London, Michael L. McGarvey, Alexander J. C. Mittnacht, Timothy Mooney, Diana Mungall, Yasuharu Okuda, Peter J. Papadakos, Jayashree Raikhelkar, Lakshmi V. Ramanathan, David L. Reich, Meg A. Rosenblatt, Corey Scurlock, Tamas Seres, Linda Shore-Lesserson, Marc E. Stone, Daniel M. Thys, Judit Tolnai, David Wax, Nathaen Weitzel
- David L. Reich, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
- Edited by Ronald A. Kahn, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Alexander J. C. Mittnacht, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Andrew B. Leibowitz, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Marc E. Stone, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, James B. Eisenkraft, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
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- Book:
- Monitoring in Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
- Published online:
- 05 July 2011
- Print publication:
- 08 August 2011, pp vii-ix
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Frontmatter
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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- From Widgets to Digits
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- 14 January 2010
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- 26 July 2004, pp i-iv
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8 - The Changing Nature of Employment Discrimination
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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- From Widgets to Digits
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- 14 January 2010
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- 26 July 2004, pp 157-195
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Summary
Over the past three decades, civil rights laws have made a major contribution to reducing employment discrimination in the workplace in the United States. Since the enactment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women and minorities have entered many previously all-white, all-male occupations and have made significant gains in employment levels and pay relative to white males. For example, the pay of white women working full time relative to that of their white male counterparts increased from 57.9 percent in 1965 to 71.3 in 1995. Similarly, the earnings of black males relative to white males increased in the same period from 62.8 to 72.8 per cent. While some of these changes might be the result of changes in general attitudes, mores, and social practices, it is clear that they are, in large part, attributable to the law.
Despite the success of civil rights efforts, discrimination still exists in the workplace, although it now often takes new forms. The diffused and decentralized authority structure of the new boundary less workplace can give rise to bias and favoritism that is more subtle than discrimination in internal labor markets. Women and minorities in formerly white male workplaces often encounter passive hostility and subtle harassment from coworkers as well as glass ceilings and other de facto barriers to advancement. The civil rights laws were designed to eliminate discrimination as it was manifest in the old employment relationship, and therefore may be less effective to redress new forms of discrimination. In particular, the new workplace practices described in Chapter 5 threaten both to make liability for discrimination more difficult to establish and to render many of the old remedies ineffective.
12 - The Working Rich and the Working Poor: Income Inequality in the Digital Era
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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The changes in the employment relationship described in Part II have been accompanied by a marked deterioration in the income distribution. The U.S. income distribution has become considerably more unequal since 1970, a trend that accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s. Despite the economic boom of the 1990s, the working poor now comprise the fastest growing portion of the workforce. The burgeoning inequality threatens the integrity and moral authority of the social order. Those locked out of the world of economic opportunity are locked into a perpetual underclass, and often exhibit antisocial behaviors such as drug use, alcoholism, and crime. The extent of income inequality offends our sense of decency and undermines the possibility of social cohesion. It stands as a quiet but persistent reminder that current economic arrangements are not moving in the direction of economic justice.
The widening of the income distribution has occurred in the same period in which firms have dismantled their internal labor markets and begun to implement boundaryless human resource practices. The correspondence suggests that there may be a relationship between the two developments. This chapter explores the deterioration of the income distribution and its possible relationship to the changing job structures. It argues that one important factor that is driving the trend toward increased income inequality is the changing nature of the employment relationship. It further argues that in evaluating programs designed to promote income equality, we should choose those that help cushion the shocks and ease the transitions of workers as they experience the vicissitudes of the boundaryless workplace.
PART III - IMPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL JOB STRUCTURES FOR LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT LAW
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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Index
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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7 - Disputes over Ownership of Human Capital
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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While it may be true that knowledge is power, in the current era it is more accurate to say that knowledge is value – economic value. In this information age, individual knowledge, expertise, skill, and the ability to acquire additional knowledge, expertise, and skill, are the primary sources of institutional and individual advancement. Most firms believe that the knowledge possessed by their employees is their major asset and their primary source of competitive advantage. In the words of Fortune magazine editor Thomas Stewart, “Information and knowledge are the thermonuclear competitive weapons of our time.”
Today's firms value not merely specific technical knowledge, such as computer code or biotechnical discoveries, but also more mundane types of knowledge, such as how the business operates, how the goods are produced, how paperwork flows, and how files are organized. Employees also have valuable knowledge about the firm's product, the context in which it is produced, and the environment in which the firm competes, including knowledge of business plans, upcoming projects, past projects, and past experience. There is also enormous value in employees' knowledge about customers, markets, and competitors. One particularly valuable type of knowledge is called “negative knowledge” – knowledge of products tested or systems tried that proved to be unproductive. Such knowledge in the hands of a competitor can save huge expenditures in duplicative and wasteful efforts in pursuit of dead ends.
As firms and employees have come to recognize the enormous value of employees' human capital, disputes over ownership of human capital have increased.
PART II - THE DIGITAL WORKPLACE
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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Preface
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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It is difficult to comprehend social change when living in the midst of it. It is easier to study periods of social change in the past – to describe the elements, evaluate the impact, search for linkages, and adumbrate the unintended consequences of change. Many historians have mined these rich veins to describe the changes that occurred in employment relationships as production shifted from an artisan-based system in the nineteenth century to the industrial system of the twentieth century. We are now undergoing another fundamental transformation of the workplace, and this book is an attempt to understand this current metamorphosis, to place it in historical context, and to explore its ramifications.
We are accustomed to thinking of history as divided into a series of parallel realms. Economic history, labor history, history of technology, intellectual history, political history, military history, and legal history are usually treated as separate enterprises, each with its own narratives of stability and change, its own moments of necessity and accident, and its own cast of insiders and outsiders. At times, one type of history imports another to enhance its own story, as when social historians weave in events from economic history to support their narratives or when intellectual historians use examples from legal history to strengthen their assertions of intellectual trends. But by and large, each type of history is studied as a separate story that happens to share with other types of history only a common moment in time. This book is based on a different understanding of how histories fit together and how they together bear on the present.
3 - From Scientific Management to Internal Labor Markets
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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The job structures that emerged as a result of Taylorism and the personnel management movement deviated in several respects from the way the labor market was predicted to work by neoclassical economic theory. In the labor market of neoclassical theory, workers are assumed to move freely between firms and jobs, constantly seeking and seizing new opportunities to maximize their incomes. Firms likewise hire and dismiss workers freely as demand for their products fluctuates. Firms also raise and lower wages to correspond to changes in product and labor market conditions, all the while paying their employees the value of their marginal product at every point in time. In the theory, wage differentials for any given skill level between firms and within firms disappear over time as wages achieve an equilibrium level. At equilibrium, each worker is paid the prevailing market wage for his or her skill level, each employer has equal labor costs, and the amount of labor hired by any particular firm is determined by the demand for its product and its level of technological and administrative prowess.
In the 1940s and 1950s, a group of labor economists studied the operation of the labor market and found that it did not operate according to the predictions of the neoclassical theory. John Dunlop, Clark Kerr, Lloyd Reynolds, Richard Lester, and others became familiar with the actual operation of labor markets by working for the National War Labor Board. Subsequently, they conducted empirical studies of local labor markets from which they concluded it was necessary to revise neoclassical labor market theory.
11 - The Crisis in Benefits and the Collapse of the Private Welfare State
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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Mobility is both the bane and the opportunity of the boundaryless workplace. On the one hand, the emerging digital era employment relationship creates a more interesting work environment and offers workers more autonomy and freedom than did the industrial era job structures. Yet on the other hand, for many it creates uncertainty, shifts risk, and fosters vulnerability.
Some of the groups that are disadvantaged in the new work regime can be easily identified. For example, older workers caught in the transition are heavy losers. Having been led to expect a good job and a secure future, they instead discovered that their expectations were chimeral. Another group that has not fared well is the low-skilled – those who have neither the necessary training nor the ability to reinvent themselves, retool, and adapt to new labor market demands. A third disadvantaged group is the risk-averse – those who were comfortable with the stability and certainty that internal labor markets offered, and lack the desire or initiative to seek out opportunities, to network, and to build their own careers.
In addition to the older, the unskilled, and the risk-averse, all workers now face heightened risks at certain points in their working lives. Given the churning and constant change that characterize the new workplace, all face a high likelihood that their working lives will be peppered by occasional periods of unemployment. Therefore every worker requires a reliable safety net to ease the transitions and cushion the fall when they are left behind by the boundaryless workplace.
9 - Unionism in the Boundaryless Workplace
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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The new employment relationship and its corresponding job structures were initially constructed in nonunion environments, and they continue to operate almost exclusively in nonunion environments to this day. Hewlett Packard, TRW, and the General Electric Company (GE) are three leading exemplars of the new work practices described in Chapter 5. Hewlett Packard and TRW have always been nonunion, and GE engaged in aggressive deunionization efforts in some of its plants, and then instituted boundaryless workplace practices after the unions had been eliminated. The sequence of deunionization first, workplace restructuring later, was commonplace in many large corporations in the 1980s. As discussed in Part I, the same sequence characterized industrial relations practices in major corporations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when internal labor markets were first established. At that time, employers first broke the unions and then instituted Taylorism and other work rationalization measures. Like the implementation of scientific management in the early twentieth century, today's boundaryless workplaces are being created in the vacuum left by the deunionization drives of the previous decade.
In the past twenty years, union density in the private sector declined from almost 16.5 percent in 1983 to 9.0 percent in 2001. This decline is particularly striking in light of the fact that during most of that period, workers' real wages were declining, so that one might have expected aggressive organizing activity and union growth. The union decline was most pronounced in large manufacturing firms in which internal labor markets had been the most deeply entrenched.
1 - Artisanal Production in the Nineteenth Century
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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A 1733 painting by John Heaten depicts eighteenth-century life on the Marteen Van Bergen farm in New York's Hudson Valley. The picture, considered the earliest American genre scene, depicts a family farm set amidst the rolling hills of upstate New York. There is a house and an expansive yard populated by a well-dressed husband and wife, several young children, two black slaves tending livestock, and a white household servant, probably indentured, engaged in a transaction with a Native American. On the roadway in front of the house is a milk-wagon driver, and approaching the house is a well-dressed man followed by two lads, possibly a merchant-craftsman and his apprentices. The painting thus depicts the dominant forms of labor in the early years of the Republic – family members, slaves, indentured servants, craftsmen, and apprentices. There are no wage workers in the picture.
The picture portrays America in its formative years. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, American economic life consisted of the daily travails of people who, like those in the painting, were in relationships defined by fixed legal obligations, such as husband, wife, parent, slave, indentured servant, craftsman, and apprentice. The notion of a labor market in which individuals freely sold their labor did not exist. In fact, until the nineteenth century, there were practically no people in employment relationships. Merchants, artisans, and members of the learned professions all engaged in remunerative activities, but they did not work for wages. Merchants sold their wares, professionals charged fees for their professional services, and artisans were self employed craftsmen who manufactured items such as barrels, rope, horseshoes, bread, clothing, and glass in their own workshops.
10 - Reimagining Employee Representation
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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One hundred years ago, the eminent British labor historians Beatrice and Sydney Webb identified three goals of working-class collective action and three corresponding roles for labor organizations. They were: (1) to form mutual benefit associations, (2) to create organizations to engage in collective bargaining for job-related protection, and (3) to create organizations that could lobby for legislation favorable to employees. According to the Webbs, English unions, at different times in English history, performed each of these roles.
In the twentieth century, American unions have also played all three roles, but with a heavy emphasis on the second. Both the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) saw their primary function as bargaining for job-related protections. After merging in 1955, the AFL-CIO continued to emphasize collective bargaining and contract administration as the core function of unionism. Over the past fifty years, the individual national and international unions and the AFL-CIO federation have built highly sophisticated research and legal departments to provide support for their bargaining programs, while relegating their legislative, education, and organizing departments to secondary roles. As a result of these efforts, unions have been extremely effective in the collective bargaining arena. The strength of the AFL-CIO at its postwar zenith lay in its achievements at the bargaining table, one employer at a time.
In light of the transformation in the workplace, unions now need to develop new methods of operation. While there are many workers still working in the old employment relationship, evidence suggests that new workplace practices are spreading both across the corporate spectrum and throughout the employment hierarchy.
PART IV - SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE DIGITAL ERA
- Katherine V. W. Stone, Cornell University, New York
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